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Introduction: Benzene is a carcinogenic compound that can be found in a car painting workshop in Surabaya. The source of benzene in the car painting workshop comes from thinners. Inhalation is the main route for benzene to enter the body. The duration of benzene exposure can affect the accumulation of benzene concentrations. If work safety is not considered, the benzene compound can cause the liver disease. Furthermore, SGOT and SGPT are basic parameters of liver function. The study aims to determine the relationship between the duration of benzene exposure with SGOT and SGPT levels in car painting workshop workers. Method: observational research with a cross-sectional approach was applied as the method of this study. The research was conducted in a car painting workshop in 2019 with 20 workers. The variables were the duration of benzene exposure (hours/day) and levels of SGOT and SGPT. Data analysis used the Fisher's Exact Test and Coefficient Contingency test. Results: Workers worked with a duration of benzene exposure ≤ 8 hours/day by 70% and > 8 hours/day by 30%. The measurement results exceeded the normal limit with the value of SGOT of 15% and the SGPT of 30%. Furthermore, the Sstatistical test show p-values between the duration of benzene exposure and SGOT (0.202) and SGPT (0.303), body weight with SGOT (1.000) and SGPT (1.000), education with SGOT (0.199) and SGPT (0.182) and alcohol consumption with SGOT (1.000) and SGPT (1.000). Conclusion: There was no relationship between the duration of benzene exposure with SGOT and SGPT levels in car painting workshop workers in Surabaya with a p-value >0.05.Keywords: car painting workers, duration of benzene exposure, SGOT, SGPT

Xilitol adalah gula alkohol dengan lima atom karbon. Gula ini digunakan sebagai pemanis industri pangan dan makanan, karena memiliki karakter yang menguntungkan. Meskipun xilitol diproduksi secara industri oleh reduksi kimia D-xilosa yang berasal dari hidrolisat hemiselulosa, metode produksi ini tidak ekonomis karena persyaratan untuk D-xilosa murni, suhu tinggi, dan tekanan tinggi. Oleh karena itu, produksi xilitol melalui pendekatan bioteknologi dengan bantuan mikroorganisme menjadi fokus sebagai metode yang ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan. Selain itu, untuk meningkatkan produksi bio-xilitol, strain mikroorganisme telah mengalami strategi modifikasi genetik. Review ini menjelaskan upaya produksi xilitol dari biomasa lignoselulasa, proses perlakuan biomasa, dan mikroorganisme yang berperan dalam fermentasi xilitolAbstractXylitol is a sugar alcohol with five atoms of C. This sugar is used as a sweetener in the food industry and confectionary, because it has a favorable character. Although xylitol is produced industrially by the chemical reduction of D-xylose derived from hemicellulose hydrolyzate, this production method is not economical because of the requirements for pure D-xylose, high temperature, and high pressure. Therefore, the production of xylitol with a biotechnological approach with the help of microorganisms becomes the focus as an economical and environmentally friendly method. In addition, to increase bio-xylitol production, strains of microorganisms have undergone genetic modification strategies. This review article describes the latest advances made in the production of xylitol from lignocellulase biomass, biomass treatment processes, and microorganisms that play a role in xylitol fermentation.

Introduction: Benzene is a carcinogenic compound commonly found in drilling fluid, a chemical used in oil and gas drilling operations. Benzene exposure to workers is known to cause acute and/or chronic disease. Adequate control measures shall be identified and implemented to prevent the adverse health effects of benzene from the utilization of drilling fluid. Methods: This study measured benzene concentrations at several locations, above the drilling rig, which has the potential risk of benzene vapor exposure. From the measurement results, if the threshold limit value was exceeded, LEV was proposed to be installed and the effectiveness of LEV at each location would be assessed. A two-tailed t-test was used with a confidence level of 95% (α=0.05) to measure the effectiveness of LEV. Results: In several areas, benzene concentration exceeded TLV-TWA, and LEV was installed in those areas as control measures. In this study, it was found that LEV was not always effective in reducing the concentration of benzene in some areas. Conclusion: Drilling fluid was essential for drilling activity, and this could cause benzene vapor to contaminate the working area. The installation of the LEV shall consider the type of containment through which the drilling fluid flows to ensure the mitigation measures are effective to reduce the concentration of benzene in the air that may be exposed to workers.Keywords: benzene, drilling fluid, exhaust ventilation

The ability of bagasse adsorbents to adsorb methylene blue without activation using 0.5 M H2SO4 solution was examined. Methylene blue is widely used in the textile industry because it produces bright colors, and the dyeing process is fast and easy. This research aims to determine the optimum adsorption conditions, namely the variations in contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent mass, and pH effect on methylene blue, which were carried out using the batch method. Furthermore, the adsorbents were characterized by FT-IR and SEM. The optimum state of the bagasse adsorbent to adsorb methylene blue dye has a mass of 0.5 grams, a contact time of 30 minutes, a concentration of 50 ppm, and a pH of 5. The character of the adsorbent after activation with H2SO4 was better than without activation. The highest adsorption efficiency of methylene blue dye in the batch method was 99.67%. The FTIR spectrum of the bagasse adsorbent showed OH, C-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O functional groups. The adsorption isotherm model for methylene blue dye follows the Langmuir isotherm since the graph obtained is linear with the correlation coefficient (R2) = 1, where the adsorbent has a homogeneous surface.

Urease is a biocatalyst that serves to hydrolyze urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Since it is an imported product, the price of urea is still high. Urease can be found in grains. One of the grains that has not been explored for its urease content is durian (Durio zibethinus L.) seeds. This study aims to determine the effect of germination time on the activity of urease from durian seeds and its characteristics including the effect of pH, incubation temperature, enzymatic reaction time, addition of EDTA and metals, and storage time on the activity of urease from durian seeds. The first step of this study was seed germination which was carried out in the dark for 0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days. Durian seed sprouts were extracted by mashing them using a mortar and pestle. They were then homogenized using a stirrer and centrifuged in a cold state. The crude urease extract obtained was then tested for its activity using the Nessler method. The acquired data was tested statistically using ANOVA. The results showed that the activity of urease from durian seeds was optimum at 3-day germination time, pH 7, incubation temperature at 30 °C, and 15-minute enzymatic reaction time with an activity of 163.6 U/mL. Urease is a metalloenzyme with its inhibitor being the Cu2+ and Na+ metal ions and its activator being Ba2+ metal ion. Tukey's test analysis showed that the effect of urease storage time at 4 °C resulted in a stable urease activity for 8 days while at room temperature it decreased its activity significantly to 72.8%.

Carbonated calcium hydroxyapatite (CHAp) exhibits excellent biocompatibility with bone and teeth, making it an ideal candidate for orthopedic and dental application. However, the study of CHAp synthesis from natural material is still scarce. The purpose of this research is to synthesize and characterize of CHAp, using Rebon shrimp (Acetes erythraeus) as a calcium source. The synthesis was conducted by hydrothermal method with the variation of Ca/P ratios 1.61; 1.67; 1.73. The as-prepared CHAp was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The FT-IR results show that synthesized material exhibited characteristic CHAp band of hydroxide at 3448 and 1635 cm-1, carbonate at 872 and 1427 cm-1, and phosphate at 1049; 606; and 570 cm-1. The diffractogram pattern assigned the all observed peak of CHAp are in good agreement compared to CHAp database with the nano-scale size. It also observed that the high Ca/P ratio will decrease the crystallinity of CHAp. The as-prepared CHAp micrograph is agglomerates spherical form with size between 5-20 nm which build up from 18–26 nm crystallite particles. The result of this research confirmed that Rebon shrimp is the promising materials for calcium source in CHAp production.

