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The broader transformation of forested areas into open land is commonly referred to as deforestation. Deforestation poses a significant challenge to forest preservation and environmental sustainability. This study aims to employ remote sensing methods to analyze the spatial patterns of deforestation in the Soeharto Forest. It is complemented by in-depth interview data gathered from individuals engaged in forest exploitation activities. The findings reveal a notable decline in land cover within the Soeharto Forest Park area from 1992 to 2022, resulting in a reduction to 335,994,000,000 m2. Further analysis of the in-depth interview data indicates that forest fringe communities have taken control of 15,536,393.69 m2 of land to fulfill their livelihood and cultivation needs. The decline in land cover will also be more critical because of moving the national capital. The research results also discussed land cover areas using remote sensing. However, social support discusses whether land cover change is caused by land tenure by forest fringe communities and plans to relocate the national capital. Where this is also influenced by the formulation of government policies that have not balanced bee interests of ecology and the social culture ture of the community.

Soeharto Forest Park is a forest area located in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Soeharto Forest Park has an area of about 61,840 hectares and is one of the critical forest areas in Indonesia. Soeharto Forest Park primarily serves as a conservation area and nature preservation. It contains high biodiversity, including various species of flora and fauna that are protected. The research methods involve field surveys, structured interviews, and secondary data analysis. Data was collected to understand community land tenure, including tenure rights, land use, and agricultural practices. In addition, deforestation impacts are identified through mapping land cover change and vegetation density analysis. It is just that over time, the connection of the surrounding community with Soeharto Forest Park is very high. Many people use the Forest Park area to become open land. This lasted from 1957 until 2022. The total land area of Soeharto Forest Park that has been opened is 335,994 m2 or 33,6 hectares. Many communities on the outskirts of Soeharto Forest Park that cleared land and used it as settlements, plantations, and rice fields from 1957 to 2022 highlights the deforestation in land use around the area over a long period. These changes reflect social, economic, and policy dynamics that affect local communities and the surrounding environment.

The Indonesian government strives to expand agricultural lands, primarily beyond Java, through food estate programs. However, there has been a strong likelihood that this endeavor might intersect with forests and forest designation areas. This study aims to determine land suitability and its potential allocation for food crops at the interface of forestry and agriculture in Katingan District. Paddy (Oryza sativa L) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) were selected as the crop species being analyzed, employing a coupling of the analytical hierarchy process and GIS. Forest area designation and land cover maps were incorporated into land allocation scenarios. The results showed that there were 74.254 ha in the "highly suitable" (S1) class and 130.634 ha in the "moderately suitable" (S2) class for paddy. However, after applying the scenario, they decreased by 4% and 12%, respectively. Sorghum has S1 and S2 areas of 108.956 ha and 377.493 ha, which declined by 15% and 14%, respectively, after scenario. Based on the allocation scenario, we found potential deforestation of 67 thousand ha for paddy and 205 thousand ha for sorghum, respectively. We highlighted convertible production forests (HPK) and production forests (HP) as having considerable potential for the allocation of land for food production.

Land conversion is a change in the function of a part or whole land area of its original function (as planned) into another function that becomes a negative impact (problem) on the environment and potential land itself. The study aims to analyze changes in land cover over five years with the image of Landsats 8 of 2016 and 2021 as well as analyze the factors of the cause of changes in land cover in the Limited Production Forest Area in Kulawi Subdistrict. The study used guided image analysis (supervised) and binary logistics regression analysis. The formation of spatial models of forest cover changes in the Kulawi Subdistrict Limited Production Forest Area using 5 modifier factors consisting of accessibility aspects i.e., settlement, population density, river, slope, road. Logit (p)=-0.24087+0.04249(x1)+0.2815(x2)-0.42492(x3)-0,.0480(x4)+0.04010(x5). The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed goodness of fit value of 5471996.86 chi-square values of 60287.17 and pseudo r2 of 0.30 greater than 0.2, indicating the model is worth using. Based on the results of binary logistics regression analysis, it is known that distance from roads, distance from settlement and population density are influential to changes in forest land cover.

