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Copyright of Authenticity Studies: International Journal of Archaeology & Art is the property of Padova University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The changes in the world scenario undergone since the 1970s, due to the rapid technological development and progressive impacts of social, cultural and climate change, require a re-reading of the processes derived from the 1972 UNESCO Convention. The evolution of technologies applied to Cultural Heritage has significantly improved, in terms of accuracy and reliability, but has not always been generated an awareness of the value meaning of the asset. The contribution addresses the issue with an analysis of the general anthropological transformations to verify what role the Cultural Heritage values will continue to play in technologically globalized world of the 21st century. This paper intends to introduce a series of urgent reflections in order to stimulate and increase the necessary interdisciplinary and intercultural debate between the various stakeholders on the theme of safeguarding. of Cultural Heritage as a driving force for civil progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Societa e Storia is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on three fundamental aspects: the economic and social transformations brought about by the processes of globalization; the effects of these processes on demographic dynamics and migratory flows; the analysis of the Roma question, with particular reference to the processes of social inclusion/exclusion. This threefold analytical dimension seems also necessary in order to investigate a particular aspect: if we isolate the Roma question from a more general analytical context, we risk incurring an interpretative mistake: the isolated phenomenon becomes an object of analysis in itself, its morphology is considered a priority (and, it can be said, an exclusive one) both for its explanation and for the search for possible solutions. The whole macrocosm, within which it is inserted, vanishes into the background, becoming analytically irrelevant and changing the Roma question into an emergency problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a prevailing autobiographical style the paper expounds the passage from a Tayloristic paradigm in industrial work as fashionable in the sixties and seventies to a new Fordist paradigm in the eighties. Whereas the Tayloristic paradigm led to a post-Taylorist scenario based upon job reskilling, the Fordist paradigm suggests a post-Fordism characterized in the main by deregulation and flexibility. Post-Fordist sociology also involves a "squinting" view consisting in an implicit Western-centred vision of globalization essentially manifesting itself in some typical developments such as emphasis on trust, organizational rationality and work meaning. The paper closes outlining changes in student communities that reflect the epochal transformation occurred in the working world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Enrico Berlinguer's relations with the parties of the non-communist European Left and on the main historiographical issues on this topic. The paper stresses the importance to eschew any teleological interpretation of the "evolution" of the Italian Communist Party in the years of Berlinguer's leadership, and explains why the Italian Communist Party history should be consideren an aspect of an entangled history of the Left in a crucial time of transformation far European politics and society. In this respect, special consideration is given to the impac t of the 1970s' "shock of the global" and to the implications this focus may have for renewing the historical reflection on both Italian communism and the European Left. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Sicurezza is the property of Societa Italiana di Vittimologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Globalization was considered as a panacea to end geopolitical rivalries by integrating economies and societies into vast networks of interdependence. The web of complex interdependence woven through global supply chains and cross-border connections, although to a large extent, has led to disappearance of geography. Nonetheless, promotion of embedded liberalism has reconstituted political and social boundaries that can be weaponized to gain asymmetric advantages. The liberal order consolidated during the post-Cold War unipolar moment and scripted the story of global governance. Post 2010, the waning United States (US) hegemony and rise of China marked a discrediting of liberal internationalism, supplanting it with the rules-based order which although reflects Western values and interests, but is under constant improvisation by other actors challenging the status quo. With several competing visions in the fray, the future global order would certainly reflect new power constellations, norms and rules. The paper thus argues that both liberal order and its successor the rules-based order largely cater to preserve the geopolitical and geoeconomic interests of dominant powers who advocate for a free and open order. Rules, however, remain an empty rhetoric as the world is in a strategic disarray characterised by growing economic inequality and socio-cultural upheavals.