Amomum compactum Soland Ex Maton is one of the Zingiberaceae family plants which is the endemic plants from West Java, Indonesia. This study was aimed to determine the chemical structure of flavonoid compounds from n-hexane extract of A.compactum Sol. Ex Maton roots. Dried powder of the roots was extracted consecutively with n -hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents. Three flavonoids, 5-hydroxy-3,7,4`-trimethoxy kaempferol ( 1 ), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetra methoxy kaempferol ( 2) and 4'-hydroxy-3,5,7-trimethoxy kaempferol ( 3 ), have been isolated from the roots of A. compactum Sol. Ex Maton. The chemical structures of compounds 1 - 3 were identified by spectroscopy data including infrared 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and HRTOF-MS as well as by comparison with previously reported spectral data. Compounds 1-3 were isolated from this plant for the first time and showed free radical DPPH scavenging activity.

Rambutan plant (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a member of the Sapindaceae family. The rambutan plant is one of the natural ingredients that can be developed as traditional medicine. Rambutan peel has the potential for good antioxidant and anticancer activity. Rambutan fruit does not grow every time it needs efforts to produce the active substance in rambutan, using plant tissue culture techniques. The use of the correct variety of mediums and hormones at the right concentration is the key to thriving tissue culture. Explants derived from rambutan leaves were planted precisely on solid media Murashige and Skoog (MS) and WoddyPlant Medium (WPM) containing Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and Kinetin. After seven days, the callus was subcultured, then after 35 days, the subculture callus was collected and dried. Dry callus and rambutan leaves (Wild type) were macerated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The concentrated extract was then applied to a GF 254 silica gel plate with the mobile phase Toluene-Acetone (7: 3) and n-hexane-EthylAsetate (3: 7). The results showed that the concentration of IBA 2 ppm and kinetin three ppm was the best combination because it produced callus. TLC results of rambutan leave with plant tissue culture containing flavonoids and triterpenoids. This study provides new information regarding the induction of rambutan callus and can become the basis for producing active metabolites in rambutan with cell suspension culture development.

Kulit buah jeruk selama ini tidak dimanfaatkan padahal kandungan senyawa kulit jeruk yang sangatlah sangatlah bervariasi salah satu senyawa yang terdapat dalam kulit jeruk jeruk adalah hesperidin yang termasuk golongan flavanoid. Senyawa hisperidin mempunyai potensi yang lebih tinggi dibanding senyawa pada lengkuas, secang, maupun kunyit. Hal itu dikarenakan senyawa jeruk itu dapat mengikat kuat dengan mudah pada protein target pada virus maupun sel inang sehigga dapat ditarik kesimpulan senyawa di jeruk membuat blokade yang menghambat virus dalam berkembang melakukan replikasi dan menginfeksi sel inang Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi hisperidin dari kulit jeruk dan mengetahui nilai IC50 . Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode soxletasi kemudian dilakukan identifikasi hisperidin kemudian dilanjutkan uji kemurnian isolat dengan penentuan titik leleh dan dilakukan identifikasi menggunakan spektrofotometri UV dan spektrofotometri infra merahdan FT-IR. Hasil yang diperoleh dari KLT, nilai Rf dari kulit buah jeruk manis jeruk 0,83 sedangkan nilai Rf pembanding hesperidin 0,80. Hasil spektrum UV dan IR menunjukkan bahwa isolat identik dengan hesperidin baku, sedangkan untuk uji antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH 0,1 mM dan hitung nilai IC50. Analisis statistik digunakan uji T-Test. Hasil uji DPPH ekstrak kulit jeruk bali memiliki aktivitas antioksidan kuat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 39,77 µg/ml.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the healing effect of Favipiravir used in pre-intensive care treatment of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in order to elucidate the pathogenesis and complications of coronavirus. The data regarding the clinical findings of the patients in the hospital information system and the biochemical parameters made standard in the treatment/follow-up of COVID 19 were taken from the system and evaluated retrospectively. In addition, it was examined as a whole with mild, moderate and severe pulmonary involvement compared to CT findings. Hemogram, coagulation and biochemistry parameters used in the diagnosis and follow-up of COVID-19 were evaluated. SPSS 22.0 statistics program for Windows was used in statistical analysis to evaluate the data obtained from patient files and hospital information system. There is no definitive treatment protocol within the scope of treatment. Drug studies are currently ongoing. In this study, the first clinical findings, treatment types and recovery times of patients diagnosed with COVID-19, the healing effect of favipiravir used before intensive care were determined. Between group 1 (those who started treatment within 0-5 days) and group 2 (those who started treatment within 6-10 days), after 5 days of favipravir treatment, when serum parameters were compared, favipravir treatment was statistically significantly lower in the first group that was started early, WBC, Neutrophil, Creatine, CK, CRP, D-Dimer, PCT, LDH. By collecting the data obtained as a result of the research, early deaths can be prevented worldwide. Our study recommending alternative treatment approaches is important for the protection of patients' quality of life. In this study, when all biochemical markers were evaluated together, it was evaluated that starting Favipiravir treatment early was beneficial in treating COVID-19 disease.

Mangrove menjadi salah satu ekosistem lahan basah yang berperan penting dalam menyerap karbon. Namun, secara alami ekosistem mangrove juga mampu mengemisikan gas rumah kaca kedalam atmosfer. Metana merupakan salah satu gas rumah kaca yang berdampak signifikan terhadap perubahan iklim. Penelitian tentang siklus metana telah dilakukan di ekosistem mangrove TAHURA Ngurah Rai Bali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur konsentrasi gas metana pada tiga zona ekosistem mangrove. Metode chamber tertutup digunakan dalam pengambilan sampel gas yang kemudian dianalisis dalam gas kromatografi dengan sensor flame ionization detector (FID). Karakter ekologi mangrove yang terdiri dari parameter struktur komunitas mangrove dan lingkungan diukur dari setiap plot kuadrat pengambilan sampel gas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi gas metana tertinggi ditemukan pada zona darat dengan rata-rata 3,698 ± 0,986 mg. L-1. Walaupun demikian, konsentrasi gas metana pada dua zona lainnya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan dengan zona darat. Variabilitas konsentrasi gas metana tidak berbeda signifikan dengan kondisi struktur komunitas mangrove yang berbeda antar zona. Penelitian ini hanya menemukan variasi nilai potensial redoks (ORP) yang berhubungan signifikan dengan konsentrasi gas metana. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa karakter ekologi mangrove yang cukup seragam di kawasan sehingga, tidak menimbulkan perbedaan yang signifikan pada konsentrasi gas metana antar zona. Namun, parameter kondisi substrat lainnya perlu dilibatkan dalam penelitian berikutnya.AbstractMangrove is one of the wetland ecosystems that play an important role in carbon sequestration and storage. However, the ecosystem also emits greenhouse gas into the atmosphere naturally. Methane has been considered as a significant effect on global warming. A preliminary study in a part of the carbon cycle was conducted on the mangrove ecosystem in Ngurah Rai Forest Park Bali. This study was aimed to determine methane gas concentration in three different mangrove zones. Gas samples were collected by closed chamber method and they were analyzed using gas chromatography embedded with the flame ionization detector (FID) sensor. Mangrove ecological parameters i.e. community structure and environmental condition were determined on each quadratic plot where gas samples were collected. The result showed that the highest methane concentration was found in the landward zone at 3,698 ± 0,986 mg. L-1. Even though, the methane concentration of the other zones had not significantly different from the landward zone. In addition, the mangrove community structure among the three zones was not different significantly. The oxidation-reduction potential was the only factor that had a significant correlation with methane concentration. Those results indicated that mangrove ecological conditions among zones were similar to each other, hence the variation of methane concentration was not significant. Nevertheless, substrate abiotic characters need to be involved in greenhouse gas studies in the future.