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Deforestation has given many problems to all the survival of living things throughout the world. Becoming one of the main issues in Kalimantan Island, there is a need for deforestation prevention and land restoration that must be carried out by all stakeholders including government, private sector, and the local community. Collaborative governance is expected to be a solution to deforestation in Kalimantan. The purpose of this research is to map out several collaborative governance efforts in forest management with local communities in Kalimantan. This research uses systematic literature review (SLR) approach on finding relevant articles for answering the formulated problems. The results of this study are the discovery of two main points in forest management efforts through collaborative governance with local communities: 1) collaboration between village communities (community forest) and state forest companies, called collaborative forest management programs (CFMP) and 2) social learning.

Introduction: "Anforce the law, or the world will be destroyed" is an appropriate expression for environmental law enforcement. Many treaties have regulated the environment, mainly deforestation, and many countries have ratified these treaties. However, implementing these regulations did not necessarily stop countries from deforesting. Purposes of the Research: Furthermore, in this research, steps that could be implemented to tackle deforestation internationally were given. Methods of the Research: This research was normative juridical research that examined an international law regulation, using qualitative analysis, and using secondary data. Results of the Research: Based on international data, many countries still carried out desertification, which amounts to thousands of hectares per year. One of the reasons for the weak implementation of treaties relating to environmental protection was the absence of coercive power from international conventions over the State's sovereign authority in forest management.Weak international environmental enforcement is caused by inadequate supervision and control as well as strong authority based on state sovereignty over forest management and utilization which depends on government policies, and the system of settlement and imposition of fines that still originate from a lawsuit

The first step in monitoring deforestation is to measure and identify land cover changes. Our research uses remote sensing technology, because it has advantages such as: cheap, transparent, fast and has measurable accuracy and temporal analysis. This study aims to identify, measure, and analyze trends in land cover change in 1990-2000, 2000-2012, and 2012-2021. The results showed that there were 18 land cover classes with details of 3 forest classes; and 15 non-forest classes; Forest class decreased throughout 1990 to 2021, the trend of changing forest cover was deforestation into plantations, swamp shrubs, dryland agriculture mixed with shrubs, and swamps. The rate of deforestation in 1990-2000 was 3.07%, deforestation in 2000-2012 was 3.02%, and deforestation in 2012-2021 was 1.02%. The accuracy of land cover classification is 91%.

This illegal logging practice occurs in almost all districts in Aceh. The mass media should be part of the socialization of various illegal logging cases that have occurred in Aceh. News Serambi Indonesia is able to carry out an in-depth and comprehensive investigation of illegal logging in Aceh. Serambi Indonesia must be able to expose the involvement of the "big and important" figures who played in this case. The questions that will be answered in this research are Why does Serambi Indonesia Daily not report the issues of illegal logging in Aceh comprehensively and thoroughly? What are the problems and obstacles faced by the journalists of the Serambi Indonesia Daily in reporting on the issues of illegal logging in Aceh? The study used a qualitative approach with qualitative descriptive methods with data collection instruments carried out through interviews with journalists who had reported on illegal logging cases in Aceh. The coverage of illegal logging issues in the Serambi Indonesia Daily does not seem to have high news values. The value of the news in question is hardly interesting to follow because the news that is presented is never finished. The journalists of the Serambi Indonesia Daily are constrained by various things in covering and reporting on illegal logging in Aceh

Social media is currently taking on a role as a mobilizing, organizing, and communication tool for social protest movements. Social media platforms facilitate content creation, an emotional and motivational exchange to support and oppose protest activities. Social media can increase protest participation, such as hashtags through Twitter. A negative emotional sentiment triggers the hashtag to become a trending topic in Indonesia. It started with the Environment and Forestry minister’s tweet about development and deforestation, making the public react by raising the hashtag #mositidakpercaya. This study explores the vote of no confidence and the correlation of narrative in the hashtag using a qualitative research method with Q-DAS NVivo 12 Plus analysis. The research data source was obtained from Twitter by capturing the hashtag #mositidakpercaya with supporting data from online media, journal literature, and books. The findings showed that miscommunication and the failure to understand the discussed context were conveyed.