The problem of migration is one of the most pressing topics of our time. The paper aims to outline how in the long period the impact on democracy would be quite dramatic. The issue of citizenship could be especially undermined in a hypothetical scenario of hypermigration world. A decisive role in migration processes is covered also by the boundaries, delineating the threshold between exclusion and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of a specific type of art, the photography, from a sociological point of view. In fact, since the development of the cultural industry, the pictures have become a particular artistic form through the artist shows his emotions and beliefs. Right now, with regard not only to the aesthetic photography, the pictures, mainly after the evolution of the digitalization process and the increase of the new media, have been taken by everyone: so, they constitute a new form of communication and encourage the interactions among people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper will discuss some consequences of contemporary process of globalization starting from a philosophical discussion of the relationship between "universality" and "particularity". In the paper will be exposed and criticized some ideas of "universality" developed in the history of philosophy between Plato and Kant. A new idea of "universality" as "universalizability" will be developed from an ethical point of view (rooted in the christian tradition) and the practice of language and of communication will be identified as a concrete frame for managing the problems involved by contemporary globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speaking generically of crafts from an economic point of view means referring to a field that encompasses different sectors and professions, an agglomeration of very different activities in terms of economic structure, performance and needs. This paper, however, aims to analyse only some of the artisan worlds, i.e. traditional trades, art & crafts which, even if manifesting themselves today in new ways, interest us more than others because of the genius loci they have subsumed. This is because this is the main feature that allows us to count on their survival in a present and in a future in which even large industries are looking with great interest at limited and customized production, and where not only major companies but also local and regional entities are rediscovering activities closely related to the “sense of place”, such as crafts, and including them in their identity branding policies. After an introductory look at the role of craftsmanship today in the “creative economy”, the paper describes the problems facing this productive and cultural sector today and outlines the challenges for the near future.

The paper examines how globalization induces tensions and prejudices in the federal state of Nigeria, which lead to separatist and secessionist movements. The methodological issues are based on documentary and content analyses and adopt a sociological approach as the framework of analysis. The approach argues that a federal structure permeated by forces of globalization, primordial sentiments and pretensions, agitations for self-determination are presented as separatist or secessionist movements. Research finding argues that the onset of globalization in Third World nations was perpetuated through colonial domination which created a divide and rule policy in the federal state of Nigeria. The policy of domination and marginalization by European colonialist and continued by the first republic politicians and military dictators have triggered agitations and counter agitations for secessionism in Nigeria. It is also argued from the research finding that deregulation of the downstream sector of the Nigerian oil industries in the Niger Delta region, one of the forces of globalization creates and intensifies unemployment, brings abject poverty and hunger, looses soil fertility, creates environmental pollution and degradation, destroys aquatic animals and prevalence of oil spillage. The outcome was the intensification of militancy operations in the region-fuelled secessionist movement by the inhabitants of oil producing communities. Furthermore, it is indicated by the finding of the research that trade liberalization – a rule of the game of globalization – allows the intrusion of small arms and light weapons into Nigeria by the secessionist movements and Boko Haram insurgents who want to establish an Islamic state based on theocracy. Possession of logistics and their applications for secessionism, therefore, pose a serious challenge to the corporate existence federalism in Nigeria. Moreover, the contagious theory effect of globalized media that provides chances of spreading the philosophy and successes of other secessionist movements elsewhere into the federal structure of the country has aided the process of agitations for separatism. The paper concludes that despite the demands for secessionism, the process left much to be desired as the Nigerian state continues to exist under a unified and indivisible country.