Indonesia territorial waters are very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Research about the variations of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration in the southern waters of Java has been undertaken by several researchers. However, the research is still in the scope of regional scale south of Java. This research was conducted to determine the impact of climate change on sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration in Sukabumi waters. The data used consisted of IOD index anomalies, sea surface temperature and monthly chlorophyll-a concentrations from December 2002 to November 2020. Descriptive analysis was used to determine seasonal and inter-annual variability and linear regression method was used to analyze trends in changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration. The results showed that the seasonal variation was influenced by the monsoon, while the interannual variation was influenced by the Indian Ocean Dipole. Climate change causes SST and chlorophyll-a concentrations to increase. In the 2003-2020 time period, SPL increased by 0.08 °C and an increase in chlorophyll-a concentration by 0.03 mg/ m3. ABSTRAKPerairan selatan Sukabumi yang berhadapan langsung dengan samudera Hindia sangat rentan terhadap dampak perubahan iklim. Penelitian mengenai variasi suhu permukaan laut dan konsentrasi klorofil-a di perairan selatan Jawa sudah dilakukan oleh beberapa peneliti sebelumnya. Namun penelitian tersebut masih dalam lingkup skala regional selatan Jawa. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dampak perubahan iklim terhadap suhu permukaan laut dan konsentrasi klorofil-a di Perairan selatan Sukabumi. Data-data yang digunakan terdiri dari indeks IOD, suhu permukaan laut dan konsentrasi klorofil-a bulanan periode Desember 2002 hingga November 2020. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskripsi dan regresi linier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi musiman suhu permukaan laut dan konsentrasi klorofil-a di perairan ini dipengaruhi oleh monsun, sedangkan variasi antar tahunan dipengaruhi oleh Indian Ocean Dipole. Perubahan iklim menyebabkan suhu permukaan laut dan konsentrasi klorofil-a mengalami kenaikan. Dalam periode waktu 2003-2020 suhu permukaan laut mengalami kenaikan sebesar 0,08°C dan kenaikan konsentrasi klorofil-a sebesar 0,03 mg/m3.

Perbaikan galur padi gogo dihadapkan pada adanya keragaman sifat fisik dan ekobiologis lahan kering, antara lain lahan kering masam. Alternatif pendekatan optimalisasi budidaya padi gogo di lahan kering masam adalah dengan pemilihan varietas yang adaptif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperoleh sejumlah galur padi gogo yang memiliki keragaan dan hasil unggul di lahan kering masam, serta bermutu beras baik. Sebanyak 36 galur padi gogo dan empat varietas pembanding diseleksi di Kebun Percobaan Tamanbogo, Lampung pada musim hujan November 2017-Maret 2018. Pendugaan parameter genetik menunjukkan keragaman genetik luas berbanding lurus dengan nilai heritabilitas tinggi. Umur berbunga, umur panen, bobot 1,000 butir gabah dan hasil dapat dijadikan sebagai kriteria seleksi galur padi gogo di lahan kering masam. Berdasarkan kriteria seleksi tersebut terpilih empat galur, yaitu B15231-MR-10-1, B15053F-PWR-2, B14908C-MR-1-25-1-3 dan B15344B-TB-34. Galur-galur tersebut memiliki hasil gabah yang tidak berbeda nyata dengan varietas pembanding terbaik Inpago 8 (3.84 ton ha-1), rata-rata tahan terhadap blas daun (skor 1), sangat tahan terhadap blas leher (skor 0), dan agak toleran Al, . Keempat galur terpilih memiliki bentuk beras sedang dengan pengapuran sedikit sampai sedang (MMS-LMM), kadar amilosa 20-23% dengan tekstur nasi pulen-sedang. Satu galur terpilih, yaitu B15344B-TB-34 teridentifikasi sebagai galur beras merah. Kata kunci: kekeringan, keracunan aluminium, kriteria seleksi, mutu beras, penyakit blas

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ozone exposure to the physicochemical and microbial activity in dairy milk. The research material was fresh milk from dairy cows and ozone was produced by commercial ozone generator brand HANACO, production capacity up to 0.702 mg/min at 24-27ºC with oxygen source coming from ambient air in the nature. The experiment used ozone treatments for 0, 10, 20, and 30 min with variable of analysis such as density, protein, fat, electrical resistance, total plate count, and malondialdehyde which was analyzed using One Way Annova. The results showed that ozone treatment had no significant effect on the density, protein and fat in dairy milk, but had significant (P

Chalcone compounds and their derivatives are known to have various pharmacological activities, one of which is antibacterial activity. This activity is strongly influenced by the type of bound substituent and the location of the substituent on the structure of the chalcone compound. The purpose of this study was to synthesize chalcone compounds with the characteristics of the dimethylamino substituent on ring B at the para ((E)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one) position and to test the activity of an antibacterial compound of chalcone against bacterial isolates of blood product contaminants. Antibacterial activity testing was focused on bacterial isolates derived from blood products, because the use of blood product bacterial isolates for antibacterial testing was still not widely used, generally the test bacteria used were ATCC bacterial isolates. The antibacterial activity test method used was the paper disc diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of chalcone compounds was known through the formation of a clear zone around the disc paper called the inhibition zone for bacterial growth. The chalcone compound (E)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one was successfully synthesized through a condensation reaction, which obtained a yellow crystalline solid with a yield of 81.67%. The results of the activity test of chalcone compounds on several blood product contaminants showed that this compound had good enough activity in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with an inhibition zone of 8.9 mm at a concentration of 25 ppm.

The purpose of this research was to determine the characteristic of physical properties and emulsifying activity index with different concentrations (0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% (v/v)) on the viscosity, solubility, turbidity, emulsifying activity index, and microstructure. The experiment was designed by Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The addition of TiO2 with different concentrations gave a highly significant difference characteristic on syneresis, viscosity, solubility, turbidity, and emulsifying activity index (P

This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of red fruit paste against Staphylococcus aureus FNCC-0047 and Eschericia coli FNCC-0091 by using ethanol and n-hexane as well as the total plate count value of the patty with red fruit paste added on different observations day. The concentration of paste extract for antimicrobial activity test was 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%. The calculation of the total value of the burger patty plate is calculated on the 3rd, 7th and 14th d with the red fruit paste content in the formula as much as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. The results showed that the fatty acids of red fruit paste were dominated by oleic acid and linoleic acid, which are unsaturated fatty acids and palmitic acid, which are saturated fatty acids. The yield of red fruit paste in n-hexane solvent was higher than ethanol solvent. There was a significant difference (P

The excessive use of antibiotics in the treatment of infections or diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus is the main cause of antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are a serious problem because of their wide distribution in the clinical environment and the living community, so it is necessary to search for antibacterial sources from natural products and traditional medicines such as Kayu racun leaves (Rhinacanthus nasutus). Information regarding the content of the active ingredient and the antibacterial potential of the ethanol extract of Kayu racun leaves is still limited. This study aims to test the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Kayu racun leaves against S. aureus and MRSA bacteria by invitro. The research used an experimental method and was divided into two stages, namely; Phytochemical test of the ethanol extract of Kayu racun leaves using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method and the antibacterial activity test of the ethanol extract of Kayu racun leaves against S. aureus and MRSA using the paper disc diffusion method. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Kayu racun leaves contains alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids. The best antibacterial activity was found at a concentration of 100 mg/ml with an inhibition zone diameter of 26.20 mm against S. aureus and 17.90 mm against MRSA.