Abstrak Walaupun tersembunyi di dalam tanah komunitas rhizosfir merupakan penentu kehidupan di muka bumi dan berperan penting pada pelestarian alam. Rhizosfir merupakan daerah di sekitar perakaran tanaman yang dihuni oleh berbagai mikrobia tanah yang berperan dalam menentukan pertumbuhan dan kesehatan tanaman. Struktur dan komposisi komunitas mikrobia sangat dipengaruhi oleh macam, konsentrasi dan komposisi eksudat akar. Perubahan yang terjadi pada tanaman (umumnya sangat dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas manusia) mempengaruhi komunitas rhizosfir, sebaliknya komunitas rhizosfir akan menentukan struktur tumbuhan dan fungsi ekosistem. Review ini membahas pengaruh aktivitas manusia yang mempengaruhi kualitas lingkungan terhadap komunitas mikrobia di rhizosfir, yang merupakan hasil kajian dari berbagai sumber terbaru yang dianalisis secara induktif. Aktivitas manusia yang dikaji meliputi praktek pertanian intensif, deforestasi hutan menjadi perkebunan serta perubahan iklim. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa praktek monokulturisasi telah menurunkan biodiversitas mikrobia rhizosfir, menurunkan kinerja enzim tanah dan menurunkan keragaman dan konsentrasi senyawa glukosinolat untuk melawan patogen. Pengolahan tanah, pemupukan anorganik dan penggunaan pestisida telah menurunkan biodiversitas mikrobia rhizosfir. Sebaliknya pemupukan organik tidak berpengaruh terhadap biodiversitas mikrobia tanah. Perubahan fungsi hutan menjadi kebun intensif telah merubah dominansi kelompok mikrobia serta kemampuan mikrobia sesuai fungsinya di ekosistem. Perubahan iklim berdampak pada peningkatan suhu tanah, hal ini telah mengubah komposisi mikrobia rhizosfir. Perubahan komposisi, dominansi dan kemampuan mikrobia di rhizosfir tersebut dapat merubah komposisi populasi tumbuhan di atasnya. Hal ini dapat mengubah keseimbangan dan fungsi ekosistem yang berakibat pada berubahnya kesejahteraan manusia. Abstract Even though it is hidden underground, rhizosphere communities define the life in this earth planet and has an important role on nature preservation. Rhizosphere is the zone of soil adjacent immediately to plant roots which inhabited by varies species of beneficial soil microbes for facilitating plants growth and health. Human activities are strongly influence on plant performance. Alteration on plant growth and health statues determine rhizosphere communities that will define the vegetation structures and ultimately ecosystem functions. This paper discuss the negative influences of human activities (anthropogenic factors) on the environment to the rhizosphere communities. Especially the impacts of intensive farming, deforestation and climate changes. It is sourced from current referrences in inductive analysis. One of intensive farming management is monoculture that is not only drastically depleted microbes diversity in the rhizosphere hence decresed soil enzimes activities, but also reduced glucocynolates production, a crucial compound against pathogen. Whereas, tillage, fertilizers and pesticide application significantly diminished microbe biodiversity. Organic fertilizers, on the other hand, did not give crucial impacts this biodiversity. Modify forest into estate have changed domination of groups and lessened capability of phosphate solubilizers. While climate changes, that enhance soil temperature escalation, have altered rhizosphere microbes composition and structure. Replacement of composition, domination, abundance and capability of rhizosphere communities will modify composition and structure of vegetation aboveground. Eventually, will alter the ballance and functions of the ecosystem, which determine the wealth of human population in the earth.

This study aims to analyze the process of changing forest area or deforestation that is multidimensional and complex, encompassing economic aspects, aspects of governance, social and demographic aspects and physical and environmental aspects represented by 15 independent variables in 10 countries in Southeast Asia in the year period 2008-2015. The analysis and study besides relying on the theoretical foundation and previous research also included several variables that describe the complexity and multidimensional changes in forest area. However, these efforts are often constrained by incomplete data and data reliability. In contrast to some previous studies which focused more on economic aspects or aspects of population increase that affected changes in forest area. This research also includes aspects of governance and social and demographic aspects as well as environmental aspect which are expected to complement the spectrum and study of the problems of deforestation and forest degradation. The method used in this study uses pooled least squares and a series of tests to produce the best model specifications and estimators. In research that uses a 95% confidence level on p-value at a value of α = 0.05, it was found that from 15 variables there were only 6 (six) variables that significantly affected the increase in the human development index.