Copyright of Rassegna Italiana di Valutazione is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The regions as the substatal institutions in-between State and iocal governments have developped a leading role in the process of the Europea integration. Empirical evidences of the activism of the regions are also the increase of the regional policies of the European Union, the develop of the regional paradiplomacy, the proliferation of the regional entities with a strong European identity. The phase of the main develop and the more optimistic predictions the Ninenties is that of the Europe of the Regions perspective or that of the Third Level for a possible federalist model. In particolar, the policy of the political, economical and social cohesion of the European institutions for the overcoming of the territorial inequalities could favourite the active role of the Regions. If in the past the scholars frequently used the intergovernative model to the definition of the European network, now the multi-level-governance model is preferred. It stresses the regions position in the relations between the EU power levels, institutional or not. The paper aims to explore the theory that the weakening of the states owes the globalization and it could provoke the strenghtening of the role of the regions as guarantees od the citizen participation in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from a distinction between global and globalised and a definition of the concept of global threat for future generations, this paper aims to identify cognitive, moral and emotional phenomena that hinder to the adoption of effective policies against global warming. The main thesis of this paper is that it is difficult to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases mainly because the unlimited economic growth is the imperative of our company and the continuous increase of material goods and personal consumption is what is closest to our idea of happiness and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of reflexivity in the different spheres of society as they are affected by the processes of globalization. The Author presents a relational theory of reflexivity by which he can show that each sub-system of society is more or less differentiating itself according to a (prevailing) code or register of reflexivity. Global contextualism changes the way people manage the distinction between the particular and the universal (i.e. their perceived 'different identities') according to a plurality of reflexive processes. A differentiating universalism emerges within the different spheres of society. Four main societal sub-systems are analyzed: the market, the political system, the associational (or third sector) system, and the system of families and informal primary networks. In principle, within these spheres many different codes of reflexivity can be detected. But each societal subsystem supports, or vice versa hinders, only a few of them, or better a peculiar combination between them, and usually one dominating the others. The four types of reflexivity detected by M.S. Archer can be correlated to the different spheres/sub-systems of society in order to see how the latter change their operations and overall configuration. In the end, it is shown that the thesis of "reflexive modernity" is a reductive and an undifferentiated way to look at what happens in our globalizing society. The differentiation of reflexivity does not represent a further stage of modernity (postmodernity), but it generates an after-modern society. This claim will be particularly discussed with reference to the associational sphere, in which a new (after-modern) civil society is emerging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most striking features of the economic development in the past three decades is the decline in the share of national income that accrues to labour in all advanced economies (China included), but especially in Europe and Japan. This evolution has been most marked in Italy, possibly worsened by a stagnation of real wages and a progressive reduction of total factor and worker productivity, as compared with EU countries. In the last years productivity gains in Italy were indeed negative. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the main sources of variation of these phenomena, with a focus on Italy. The most important causes of the reduction of labour income share are the information and communications technology (ICT), the globalisation processes (labour globalisation, trade, off shoring and immigration), and labour policies brought about by national governments. An IMF study (2007) estimated that the causal role of ICT on the reduction of labour share in advanced countries was the most important, followed by globalisation and labour national policies. The negative impact of government policies on labour share was evident in many European continental countries, but not in Anglo-Saxon ones. Using published and unpublished data from this study some inter-countries and inter-sectorial differences are assessed and some features of the Italian situation specified. Labour in Italy, especially wage labour, was and is burdened by some long lasting heritages: persisting deficits of the pension system, dating from the l960s onwards (annually some 4% of GNP); an historical tradition of low adult literacy and numeracy (recently reported by Ials studies); a barely effective and efficient secondary school, unable to modify that historical tradition (Oecd and Pisa studies). For many reasons, Italian governments were and are unable to effectively answer these problems. First, for their institutional weakness; second, because of the power of distributional coalitions (unions, professional lobbies), able to influence the legislative process and to assure peculiar benefits and privileges to their members; third for the lack of long term policies. The aggregate results of these processes not only are a deeper decline of the income labour share, as compared with other advanced countries, but also a progressive deterioration of associated life in many Italian regions. The future of labour in Italy is finally undermined by a progressive intergenerational iniquity, also shared — to tell the truth — by other European countries. The percentage of poor is now greater in younger age cohorts (0-18) as in the oldest ones (65 +). This result was fed by a series of government decisions and laws. Recently, the reduction of the pension age underwritten by Italian government and the unions in July 2007. In the next decades this process could damage the formation of the human capital and therefore the future of work in Italy. As in the old Greek myth of Zeus and Krónos, younger generations should be supported and promoted, while the appetites of older ones limited and regulated - at least by a far-sighted political leadership. Some proposals designed to attain this objective are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides evidence of the impact of the Anglo-American culture on Spanish language and society. Societal phenomena such as globalization, migration and the media are observable in every area of Spanish people’s daily life. This study reveals the extent of the popularity of foreign given names, mostly English, in Spanish society. English given names seem to be currently associated with such values as high fashion and social prestige. Study of variables frequency, gender and age reveal that the choice of English first names is becoming very popular. A comparative analysis of English given names in the 1960s and in the 2010s in Spain is carried out. The dataset was collected from the Spanish Institute of Statistics (INE) and the results report that English first names occur quite frequently among people aged 25 years or younger and therefore represent a new tendency. The paper includes discussion of adaptations of some of the examined English names to Spanish.

This paper briefly outlines the problem of the crisis of true dialogue and communication in the era of globalization, which is conditioned by lightning-fast technical-technological progress, and thus the dromological experience of reality. In the shortest terms, it indicates the neuralgic points and causes of the crisis itself and indicates its possible development in the near future. The interpretation of the term of communication by Karl Jaspers was taken as the theoretical basis of the work.