Kalanchoe tomentosa is one of the plants of the Crassulaceae tribe that can lower blood sugar and contains compounds of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, fatty acids, steroids, and triterpenoids. This study aims to isolate and identify chemical compounds from dichloromethane extract of Kalanchoe tomentosa leaves, as well as to test the inhibitory activity of the α-amylase enzyme. Extraction was carried out by maceration using dichloromethane as a solvent, then dichloromethane extract was purified using column chromatography, the pure isolate was obtained in the form of white powder, and an inhibition test was carried out against the α-amylase enzyme. The thin layer chromatography data of pure isolates compared to pure β-sitosterol are similar. Based on the research data, it can be concluded that the chemical structure of the pure isolate is β-sitosterol, the methylene chloride extract of K. tomentosa leaves has an inhibitory activity against the α-amylase enzyme with an inhibition value of 65%. This value is greater than the positive control of acarbose which only has 37% inhibition and β-sitosterol compound by 6.7%. This value is smaller when compared to the control of acarbose at the same concentration which obtained 5% inhibition.

Background : Diabetes mellitus, increased blood glucose or hyperglycemia, is associated with increased oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases. This condition will further cause carbohydrate and fat metabolism change, resulting in the decreased antioxidant defense system. Black rice, red beans, and moringa leaves contain oleic acid, butyric amino acid, antioxidants, phytic acid, and arginine, which can improve insulin sensitivity, and blood glucose homeostasis. Objective : This study aimed to analyze the effect of betamelor (black rice, red beans, and moringa leaves) on blood glucose in rats Materials and Methods : The design of this research was experimental research with pre-and post-control group design. A total of 20 Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into four groups, namely standard feed (PS), 80% feed of betamelor (PB8), 50% feed of betamelor (PB5), and 20% feed of betamelor (PB2). Betamelor intervention was given as much as 5% of weight for 28 days. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels were measured using the GOD-PAP method. Blood glucose data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level and using Duncan's test. Results : There were differences in FBG between groups after the intervention of betamelor. The results showed that after 28 days of intervention, betamelor decreased the serum glucose concentration from 122.69 mg / dL to 97.70 mg / dL (20.37%) in the PB8 group and from 123.91 mg / dL to 113.28 mg / dL (8.58%) in the PB5 group, but the standard diet (PS) increased by 5.73%. This result can be applied to reduce blood glucose levels in obese and patients with metabolic syndrome. Conclusions : There was a significant effect of giving a mixture of black rice, red beans, and Moringa leaves on fasting blood sugar in rats.

Culture of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with high stocking density and feeding can cause a decrease in water quality due to the accumulation of metabolic waste such as ammonia which is toxic for fish rearing. A zeolite filter is needed which can reduce ammonia levels until it is not harmful to fish survival. This research was conducted in February-April 2020 at the Aquaculture Environmental Quality Laboratory, Fisheries and Marine Faculty of Riau University. The purposed of this study was to determine the effect of using zeolite on Ammonia (NH3) and determine the appropriate dose for Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) rearing. The research method was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) one factor with 4 levels of treatment (P0: Control without the use of filters, P1: Use of zeolite 5.68 g/L, P2: Use of zeolite 11.37 g/L, P3: Use of zeolite 17.05 g/L). The appropriate treatment for Tilapia rearing is P3 (Zeolite 17.05 g/L) with TAN value is 0.2616 mg/L, Ammonia 0.0018 mg/L, TAN reduction is 59%, and Survival Rate of fish is 88.88%. The value of water quality during the study were temperature 27-29 oC, pH 6.7-7.0, and DO 6.2-6.9 mg/L.

Background: A work environment that is exposed to heavy metals, such as a coal mining environment, can change fat metabolism in the body. Changes in fat metabolism will lead to cardiovascular disease. Consumption of dairy products, e.g. whey protein, can reduce the risk of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Objectives : To test and analyze the differences in triglyceride levels before and after whey protein intervention to field workers with different working conditions. Materials and Method s : This experimental research with pretest and posttest was conducted on field workers at PT Bukit Asam Tbk. Tarahan Port Unit, Lampung as an Arsenic exposed group and PTPN VII Way Berulu Business Unit as an Arsenic unexposed group. Both groups received 24 grams of whey protein daily for 28 days. The triglyceride levels before and after the intervention were measured by laboratory analysis using the enzymatic calorimetry method. The data were analyzed using independent t-test, Mann Whitney test, and Wilcoxon test. Result s : The average triglyceride levels increased by 50.48 ± 98.09 mg/dL in the exposed group and 16.78 ± 67.67 mg/dL in the unexposed group. There was a significant difference in triglyceride levels before and after the whey protein intervention in the two groups. Conclusion s : The whey protein intervention increased the triglyceride level in the exposed group and decreased it in the unexposed group.

Brake pads are generally made of asbestos, which is less environmentally friendly and widely available in nature, therefore motorcycle brake pads are made that utilize palm frond fibers filled with alumina powder and bonded to a polyurethane matrix. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Material Testing of Industrial Chemical Technology Polytechnic (PTKI) Medan. Research was carried out from February-July 2020, using two test, namely the Rockwell Hardness level test and the Pin On Disk Friction Coefficient test. The result showed that oil palm frond fibers can be made into motorcycle brake pads with the addition of alumina powder according to the predetermined composition. After going through the test, the Rockwell hardness level was obtained in A2 treatment (6% Alumina) with the highest and best hardness level, namely 52.75 Kg. And after testing the friction coefficient of the Pin On Disk type, brake pads from palm frounds with the addition of alumina powder composition which have the lowest coefficient value of the best are obtained in treatment A2 (6% Alumina) with a value of 0.000765 N/mm 2 . Keywords : biocomposite, brake shoes, palm fround fibers, alumina powder

Background : Fruit peel is a part of red dragon fruit that weighed 30-35% of the fruit weight and has not been used optimally. Red dragon fruit peel contains fiber, vitamin, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloids and has the potential as an antibacterial. Red dragon fruit peel can be processed into yogurt. Objectives : This research examined the antibacterial potential of red dragon fruit peel yogurt against Bacillus subtilis in hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats. Materials and Methods : Materials tested in this study were negative control, positive control, and caecum of hypercholesterolemic Wistar. This study used chloramphenicol as the positive control (K+) and DMSO 10% as the negative control (K-). The K1; K2; K3 were orally administered with 1.8 mL; 2.7 mL; 3.6 mL of red dragon fruit peel yogurt, respectively. Red dragon fruit peel yogurt was administered daily for 28 days. Caecum was collected and tested for antibacterial activity using disk diffusion (Kirby Bauer). The Bacillus subtilis was obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of Center for Food and Nutrition Studies Universitas Gadjah Mada. Results : The average inhibition zone in K-; K+; K1; K2; K3 were 0.00±0.00 mm; 11.5±1.41 mm; 11.5±0.96 mm; 10.13±0.66 mm; 10.38±1.12 mm, respectively. The experimental animal groups, which received 2.7 mL and 1.8 mL of red dragon fruit peel yogurts, showed a significant difference compared to the positive control group (p= 0.026 and p=0.021, respectively). When the dose was increased to 3.6 mL, it showed no statistical difference in results (p=1.000). Conclusions : Red dragon fruit peel yogurt has an antibacterial potential against Bacillus subtilis.