Deforestation becomes a crucial issue in the context of climate change. Deforestation in Southeast Asia is more serious than in Amazonia and Central Africa due to forest clearing done for economic activities such as agriculture and timber production. Among the ASEAN countries, Indonesia contributes to the biggest number. In order to solve this issue, Indonesia cooperates with the Government of Norway to implement the Reducing Emission from Degradation and Deforestation Plus (REDD+) program. The program is implemented in several regions in Indonesia as pilot projects. One of them is in Central Kalimantan. Although many resources are spent to support the success of the program in Central Kalimantan, it seems that the program does not successfully solve the problem for Central Kalimantan Province suffers high degradation and deforestation. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the causes of failure in implementing the REDD+ program in Central Kalimantan by using the bottom-up implementation model. This study applied a qualitative method. The informants in this study were government and non-government agents involved in the REDD+ implementation in Central Kalimantan, such as Lembaga Dayak Panarung, Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara of Central Kalimantan, and Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia. Data were collected using interview and observation. Collected data from interview and observation were supported by secondary data. This study found that there are two major problems causing the failure of REDD+ implementation. The first problem is different perceptions between the communities. They thought that the REDD+ program was a project that only benefited to certain groups. Furthermore, the practice of bad forestry governance triggers bad implementation.

Introduction to The Problem: Indonesia is one of the participants of the United Nations Convention On Biological Diversity Or better known as UNCBD. Indonesia has also ratified this UNCBD into Act No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of the UNCBD. By this ratification, Indonesia has obligations and responsibilities that must be carried out under the provisions of the Convention. One is about the protection of the environment; in this case, is deforestation relating to biodiversity. Based on UNCBD, Indonesia also should make the implementing Law for the ratification. The problem is that Indonesia has no implementing regulation yet for the ratification.Purpose/Objective Study: The purpose of this paper is to find out the concept of environmental protection; in this case, deforestation based on the UNCBD and positive law in Indonesia. It also suggests what forms of Indonesia’s responsibility and what implementation steps to overcome the deforestation occurring in Indonesia.Design/Methodology/Approach: The research employs the qualitative method based on a normative juridical study. Additionally, the authors used two approaches, which are conceptual and the statute approach.Findings: Indonesia has not explicitly made an implementing law for Act No. 5 of 1994 as a ratification law of UNCBD. For that reason, it is the government responsible for making the implementing regulation. The Indonesian government should pay attention to the previous legal-made experience regarding the other ratification before UNCBD. The simple steps, but the main base reasons are using consideration phrase of the inexistence of implementing regulation for the ratified-UNCBD and also the government responsibility to oblige the ratification.

Independent smallholders who manage their own oil palm plantations without receiving technical assistance and agricultural inputs from oil palm estates or government have been increasing rapidly in Indonesia in recent years. However the magnitude of their impacts on tropical forest deforestation remains largely unevaluated. The objective of this study was to explore the history of land use, and the changes in land cover and status since the onset of oil palm plantation activities. The study was conducted from March to April 2016. Surveys were carried out in 30 ha of independent smallholder oil palm in Kampar District, Riau Province. To identify the land status, the Agreed functional forest classification (TGHK) and Provincial land use planning (RTRWP) maps were overlaid on images of the area of independent smallholder oil palm. Landsat images three years before oil palm was established were used to assess forest cover changes. Furthermore, oil palm smallholders and elders of the local community in the research area were interviewed to identify land use prior to oil palm. Our results showed that, based on land status, 47% of the area of independent smallholders’ oil palm derived from logged forest; that is the land changed in status from forest to oil palm plantation. The other 53% of oil palm area derived from non-forested land. The land use history before the establishment of independent smallholder oil palm mostly comprised general-purpose field activities and former forest-felling (forest concessions). The land cover before conversion into oil palm comprised rubber plantation, secondary forest, and shrub cover. From the results of our survey, we conclude that most of the oil palm plantations planted between 1990 and 2002 have their origins not in primary forest, but rather in degraded secondary forest, former fields, and shrub-land. These results imply that conversion of forest area into oil palm plantations is not the direct cause of deforestation in the tropical forests of Kampar, Riau Province.