New York City space puts forward multifold arrays of reflection on the state of the contemporary human self, in particular, of human beings in their interaction with an avantgarde, pompous, profit-oriented, world-reaching, rapid, and ephemeral space. Two post 9/11 Don DeLillo novels: Cosmopolis (2003) and Falling Man (2007) meticulously exhibit the spatial and temporal impact on urban environment and its inhabitants. The present paper scans New York’s urban space in these two novels, categorizing it into exteriors that encompass Manhattan’s streets and squares, and interiors that encompass hair salons, a ruined private flat and the destroyed Twin Towers. These spaces are scrutinized through an interdisciplinary approach that combines fiction with urban and social theory using views of Marshal Berman, Kwame Appiah, Gaston Bachelard, Michel Foucault among others. Revealing cultural divides in public spaces and a dual reality in confined spaces, the close analysis outlines aspects of DeLillo’s early 21st-century New York in which space is not detached from time in shaping an estranged self. The analysis, further, suggests that the accepted break in the flow of creativity and everyday life in the world city before and after 9/11, is, on the contrary, a continuous stream of trauma and a repeated pattern of destruction and creation.

The present paper discusses the hypothesis of a new understanding of the traditional and academic paths in the history of science and technology, trying to introduce a multi-sited and multi-centred approach that overtakes the prevalent current narrations. The hypothesis is discussed considering a relevant case study connected with issues in higher education, scientific and technological competencies and global markets. The paper presents the controversies that emerge within a high level training program provided by a multinational corporation operating in the area of energy production, and targeted to local middle eastern operators. The training program in advanced technology and related applicative competences remains framed inside a market oriented strategy, and it responds to logic of asymmetric power typical of a post colonial scenario. The higher education program becomes a pretext to hide persistent cultural and gender prejudices and to enforce existing or newly established relations of subalternity. The presented case study offers also the possibility of discussing an example of re-appropriation and re-signification in the historic and scientific tradition of the West, providing a basis for challenging the hypothesis outlined above.

Globalization has become a contagious phenomenon that has not spared any society and social institutions. Events happening at the global arena has far-reaching impact and implications at the remotest village in virtually any part of the earth. The tidal wave of democracy as the most acceptable system of government and capitalism as the best economic system synchronized with the shattering hurricane of globalization around the world has been producing innumerable political changes. Nigeria like most countries in the third word that were formerly under military rule embraced the civilian rule in 1999 after 16 years of its suspension from 1983-1999. From this point of view this paper will seek to know the meaning of globalization, democracy and the inverse relationship of the two concepts on most of the third world countries in general and Nigeria in particular. A conceptual clarification of globalization and democracy will follow next. Methodologically, the paper adopted a qualitative methods of content analysis to analysed the literature and empirical studies on topic reviewed and provided some insightful sociological analyses and conclusions.

This paper argues that comparative education researchers – and education researchers generally – should pay more attention to how they conceptualize the Context(s) of schools and education systems. The construction of «the research context» is caught up in the mobilization of norms, power relations, regulative principles, technologies and strategies. Ascriptions of Context can operate as externally imposed categories that enclose, disable, and deny access to resources, opportunities, agency, and subject positions. In like measure, inscriptions of Context can sometimes enable, increase access and generally privilege particular cultural groups or particular social settings. This paper offers methodological strategies for analytically approaching the problem of Context in educational research. We propose that challenge is to understand how Context is part of an interweaving process with an object/objects within an assemblage that is ever changing. The «entangled analysis» approach (Sobe, forthcoming) advanced here attends to the constructed and constructing quality of Context. And it necessarily brings the researcher into the problematic, as she too is continually within the power/knowledge relations that make Contexts meaningful and consequential. We are argue that «contextualizing» a study should not be merely a preparatory activity but should carry across the entirety of a research project. Rather than beginning with standardized Contextual categories researchers should seek to understand the confluence of practices and objects that are coming together as well as constantly flowing and changing.

In this paper I wish to discuss at a structural level where the difference between the paradigm of multiculturalism and the paradigm of interculturality lies: whereas the first expresses itself in a differentiation among cultural orders, which however contemplates the presence of a global or meta-order capable of functioning as a universal ground of commonness, the second exactly negates such a possibility, by allowing as the only viable practice the contingent and situated work of “translation” from one cultural order to the other. This paper assesses exactly why the intercultural paradigm may be a better candidate in order to highlight and, at the same time, criticize the titanic structure of globalization.