Retinal vessel segmentation is part of the morphological extraction of retinal blood vessels that plays an essential role in medical image processing. Manual segmentation is possible to do, but it is time-consuming and requires special operators. Moreover, the possibility of variability between operators is vast. This study aims to answer the shortcomings of the manual segmentation process by automatically segmenting retinal blood vessels. The main contribution of this study is the use of a simple method to iteratively segment retinal blood vessels. All processes in the segmentation are simulated using Matlab. The algorithm was evaluated by comparing the results of the automatic segmentation with 20 manually segmented images from the STARE dataset. The result show specificity 98.13%, accuracy 93.60%, sensitivity 56.42%, precision 80.48%, and the dice coefficient 64.06%. In conclusion, the automatic retinal blood vessel image segmentation process worked well.

One of the main obstacles in providing quality potato seed tubers is the long dormancy period of the potato seeds. A study that explores this has been carried out to elucidate the response of dormancy release and initiation of potato sprouts to the differences in tuber weight and storage duration before immersion in cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine). The study was conducted at the seed warehouse UPT Horticulture Parent Seed Kutagadung Berastagi, Department of Food and Horticulture of North Sumatra Province, from November 2018 to January 2019. The research was carried out with a factorial completely randomized design with two factors, namely (i) tuber weight, consisting of 4 levels [25-35 g, 55-65 g, 85-95g, and 115-125 g]; and (ii) tuber storage duration before immersion in 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) solution, consisting of 5 levels [control (without immersion), 1, 15, 30, and 45 days after harvest]. Tuber weight, storage duration before immersion, and the interaction of the two factors showed significant effects in dormancy breaking time, germination percentage, germination rate, number of sprouts, and length of sprouts. The number and length of the sprouts increased with the increasing tuber weight and storage duration before immersion in BAP. Keywords: cytokinin, germination, Solanum tuberosum L., tuber seeds

Beras merupakan makanan pokok di Indonesia. Beberapa varietas padi gogo unggul baru telah dilepas dan perlu dilengkapi pemupukan yang akurat di lokasi tertentu. Salah satu jenis pupuk tersebut adalah nitrogen (N). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi penggunaan N pada padi gogo IPB 9G sebagai respon terhadap dosis pupuk N. Dosis pupuk yang diaplikasikan adalah 0, 46, 92, 138, dan 184 kg N ha-1 dalam bentuk urea (46% N). Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan di Darmaga, Bogor pada Maret-Juli 2018. Petak percobaan berukuran 3.5 m x 3.0 m. Padi gogo ditanam dengan jarak 50 cm x 10 cm. Efisiensi penggunaan N dinilai dari pertumbuhan padi, serapan N, efisiensi agronomi dan fisiologis. Peningkatan tinggi tanaman dan jumlah anakan mengikuti peningkatan dosis N. Serapan N dan hasil gabah memiliki respon kuadratik terhadap dosis N dan dapat menjadi indikator efisiensi pemupukan N. Serapan N dan hasil gabah yang maksimum diperoleh dari dosis pupuk N yang hampir sama, rata-rata 143.8 kg N ha-1 (312.5 kg urea ha-1). Untuk efisiensi pemupukan N padi gogo IPB 9G pada tanah dengan N total sedang (0.27%) di musim kering dapat diaplikasikan 143.8 kg N ha-1 (urea 312.5 kg N ha-1). Kata kunci: efisiensi agronomis, efisiensi fisiologis, hasil biji, serapan N

Penggunaan pupuk anorganik yang tinggi dalam jangka panjang pada pemupukan bawang merah disertai tingginya biaya pemupukan anorganik dapat mengakibatkan penurunan kualitas bawang merah. Penelitian dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh penggunaan pupuk kotoran kambing dengan dosis pupuk anorganik terhadap pertumbuhan, produksi, dan kualitas bawang merah, serta ketahanan terhadap hama. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada musim kemarau di bulan September hingga Desember 2019 di Desa Sukorejo, Nganjuk dengan kondisi suhu 23-33 oC dan ketinggian 60 sampai 140 mdpl. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan petak tersarang (nested design), empat ulangan dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama yaitu pupuk kandang yang terdiri atas dua taraf, dan faktor kedua yaitu pupuk anorganik yang terdiri atas lima taraf. Pupuk anorganik yang digunakan yaitu urea, KCl, dan NPK. Dosis acuan pupuk anorganik menggunakan dosis petani setempat. Pupuk kandang tidak berhasil mengurangi dosis pupuk anorganik pada pertumbuhan bawang merah. Pemberian pupuk kandang secara nyata menurunkan tinggi tanaman 36.88 cm lebih rendah dari tanpa pupuk kandang 39.03 cm tetapi meningkatkan jumlah daun, jumlah anakan dan bobot umbi per rumpun. Penambahan pupuk organik kotoran kambing menyebabkan persentase kerusakan bawang merah 1.40% pada umbi 6 minggu setelah simpan (MSS) tetapi masih di bawah 5% sesuai syarat mutu SNI 01-3159-1992 bawang merah. Kata kunci: bobot umbi, kotoran kambing, pupuk kandang, Super Philip

Egg white is one source of protein that has many functions, including as an antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-cancer, and this can also be used as a preservative and sweetener. The addition of egg white powder to effervescent tablets with lemon essence is expected to increase protein levels in the tablet. The purpose of this study was to study the physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of effervescent tablets by adding egg white powder to the formulation. The study design used a randomized block design (RBD) with the making period as a group. The treatments used were different concentrations of effervescent mix (sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid), that is, 55, 60 and 65%. Data from the test results were tested with analysis of variance (ANOVA), further tests with the Duncan test. The physical characteristics of effervescent tablets with the addition of egg white powder and the difference in the concentration of effervescent mix as a treatment were not significantly different among treatments. The chemical characteristics of egg white effervescent tablets did not change with the treatment concentration of effervescent mix 55, 60 and 65% but the water activity (aw) of the effervescent tablets changed. Increasing the concentration of effervescent mix treatment can reduce the value of aw from 0.58 to 0.50. The addition of albumen powder with different concentrations of effervescent mix resulted in effervescent tablets according to predetermined standards. The organoleptic test results on the overall assessment of egg white powder effervescent tablets were somewhat favorable

Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) are useful for skin health as an additional ingredient for cosmetics, such as facial mask. This study aims to determine the optimum formula of Moringa leaves extract in powder mask, evaluate its activity as an antioxidant and antibacterial, while also ascertaining its characteristics, based on the quality requirements of SNI 16-6070-1999 and SNI 16-4399-1996 for cosmetics and skin moisturizers, respectively. Facial mask formula was made through various concentrations of Moringa leaves methanol extract 12.5%, 17.5%, 25%, and 35%, with its optimum formulation determined by panelists’ preference level, based on organoleptic test results. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was carried out, using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) method, while that of the antibacterial towards Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was performed, through the use of the diffusion technique, with the active compound also being analyzed, using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry). The results however, showed that the antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the facial mask formula were lower than when in their extract form. The facial mask formula with the addition of 35% Moringa leaves extract (F4), had the highest inhibitory value of 66,04%, while the antibacterial activity against S. aureus occured at concentrations ≥ 0.125 g/mL. Also, the result of GC-MS analysis of Moringa leaves extract, showed quinic (peak 7, Rt = 21,165 minutes) and linoleic acid as the highest peak (peak 12, Rt = 29,439 minutes). Based on panelists' preference level, the result of Anova and Duncan Test analysis showed that the most optimum facial mask product was with 17.5% Moringa leaves extract (F2), with a score of 3.29. Therefore, all characterization of mask formula with 12.5%, 17.5%, 25%, and 35% additional amount of Moringa leaves extract, have met up with the requirements for SNI 16-6070-1999 and SNI 16-4380-1996 criterias, together with the pH value of 5.45 - 6.02, specific gravity 1 g/mL, emulsion stability 96.57 - 97.05%, and negative microbial contamination.