This study analyzes the pattern and change of land use and land cover (LULC) during 2000−2015 and its relation to population and poverty in the semi-arid region of Indonesia in Timor Island, on the country border to Republic Dominica Timor Leste (RDTL). The analyzes employ visual interpretation on the GIS software to classify 14 classes of LULC using Landsat imagery. The transition matrix of LULC change during the 15 years period indicates a substantial deforestation in which 1,309 ha or 13% of the forest in year 2000 has been disappeared. In detail, about 2 ha (7%) of primary mangrove forest has been converted into mixed farming and 1,307 ha (19%) of secondary forest has become shrub. Within the non-forest classification, 1,288 ha (17%) of shrub in 2000 has turned into savannah, and 15 ha (10%) of shrub swamp has turned into bare land, while at the same time human settlement has expanded by 118% from the settlement area in year 2000. Spatial pattern of LULC changes in the study area for 15 years are dispersed, and tend to remained in the middle area that dominated by mix agriculture. The forest cover is weakly associated with level of poverty and rural population in the study area. However, the two latter variables were not significantly associated with deforestation

Forest is an ideal ecosystem for a hydrological cycle, however converting forests to agroforestry or rainfed agriculture is inevitable. This study elaborates a hydrological response of infiltration, runoff, and soil moisture in three land uses at Renggung watershed. Field measurements were conducted in 2014−2015 in those system with soil types of entisols at upstream, inceptisols at the middle, and vertisols at downstream. Results showed that constant infiltration rate at upstream in forest was 55.6 cm hr-1, in 15−30 years agroforestry was 32.4 cm hr-1 on average and in rainfed was 26.4 cm hr-1. Infiltration in agroforestry at the middle and downstream was 16.8 cm hr-1 and 11.2 cm hr-1, -1 -1 -1 respectively, while in rainfed was 2.4 cm hr and 4.8 cm hr . Runoff at upstream with 29.3 mm hr rainfall in forest -1 -1 was zero, in agroforestry was 0.026 mm hr and in rainfed was 0.071 mm hr . Runoff in agroforestry at the middle and downstream with 37.1 mm hr-1 and 23.8 mm hr-1 rainfall were 0.045 mm hr-1, and 0.026 mm hr-1. There was a half and one third of that in rainfed. Soil water content in successive order from high to low was in forest, agroforestry, and rainfed. So, capacity of agroforestry in sustaining the hydrology cycle was in between forests and rainfed agriculture

The Riau Province has been suffering from the highest deforestation rate in Sumatra, Indonesia. Many and various factors haved been discussed as causes of different deforestation types. This research is focused on evaluating the spatial pattern of deforestation in a specific location respresenting a typical deforestation in Riau. The main objective of this study to identify spatial metrics to describe deforestation that occurred in Kamp was ar and Indragiri Hulu regencies.The study divided the deforestation process into 3 periods of observation, . ., 1990– e g 2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2014. The study based on Landsat satellite imagery aquired in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2014 as the main data sources. The deforestation was detected using post-classification comparison (PCC) on the basis of 11 land cover classes developed prior to any further change detection. The deforestation was initially derived from reclassifying the original classes into only forest and non-forest classes, and then followed by spatial pattern analysis using Fragstat The shows that spatial pattern of deforestation in Kampar distinctly differs from software. study 2 those occurred in Indragiri Hulu egency for the period of 1990–2014 The spatial pattern of R , particularly . deforestation in Kampar egency re clumped, low contiguous between patch, and high fragmentated. Mea R we nwhile, the spatial pattern in Indragiri Hulu Regency re clumped, high contiguous between patch, and low fr we agmentated. Profile of deforestation in Kampar egency was cathegorized into early deforestation and Indragiri H R R ulu egency as lately deforestation.

Forestry sector is the biggest carbon emission contributor in Indonesia which is mainly caused by deforestation. A significant area of forest cover still can be found in Kalimantan Island (one of the largest island in Indonesia) although an alarming rates deforestation is also exist. This study was purposed to established spatial model of deforestation in Kalimantan islands. This information is expected to provide options to develop sustainable forest management in Kalimantan trought optimizing environment and socio-economic purposes. This study used timeseries land cover data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (2000–2013) and is validated by SPOT 5/6 images in 2013. The spatial model of deforestation were developed using binary logistic. The results of logistic regression analysis obtained spatial model of deforestation in Kalimantan = 1.1480714 – (0.033262*slope) – (0.002242*elevation) – (0.000413*distance from forest edge) + (0.000045*Gross Regional Domestic Product). Validation test showed overall accuracy about 79.64% and 77.01% for models of deforestation in 2000–2006 and 2006–2013 respectively.