This paper focuses on globalization as it relates to transnational crime. It attempts to show how the very patterns and dynamics that make globalization possible and effective as a positive force in the world also give rise to “collateral” negative, that is criminal, consequences and facilitate the spawning and rapid growth of transnational crimes. Moreover, there are also crimes committed opposing globalization. And globalization also makes it easier to fight crime since it facilitates cooperation and coordination of anti-crime efforts. Thus it has a complex relationship with crime: positive, negative and preventative. The paper also addresses how criminologists should review and revise their research and intervention models to take into account how globalization has changed the way we can and should approach crime. It addresses the lack of criminological interest in the “crimes” of globalization. It challenges the essentialist assumption of mainstream criminology that the legal definitions of crime are sacrosanct and frozen. We need a broader conceptualization of crime which goes beyond the prescriptions of criminal law and draws on different intellectual traditions (crimes of globalization, structural violence and the critique of neo-liberalism) which emphasize the contingent influence of social harm in people's life choices. New and bold ways of thinking and modeling are needed. Examples are provided.

The changes in the world scenario undergone since the 1970s, due to the rapid technological development and progressive impacts of social, cultural and climate change, require a re-reading of the processes derived from the 1972 UNESCO Convention. The evolution of technologies applied to Cultural Heritage has significantly improved, in terms of accuracy and reliability, but has not always been generated an awareness of the value meaning of the asset. The contribution addresses the issue with an analysis of the general anthropological transformations to verify what role the Cultural Heritage values will continue to play in technologically globalized world of the 21st century. This paper intends to introduce a series of urgent reflections in order to stimulate and increase the necessary interdisciplinary and intercultural debate between the various stakeholders on the theme of safeguarding. of Cultural Heritage as a driving force for civil progress.

The fundamental determinant of the competitiveness of a nation is the productivity of the companies acting in its economy. In the age of globalization, countries compete not only for markets, technology, skills and investments, but also for raising their standards of living. The national prosperity is highly affected by competitiveness, defined as the productivity with which a nation uses its resources. The objectives of our paper are to analyze the concept of national competitivenes and to outline the importance of competitiveness in today’s uncertain world. In this respect, we consider competitiveness as a multifaceted concept including both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The objectives of our paper were achieved by reviewing the literature, and by presenting the case of Romania.

In the context of globalization and labour mobility, it has become a habit for teams to be made up of members from different countries, speaking different languages and having an inhomogeneous cultural background. For a basic communication to achieve professional goals, a common code is usually established. However, we find that the efficiency of communication and implicitly of the work results involves the knowledge of several foreign languages. In this paper we aim to emphasise how important it is for economics students to learn different foreign languages, to assimilate and master business language. Thus, they will be able to communicate easily in a professional environment and to develop at a brisk pace in order to reach the top of the company. The ability to interact with a teammate in the language s/he has mastered since childhood leads to increased trust and better group homogeneity, which results in the optimization of teamwork.

Places are just as crucial as organisations in the fabric of social life: despite all the homogenising tendencies, the social space, sculpted by the stories that constitute it, continues to prove multiform and rich in diversity. At the end of the 20th century, the radical spatial and temporal reorganisation produced by globalised technical infrastructure redesigned the map of the planet. Now, the pandemic is giving a new direction to spatial and temporal restructuring processes. The outcome is still open, but the processes have their inertial force, destined to characterize the times to come. The direction that will be followed is still largely undetermined because the models that inspire the paths of transformation are vastly different. This paper examines the idea of contributory territories as one possible outcome.

Adapting translation for dubbing is not a mere linguistic fact: it is mainly the adaptation of cultures. In fact, audiovisual translation and adaptation implicitly takes into account the importance of the historical background behind the multiplicity of languages and cultures, and by doing so, it becomes a means of cultural diffusion. That peculiarity enables what we can describe as the “socio-anthropological function” of the adaptation of translation for dubbing, which is the object of the following paper. Through an analysis of some important landmarks that intersected the history of some Western countries in the last two centuries, it was possible to trace a lack of reciprocity in the usage of dubbing in the two biggest film markets: North America and Europe. Clearly, that helps cultural supremacy to penetrate into our lives in a very subtle way. As a result, the paper attempts to demonstrate how dubbing spreads all cultures in order to have an effectively global communication.