Diabetes is a disease, in which the body cannot produce enough insulin so that there is excess sugar in the blood which becomes toxic to the body. Ngokilo plants are believed to be able to lower blood sugar levels because of the antioxidants and polyphenols contained therein.The objective of this study was to determine the potential of the ethanol extract of Ngokilo leaves (Stachytarpheta mutabilis, Vahl) as a lowering blood glucose levels in white mice(Rattus norvegicus). The tests were carried out by an experimental method using Swiss Webster male mice (Rattus norvegicus) aged 2-3 months with a body west of 30-40 grams as test animals. This study used four dosage ratios of ngokilo leaf extract, namely 1: 20: 40: 60 and control used aquadest. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Ngokilo leaves had an F value of 27.033> F Table 2.60. It indicates that the independent variable (the difference in the concentration of ethanol extract of Ngokilo leaves) was proven to have a significant effect on the dependent variable (blood sugar levels).

During each day of harvest, wasted banana stems are obtained in large quantities. These stems are composed mainly of 74.37% cellulose which is a very important raw material. This study aims to isolate cellulose from banana stems using liquefaction, delignification and bleaching processes with a microwave at power variations of 450, 600 and 800 W. The results showed that the highest cellulose content of 86.43% was obtained at 800 W for 14 minutes. Meanwhile, the fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis result did not show a peak at wavenumber 1519 cm-1 which is the specific peak for lignin but showed a peak for cellulose at wavenumber 898 cm-1. Furthermore, XRD analysis of crystallinity showed a typical diffraction peak of cellulose at 22.5o with a degree of crystallinity of 56.8% while, morphological analysis with SEM showed that the sizes of the cellulose fibers produced varied, ranging from 5 to hundreds of micrometers and visible fibrillary fibers

C hemical, mechanical, and natural durability properties of three lesser-used wood species from North Kalimantan, namely nyatoh ( Palaquium lanceolatum ), pisang putih ( Mezze t tia leptopoda ), and sepetir ( Sindora wa l lichii ) woods , were analyzed to seek the interrelationships among them and give an overview related to their utilization . T he results showed that pH values of three wood species were categorized into moderate to weak acid levels . The extractive content s in hot and cold water a s well as in NaOH 1% of s epetir wood were higher than those of nyatoh and pisang putih woods. In contrast, the solubility in ethanol-benzene of nyatoh wood was the highe st . The a sh content in the three wood species were categorized into medium level . L ignin contents in sepetir and nyatoh wood s were classified as moderate, while lignin content in pisang putih wood was high. Holocellulose and hemicellulose contents in sepetir wood were higher than those in nyatoh and pisang putih woods, whereas alpha cellulose in sepetir wood was the lowe st . MOE values of the three wood species were classified as strength class of IV ‒ V, while MOR and compression parallel to the grain were classified as strength class of IV. The hardness value of nyatoh wood was higher than that of other woods. The durability of the three wood species was classified into poor (low durable). The relationship between chemical characteristics and mechanical properties of wood was primarily influenced by its major components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) , whereas natural durability was influenced by its minor components (extractives and inorganic materials) . Keywords: lesser-used wood species, mechanical properties, natural durability, parameters interrelationship , wood chemical characteristics

Medium density fiberboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product that has density and specific gravity similar to solid wood, ranging from 600 to 800 kg/m3 of density and 0.6 to 0.8 of specific gravity. This makes MDF suitable to partially replace solid wood, particularly for interior application. Approximately over than 100 million m3 of MDF are produced in 2020, resulting in a large amount of waste MDF will be generated in the next 20 years. MDF is produced using urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins adhesive. UF resins adhesive is a poly-condensation product of urea and formaldehyde via an alkaline acid two-step reaction. Sustainable MDF production is required as the world is facing climate change and deforestation. Recycling is a way to support sustainable production in the engineered wood products manufacturing. Many attempts have been done to find ways to recycle waste MDF. The main problem is UF resins, which bond the MDF panel fibers. In order to re-manufacture the waste MDF into new recycled MDF, UF resins should be eliminated from the waste MDF before being used. The presence of UF resins in MDF can interfere with the utilization of the recycled fibers, whether it will be used as a raw material for new MDF or other composite products. This paper reviews the process of removal of cured UF resins from waste MDF panel by considering the hydrolytic stability of cured UF resins for MDF recycling, providing a comprehensive review of how cured UF resins can be removed from waste MDF and characterization of recycled fibers obtained from recycling prior to re-manufacturing of recycled MDF panel.Keywords: hydrolysis, medium density fiberboard, resin, recycling, resin removal, urea-formaldehyde

The use of flour made from sesame seed and chia seed could be applied into bakery products, such as croissant which made into “mini” form fits for one bite-size. Sesame flour contains considerable amount of calcium, fiber, and essential fatty acids compared to wheat flour. Chia flour also can be used as a substitution along with sesame flour as it is one source of linoleic acid. This study aims to develop a substituted mini croissant with added nutrient value and sensory acceptable. This is an experimental study with three levels of flour substitution (0%, 10%, and 20%), each experiment was performed duplicate with sesame flour and chia flour ratio was set at 1:2. The results showed that sesame and chia flour substitution significantly increased the fiber and calcium content of mini croissant, but not the carbohydrate content. Substitution significantly affected sensory profile, both for hedonic test and sensory quality.

The dominant source of pollutants for floating net cages are fish feed and feces. They cause phosphorus and nitrogen in water increase, trigger eutrophication, marked by the appearance of algae. Algae are green plants, contain chlorophyll-a. The content of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a can be used to determine the tropical status of water. The objective of this research is to determine the tropical status of marine cage water. The research method was descriptive laboratory. Nitrogen content is measured as nitrite according to SNI 6989.9-2004, nitrate according to APHA Section 4500-NO3, ammonia according to SNI 19-1655-1989. Phosphorus analysis according to SNI 06-6989-31: 2005. Chlorophyll-a analysis used the Strickland & Parson method by spectrophotometry. Laboratory data were analyzed for tropical status based on nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a content. The results showed that the tropical status of the KJA water of Gajah Mungkur Reservoir Wonogiri in the rainy season had eutrophic status, containing high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen elements. The eutrophic status indicated that the water had been polluted by an enhancement of nitrogen levels by 18.345 µg/L and phosphorus by 420.65 µg/L. These nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants increased the growth of chlorophyll-a by 12.70 µg/L.