In the last 2 decades, deforestation had been an international issue due to its effect to climate change. This study describes a spatial modelling for predicting deforestation in Jambi Province. The main study objective was to find out the best spatial model for predicting deforestation by considering the spatial contexts. The main data used for the analysis were multitemporal Landsat TM images acquired in 1990, 2000, and 2011, the existing land cover maps published by the Ministry of Forestry, statistical data and ground truth. Prior to any other analyses, all districts within the study area were classified into 2 typologies, i.e. low-rate and high-rate deforestation districs on the basis of social and economic factors by using clustering approaches. The spatial models of deforestation were developed by using least-square methods. The study found that the spatial model of deforestation for low-rate deforestation area is Logit (Deforestation) = -2.7046 – 0.000397*JH90 + 0.000002*JJ – 0.000111*JKBN90 (distance from forest edge) (distance from road) + 0.000096 *JP90 + 0.044227*PDK90 + 0.148187 *E – (distance from estate crop edge) (distance from agricultural crop edge) (population density) (elevation) 0.131178*S(slope); while for the high-speed deforestation area is Logit (Deforestation) = 9.1727 – 0.000788*JH90(distance – 0.000065 *JJ – 0.000091*JKBN90 + 0.000005 *JP90 – from forest edge) (distance from road) (distance from estate crop edge) (distance from agricultural crop edge) 0.070372*PDK90 + 11.268539*E – 1.495198*S . The low-rate and high-rate deforestation (population density) (elevation) (slope) models had relatively good ROC (Relative Operating Characteristics) values of 91.32% and 99.08%, respectively. The study concludes that the deforestation rate was significantly affected by accessibility (distance from forest edge, distance from estate crop edge, edge from agricultural land), biophysical condition (elevation and slope) as well as population density.

This paper showed that regional autonomy, which gives an opportunity to region to fully manage natural resources, should be placed in the environmental dimension and position as a global issue. Environmental conditions will be increasingly threatened when environment and natural resources management is solely based on compliance income needs. By doing a comparison of natural resources management policies in Brazil, this paper tries to look at the direction and the relation between management of environmental issues and enforcement of regional autonomy in Indonesia. The case study of deforestation in Brazil show that environmental damage which occurs as a result of natural resources management (forest products) is not only a regional issue in Brazil, but also a national issue, even global issue. This example can be used as a comparison to determine how far regional autonomy should take cares natural resources issue like what happened in Brazil. Regional autonomy is the most fragmented efforts to natural resources, while the globally core of management is integrative efforts.

Timber-based forest management is now shifting to as broader scope including ecosystem-based management. Timber-oriented forest management frequently affects the fragmentation of forest landscape. This paper defines the degree of forest landscape fragmentation in Batang Toru watershed, North Sumatra through indentification of correlation between forest landscape fragmentation and driving factors including biophysical and anthropogenic factors. Identification structure, pattern, and fragmentation of forest landscape were performed using Landsat imageries acquired in 1989, 2001, and 2013. Forest and land cover classes were analyzed using FRAGSTAT 3.3 to generate landscape metrics. Fragmentation of forest landscape was identified using landscape metrics, i.e., area, patch density, number of patch, contiguity and proximity index. The clumpiness index of landscape metrics describes the pattern of forest landscape, while the patch size proportions expressed structure of forest landscape. This study found that forest landscapes located in downstream of the watershed show more fragmented than area in the upper stream, while the sub-watershed of Batang Toru Hilir is more clumped than the others. This study concludes that (1) the forest landscape fragmentation tend to increase since 1989 to 2013; and (2) the degree of forest landscape fragmentation has close correlation with the distance to main road and river.

Mangrove forest in the context of climate change is important sector to be included in the inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The present study describes land-use and land-cover change during 2006–2012 of a mangrove forest conservation area, Karang Gading and Langkat Timur Laut Wildlife Reserve (KGLTLWR) in North Sumatra, Indonesia and their implications to carbon dioxide emissions. A land-use change matrix showed that the decrease of mangrove forest due to increases of other land-use such as aquaculture (50.00%) and oil palm plantation (28.83%). Furthermore, the net cumulative of carbon emissions in KGLTLWR for 2006 was 3804.70 t CO2-eq year-1, whereas predicting future emissions in 2030 was 11,318.74 t CO2-eq year-1 or an increase of 33.61% for 12 years. Source of historical emissions mainly from changes of secondary mangrove forests into aquaculture and oil palm plantation were 3223.9 t CO2-eq year-1 (84.73%) and 959.00 t CO2-eq year-1 (25.21%), respectively, indicating that the KGLTLWR is still a GHG emitter. Mitigation scenario with no conversion in secondary mangrove forest reduced 16.21% and 25.8% carbon emissions in 2024 and 2030, respectively. This study suggested that aquaculture and oil palm plantation are drivers of deforestation as well as the largest of GHG emission source in this area.