It goes without saying that literary translators participate actively in the creative process of authors. They read the original work and try to understand the author’s perspective, so that they are able to communicate the message to those readers who do not understand the source text language. Therefore, translators act as mediators, that constantly struggle to surmount linguistic, stylistic or cultural difficulties, by using effective strategies. With regard to the retranslation theory, subsequent translations of the same literary work are susceptible to supplement previous versions, and to capture more of the original work. However, some researchers blame translation practices used nowadays of ‘too much’ invisibility, up to the point that the role of mediation is nullified. Therefore, this paper seeks to understand how the strategies of translation evolve over time, and what the predisposition of translators’ attitudes is nowadays. In order to obtain some conclusive answers to our questions, this research is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of three Romanian renditions of one of the stories in James Joyce’s Dubliners— “A little cloud”. The advantage of this study is that even though there is a fifty-one-year gap between the first Romanian version and the second, the last two translators belong to the same period of time and have similar education backgrounds, knowledge and skill in the field of specialty.

In the entrepreneurial environment of the 21st century, changes are taking place constantly. Business performance benchmarks are changing and competition is more pronounced. The current economic conditions and fierce competition that prevail today, are forcing companies to look for new ways to reduce costs and increase profitability. If a company expects to survive and grow, it needs constant creativity to differentiate, add value, and create a competitive edge. Therefore, to thrive and excel, business organizations need continuous innovation, rapid response, and creative human talent. This paper presents an essential aspect of entrepreneurship in the 21st century, the importance of innovation and creativity, and the role they play in the global entrepreneurial context. Introduces the entrepreneurial environment and discusses the evolution of entrepreneurship as a science from the earliest period until the present. Using a methodology based on a critical research method, the results briefly describes the importance of innovation and creativity in today's global entrepreneurship, the importance of knowing the difference between creativity and innovation, and the advantages it has over entrepreneurship all over the globe. The aim of the article is to emphasize the connection between creativity and innovation, as well as the strategy to encourage creativity and innovations among entrepreneurs in today's competitive business environment, as long as creativity generates new ideas and innovation materializes them. The globalization topic summarizes the evaluation of entrepreneurial opportunities and explains the objectives involved in global entrepreneurship.