Coliform is a group of microbes that are used as indicators of water quality. Water pollution is generally caused by pathogenic microbes from feces, household waste, and industrial activity waste. This study aimed to estimate the total number of coliform contamination in several rivers in Kepahiang Regency, namely Tebat Monok (TM), Sempiyang (SPY), Penanjung Panjang (PP), Embong Ijok (EI) Air Langkap(ALK), and Air Belimbing (ABB). Total coliform and Fecal coliform tests were carried out using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method on Lactose Broth, Brillian Green Lactose Bile Broth and pour plates on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar media. Measurement of abiotic factors was on temperature and pH parameters. The test results of total coliform showed that 6 rivers contained total coliform under the Class II river water quality standards with a range of 1210/100 mL– 4310/100 mL and 2 rivers that were contaminated with Fecal coliform, TM and ALK, have the content of 1500/100 mL and 1700 / 100 mL. The results of the measurement of the abiotic factor, the river pH range was 7.4 - 8.2. The lowest temperature was 25oC in SPY river and the highest temperature was 26 oC on the TM, PP, EI, ALK, and ABB rivers.

Microalgae are one of the natural resources that have high potential as a source of biofuels, one of them is the marine microalgae Melosira sp.. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing temperature and nitrate concentration on the abundance, growth rate, biomass, organic C-content and free fatty acids of Melosira sp.. A Completely Randomized Design was used for this experiment with four temperature treatments and three nitrate concentrations treatments in microalgae test planting media. The test microalgae were cultured for 21 days, while the abundance of Melosira sp..was carried out every 3rd day, while for other parameters measurements were made at the end of the experiment. The results showed that the increasing in temperature and nitrate concentration in culture media significantly affected the abundance of Melosira sp.. Meanwhile, the results of statistical analysis showed that the increase in temperature and concentration of culture media did not have a significant effect on biomass except at 30°C treatment, the dry weight of Melosira sp. was only significantly different between the nitrate concentrations of 0.0 g/L and 0.4 g/L. For the content of C-organic and free fatty acids generally showed a significant difference between treating temperature and nitrate concentration in the culture media.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is one type of plant used to produce high quality cellulose fiber. Its fiber is convertible to cellulose acetate (CA), which is commonly used as membrane’s material. Dense CA membrane is used in gas permeation process and the performance is improvable by mineral blending and annealing. This study aims to determine the characteristics of modified CA membranes and the performance in separation of CO2/CH4 gases. Membrane preparation was carried out by using phase inversion technique, while annealing was carried out at 60oC. Furthermore, NaA zeolite was added with various concentrations, which include 5, 10, 15 and 20%. Gas permeation was carried out at 4 barrer for an hour. The performance of the membrane was measured based on its permeability and selectivity. The results showed that CA membrane with 10% zeolite yielded the best performance with CO2 and CH4 permeability of 140.55 and 22.25 barrer respectively and selectivity of CO2/CH4 6.32.

A typical planar structure is the most feasible conceptual design of betavoltaic battery due to its simplicity. The self-absorption of beta source, however, causes a limitation to the geometrical efficiency. Herein, we tried to investigate the self-absorption event in Ni-63 beta source by changing the geometrical aspects and evaluated its effect on each layer of a 4H-SiC semiconductor as the radiation-electricity converter. The design configuration from previous literature was adopted and the model was developed using Monte Carlo N-Particle X (MCNPX) consists of radioisotope source, semiconductor, and also ohmic contacts. The energy of beta emission was adjusted to the actual Ni-63 beta spectra with an isotropic distribution of ejected particles. The average beta energy deposition degrades along with the addition of source mass thickness, but the n+ substrate has a unique result where a peak is observed at 0.1246 mg/cm2 due to the self-absorption effect. Furthermore, the rectangular surface area magnification gives a positive impact on the beta energy deposition up to 2.48% and the photon average energy deposition up to 137.21%. The results of average electron absorbed dose are consistent with Oldano-Pasquarelli semi-empirical theory of self-absorption in the beta source, where the upper layer receives a wider angular distribution of particles compared to the lower one, which corresponds to the counting geometrical coefficients.

Tanaman dengan pertambahan tinggi yang lambat merupakan karakter penting dalam program pemuliaan kelapa sawit dan brasinosteroid merupakan hormon penting yang berpengaruh untuk karakter tersebut. Gen sterol metiltransferase 1 (SMT1) merupakan salah satu gen kunci dalam biosintesis brasinosteroid. Pengembangan marker molekuler dapat dimulai dengan identifikasi dan karakterisasi gen yang terkait dengan karakter target. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi keragaman nukleotida gen SMT1. Amplifikasi PCR dilakukan menggunakan genom Elaeis oleifera (E.o.), E. guineensis (E.g.) dan hibrida dari keduanya (E.g. x E.o.) dengan sepasang primer spesifik gen SMT1. Dalam penelitian ini berhasil diamplifikasi satu potongan DNA gen SMT1 dan dari hasil DNA sequencing berhasil diidentifikasi sebanyak 501- 505 pb. Potongan DNA yang diidentifikasi terdiri atas partial intron 8, exon 9, intron 9, dan patial exon 10, yang menyandi antara 104-105 residu asam amino. Domain residu asam amino terkonservasi ditemukan dalam hasil translasi amplikon, yang berkorelasi dengan situs aktif dalam biosintesis brasinosteroid dan mengkonfirmasi identitas amplikon sebagai bagian dari gen SMT1. Keragaman nukleotida potongan DNA gen SMT1 yang teridentifikasi berpotensi dapat digunakan untuk pengembangan marker molekuler yang bermanfaat untuk pemuliaan tanaman kelapa sawit, terutama untuk karakter pertambahan tinggi tanaman yang lambat. Kata kunci: Brasinosteroid, sterol, tanaman kerdil

Abroma augusta L plant traditionally was used to treat swellings, cuts, sores, and bruises. In the province of Jambi, A. augusta is used in folk medicine to treat wounds. This study aims to isolate the steroid compound from the root of A. augusta L and determine its anti-inflammatory activities. Extraction and fractionation have been done with graded maceration using solvents with different polarities, which are n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The separation was performed by column chromatography, followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The characterization of the isolate was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and infrared spectrophotometry, GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract and isolate of A. augusta was performed in this study was designed to evaluate the dose-response relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity in rat models of chronic inflammation chromatography to obtain isolate 2.1.1 that characterize and showed maximum absorbance at 265. The result of IR showed the presence of functional groups, -C=C-H, -C=H, -CH, CH3, CH2, and –CO belongs to the steroid compound. The results of the GC-MS show that isolates contain squalene compounds with a value of m/z 410, Isolate and crude extract showed an anti-inflammatory activity that almost approached the positive control of sodium 4-chlorophenolate. It could be concluded that isolate and extract provide good anti-inflammatory activity, that promise for new drug candidate squalene-based A. augusta.

Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f. is a species of the family Fabaceae (Leguminoceae). These plants are termed ″Polong-polongan″ in Indonesia, and are known to contain active flavonoid groups. Previous studies have shown the isolation of one known flavanone: isolonchocarpin from methanol extract, and the structure obtained was established based on chemical evidence as well as spectroscopic methods, including NMR, and also by a comparison with published data. This research is aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic property of methanol extract against larvae of Arthemia salina Leach, using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The results show potent cytotoxicity at LC50 of 41.40 ppm.