Timber-based forest management is now shifting to as broader scope including ecosystem-based management. Timber-oriented forest management frequently affects the fragmentation of forest landscape. This paper defines the degree of forest landscape fragmentation in Batang Toru watershed, North Sumatra through indentification of correlation between forest landscape fragmentation and driving factors including biophysical and anthropogenic factors. Identification structure, pattern, and fragmentation of forest landscape were performed using Landsat imageries acquired in 1989, 2001, and 2013. Forest and land cover classes were analyzed using FRAGSTAT 3.3 to generate landscape metrics. Fragmentation of forest landscape was identified using landscape metrics, i.e., area, patch density, number of patch, contiguity and proximity index. The clumpiness index of landscape metrics describes the pattern of forest landscape, while the patch size proportions expressed structure of forest landscape. This study found that forest landscapes located in downstream of the watershed show more fragmented than area in the upper stream, while the sub-watershed of Batang Toru Hilir is more clumped than the others. This study concludes that (1) the forest landscape fragmentation tend to increase since 1989 to 2013; and (2) the degree of forest landscape fragmentation has close correlation with the distance to main road and river.

While there are issues in deforestation with interesting reports on reforestation in Indonesia's forest policy, the situation in Papua remains understudied. This paper builds on the themes of collective action and reforestation from indigenous people of Papua. Collective action can be understood from various perspectives and one of them can be studied within Gamson's socio-psychology framework from social movement theories. The results showed that: collective action in indigenous people of Biak-Papua was connected to their collective identity, solidarity, consciousness, and was facilitated by micromobilization. There were 4 typologies of collective action for reforestation in Biak: (1) collective action with initiative of collectivity in the group supported by external forces, (2) collective action driven by village leaders that have the authority from the government, (3) collective action driven by informal leaders (genealogical/kinship based traditional leaders), and (4) collective action driven by an outsider that has obtained legitimacy of customary, because of marriages. Taking into account its potentials and dynamics, mutually beneficial collective action is believed to be able to support the success of reforestation and forest management in Papua.

This paper aims to analyze the impact of non-forestry policy, especially energy related macro policy decisions, on poverty and use levels of natural resources. As core indicators, this analysis employs ‘number of households below the poverty line’ and ‘area of deforestation’. Impacts are analyzed in an agent-based simulation model for 6 districts of East Kalimantan, one of the Indonesian natural-resource rich provinces on the Island of Borneo. Simulation results partly suggest that the policy decision of June 2008-politically known as decreasing fuel price-had nearly no impact on deforestation amplifying that the dominating driver of deforestation is large scale logging and mining operations, as well as potentially illegal activities. While, it reduced the number of poor people-those mostly living within and around forest area-by about 5.4%. Due to seasonal income, this policy-related impact is likely to be periodically lower. During the harvest related period, many households are able to lift their income above the poverty line. This seasonal fluctuation in poverty could help optimize public funding by spreading it over longer periods and by pausing direct transfers during such natural periods of poverty reduction. There is no significant implication for forestry or forest management since the model could only deal with small scale forestry.

Natural resources utilities to fulfill human’s needs have been occurring massively since a concept of “progress” became human’s dreams. To achieve the progress, development concept that means as serious efforts to avoid damage and strive into betterment has emerged. The first development ideology that was emerged and developed was modernization. Industrialization as main character of modernization caused improvement in various aspects of life. From environmental aspect, economic improvement achieved has caused various environmental impacts that harmful to human’s life, such as deforestation, forest degradation and climate change. Since 1980’s, deforestation has extended to a very complex environmental issue globally. Deforestation could be seen as a side effect of a particular policy or political action. On the other hand, deforestation caused other various environmental problems, such as global warming. Global warming occurred since there was an increase of greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere. The relation among development, deforestation, and climate change was analyzed through analysis on power relation and conflict of interest among actors involved. The analysis showed that various strategies in development and environmental impact mitigations that conducted by developing countries were actually a form of power and knowledge domination of developed countries. Through international institutions, they are offering at one ment concepts in various schemes which imply particular missions that basically they still want to obtain profits from developing countries without taking the risks from the execution of the schemes.