Introduction: Safe concentrations of non-carcinogenic toluene can cause adverse effects on health. Based on the results of a research, toxic effects on toluene exposure can cause cancerous (leuikimia) and non-cancerous (aplastic anemia). The Research objective to determine the safe concentration of non-carcinogenic toluene in Surabaya printing. Methods: The research design used was observational analytic, cross sectional research design with a quantitative approach. The research location was a printing press in Surabaya. The variables in this study were the concentration of toluene levels (ppm) and RQ in workers. Total population was 37 workers, while the study sample was taken using accidental sampling method with a total sample of 30 respondents. The formula for determining the concentration of toluene non carcinogen intake is (CxRxtExfExDt): (Wbx30x365). Results: The concentration value of toluene exposure was greater than the standard set by labor regulations No. 5 of 2018 about occupational health and safety of the work environment by 0.2 ppm. A total of 10% of workers falls under normal category, 73% above normal category and 27% below normal category. Conclusion: In this study, we found new findings, viz the concentration of toluene exposure in Surabaya printing area was above normal with a concentration of 0.2 ppm and this is considered not normal.Keywords: non carcinogenic toluene, safe concentration, surabaya printing, toluene

Fever is a condition where the body temperature rises above normal or more than 37 o C and also tend to be an initial clinical manifestation of the use of antipyretic drugs that cause toxicity such as on the liver due to prolonged usage . Particularly, the b angle ( Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) is one of the Zingiberaceae plants that contain essential oils used for the treatment of fever. Therefore, this research aimed to identify active compounds which have antipyretics potential with the in silico approach. The simulation of molecular docking showed 1,4-naphthalenedione-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy was able to attach to the binding site of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interact with main residues that constituted the active cavity of COX-2. While the simulation of molecular dynamics suggested that the bound compound was stable at 4 ns, that is the time taken. The binding free energies expected by the MM-PBSA method indicated the 1,4-naphthalenedione-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy had a higher affinity than a native ligand (2-[(2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-phenyl)-amino] benzoic acid, JMS) and paracetamol. This suggested its capacity for advancing as a new COX-2 inhibitor.

Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer, exceeded only by cellulose, and comprises 15-25% of the dry weight of woody plants, with around 285,000 tons/year of production capacity globally. This study aims to utilize the lignin obtained from the waste of bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as a mortar additive. The use of mortar as a material for road construction is increasing, but its long time hardening is causing problems such as traffic jams. Lignin can be used as an additive to shorten the hardening time of mortar. Lignin was isolated at various NaOH concentrations and temperatures of OPEFB pretreatment for bioethanol production. The workability of the slump and compressive strength of mortars generated were further tested. Lignin from OPEFB can be used as a water reducer in the mortar with improved workability as much as 24.4% compared to controls. The addition of lignin could also increase the compressive strength at the mortar age of 7 and 28 days compared to the commercial lignosulfonate and control on the various water-cement ratios. The setting time of mortar with the lignin addition increased rapidly, reaching up to 80% at the 7 days, indicating that curing time is getting shorter. The most remarkable improvement of compressive strength with suitable workability and high-quality concrete was reached by 1% lignin addition and 0.45 water-cement ratio with compressive strength 38.81 N/mm2 at 28 days.Keywords: compressive strength, lignin, mortar, OPEFB, water reducer

Indonesia is a large rice producing country where from these activities it produces waste in the form of rice husk. Rice husk cannot be degraded by itself due to the lignin content contained in the rice husk. Therefore, treatment is carried out to destroy the lignin content and use it as alternative energy in the form of biogas. The study was conducted at a laboratory scale at room temperature, preliminary treatment using 3% NaOH under the SSAD conditions of 27.5% TS and then biogas production was measured once every two days for 90 days. Furthermore, the results of biogas production were observed between biogas with NaOH and without NaOH and carried out a study of the kinetics. The result is that biogas production with NaOH is higher, reaching 59.2 mL/grTS whereas without NaOH at 14.7 mL/grTS. The results of kinetic studies using mathematical modeling through the Gompertz equation, the variable with NaOH is known to have a maximum biogas production of 63.9 mL/grTS, a daily biogas production rate of 0.97 mL/grTS.day and the initial formation of biogas significantly on the 8th day.

Antioxidants have an important role in delaying the oxidation process and preventing the occurrence of degenerative diseases in the body. Antioxidants consist of synthetic and natural; the use of synthetic antioxidants in a relatively long period is hazardous so that the use of natural antioxidants is considered more potential and safe for the body. The process of extracting secondary metabolites from the leaves of bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus L.) is carried out by the maceration method with methanol, then partitioned in stages with n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. This research intends to identify secondary metabolites and test antioxidant activity from the ethyl acetate fraction with the DPPH method. Phytochemical screening results of ethyl acetate fraction showed the different secondary metabolite groups such as alkaloids, phenolics & polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarin, and triterpenoids. Antioxidant activity (IC50) obtained is 64.97 with a healthy category, so that the potential to be used as a natural antioxidant.

The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effect of using meat obtained from cull Bali cows differing in body condition score (BCS) on sensory property and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) level on se’i (Rotenesse smoked beef). A completely randomized design 9x3 was used in this experiment. The nine treatments were BCS 2 with open smoking method (BCS2O), BCS 2 with close smoking method (BCS2C), BCS 2 given liquid smoke (BCS2LS), BCS 3 with open smoking method (BCS3O), BCS 3 with close smoking method (BCS3C), BCS 3 given liquid smoke (BCS3LS), BCS 4 with open smoking method (BCS4O), BCS 4 with close smoking method (BCS4C), and BCS 4 given liquid smoke (BCS4LS). Parameter measured were sensory property and benzo(a)pyrene (bap) content of se’i. The data of sensory property were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test. The data of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) content was analysed using analysis of variance followed by Duncant test. Results showed that se’i produced from group BCS4LS possessed higher score on taste and tenderness, whereas the strongest aroma of se’i was found in se’i processed by both open and close smoking method in all BCS group. The highest benzo(a)pyrene content (0.0052 – 0.0055 ppm) was found in se’i processed by close smoking method in all BCS group, followed by se’i was added liquid smoke in all BCS group. It is suggested that meat of cull Bali cows with BCS4LS could be used to produce se’i with preferable taste,n tenderness and could lower the accumulation of BaP in se’i.

The potency of the first-row transition metal complexes with Schiff's base ligand as an antioxidant has been widely studied by researchers. In this study, hydrazone-type Schiff base compounds, salicylaldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (SDPH), resulted from the condensation of salicylaldehyde (1.5 mmol) and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (1.5 mmol) were synthesized and characterized with 1H-NMR. The synthesized SDPH was used as ligands in the formation of Co(II) metal complexes. The Co(II)-SDPH complexes were synthesized with reflux reaction at 60oC for 6 hours in molar ratio 1:3. Triethylamine is used to synthesis Co(II)-SDPH, which serves to deprotonate SDPH ligands. ESI-MS analysis showed that the complex is a neutral dimeric complex.The complex has the chemical formula [Co2(SDPH)2[(Et)3N]2(acn)2(OH)2} ([M+Na]+ = 1061 g/ mol), shown on the ESI-MS spectrum. Coordinate bonds between Co (II) metal ions with ligands are observed in the presence of shifting of the C=N wave number, as well as the loss of the vibrating peaks of the O-H groups to the infrared spectra of complexes. The IR spectrum of complexes was suggested that SDPH behave as a bidentate ligand through the azomethine nitrogen atom and phenolic oxygen atom. The ligand and its Co(II) complex have been screened for antioxidant activity against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine). Based on the activity test results, the IC50 value of Co(II)-SDPH complex was lower than ligand. These results show that Co(II)-SDPH are potentials as antioxidants.