Over the past three hundred years, with the emancipation of people as individuals and groups, social definitions of differences in inequality and equality -particularly those in social and political power, wealth and rank - have increasingly shifted from being designated as 'bad luck' in the direction of 'social injustice'. These are now debated as signs of changing social power relations, both in economic and political terms. On a global level, increasing inequality is reported to coincide with the reduction in these relations, while integration coincides with integration conflicts and with part-processes of disintegration, defunctionalisation and decivilisation. These contradictory directions can be understood by analysing them as tension balances. Two key questions are addressed here: Which side is (or becomes) dominant? At what level of integration does this occur? I show how the contradicting trends of integration and disintegration have been co-dominant: growing social interdependencies such as those based upon the controls of fire, agriculture and industry, have coincided with growing 'equality' and 'inequality' in power, wealth and rank. They coincided further with rising pressures on everyone involved to take more of each other into account more often, to develop longerterm perspectives, and to identify with other people regardless of their social origins. These pressures in civilising directions include the informalisation of regimes of manners and emotions and their internalisation, processes in which people exercise increasing control over their emotions, feelings and displays of superiority and inferiority in particular, resulting in rising levels of ambivalence and higher levels of trust and distrust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper presents the importance of the cultural topics in the curricula. In order to become true European citizens our students need to be aware of the importance of culture in everyday life. School has to teach them what living in a world of differences means. They have to learn in school how to find their identity through culture. Teachers have to motivate them to read, to be curious, to learn to accept and appreciate differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, economic power has always been accompanied by increasing international cultural influence and there is no doubt that China's economic stature will also be reflected in the diffusion of Chinese culture. China has been playing a central role in the world economy and politics, therefore winning growing international influence. During the last decade, not only have Chinese media and scholars increasingly paid more attention to the development and wielding of soft power, but the Beijing government has also adopted soft power-based foreign policies. This paper explores China's soft power strategies in the digital culture by focusing on its culture, mega events and media, and devotes the analysis to the case of China Radio International: the broadcaster largely relies on social networks and new media, and makes interactivity its pivotal point of development. International partnerships and cooperation with foreign media are successful glocalized approaches in winning China's influence abroad, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the future of the second and third generations in Italy by developing a generational perspective. Through the adoption of a constructionist theoretical approach, informed by works on globalization and the new social movements, it tries to advance beyond the limits of theories and observations at time of fordism, based on concepts of either assimilation or integration. The paper presents an on-going research on students of foreign origins who attend high schools in Milan. By doing so, it focuses on the specificity of the Italian situation and it highlights new and innovative forms of identification, as they are changing alongside current ideas of belonging, membership, citizenship and difference. Hence, the actual experience of the second and third generations, and their new forms of identification, emerge as a useful starting point to understand some peculiarities of the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on research into secondhand clothing undertaken during the 1990s. It also contains observations from research in progress that the author has conducted in Zambia since 2001 on youth and urban social reproduction. The widespread use all over the world today of Western-inspired dress does not produce «sameness», even though we all wear many of the same things, for example, jeans and sneakers, shirts and dresses, and suits and ties. Cities like Lusaka are the prime stages for globalization's translation into local understandings and experiences. Monitoring the way they dress in public, clothing conscious Zambians pay considerable attention to the possibilities of their garments when dressing in world/global styles, seeking to anticipate their desired effects. In this affecting experience of dress, the distinction between used clothing and fashion becomes irrelevant as does the problematic differentiation between Western and non-Western dress styles. In spite of the aggressive forces that structure the global circuit of garment production and along with it, the international secondhand clothing trade, there does exist spaces within which locally authored dress distinctions may take over. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driving inspiration from classic sociology, this paper try to sketch a new way to think to social distance in contemporary society. A key role in defining and understanding social distance is played by Simmel's thought ad exposed in Sociology where he considers social distance as a process deeply embedded in the social production of knowledge. It is in facts by means of social knowledge that we give sense and organize the physical space, so that it is always a social space as well. At the same time, social space shapes the way in which actors interact and relate to each other, leading the social construction of the cathegories by which they perceive other people as distant or near. So, through Simmel's cathegories, we can describe urban space as the dynamic overalpping of two maps — physical and social — and we can understand transition from traditional, modern, european town to contemporary metropolis as a change in this overlapping that in the town was full and that, in contemporary metropolis is more problematic and complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revival of ethnic/regional/language minorities within European national states, one of the components of the oppositional ‘identity movements’ of the sixties and seventies, has attracted wide attention from several disciplinary quarters: political science ( e.g. A. Smith,) sociology (A. Touraine), sociology of language (J. Fishman) and others. More recently, it has been linked to the theory of globalization (‘glocalism’). In Italy, for a number of reasons, regional/ethnic issues have long been neglected by ‘mainstream’ sociology, and considered only as a peculiarity of some remote Alpine border areas. However, in 1999, a national bill (n. 482) was passed in the national parliament, recognizing the existence throughout Italy of 12 ‘historical language minorities’ (Albanians, Catalans, Croats, Greeks, Occitans, Franco-Provencals, and others) beside the ones already constitutionally recognized (French, Germans, Slovenes) and granting them some rights, guarantees, and token financial support. By far the largest groups are the Sardinians ( pop. 1.650. and the Friulians (pop. 900.000). After a general-theoretical introduction, the paper briefly sketches the history of ethnic/regional/linguistic/ minority movements in Italy, the history and structure of Law 482/99, and finally focuses on the case of Friuli, where since the early seventies a tradition of sociological studies on these matters have been established, and many empirical surveys have been carried out, making this by far the best researched language minority in Italy. In the conclusion, the results of such research are put in the context of the ‘reversing language shift’ theory advanced by Joshua Fishman, and questions are raised on the possibility to save Friulian, as many hundreds or perhaps thousands other threatened minor languages, by legal decrees, in the face of the powerful socio-economic and cultural forces (nationalisation, globalization ‘homologation’) pushing them toward extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, many of the political and social groups opposing neo-liberal globalisation in various policy domains were attributed to an encompassing entity that, more recently, has been labelled «Global Justice Movement». Is there indeed a «movement of movements» or rather a set of distinct and independent movements with relatively few overlaps? This paper argues that, in a spirit of wishful thinking, both activist and scholarly perceptions tend to overemphasize the common traits of these movements, while downplaying their cleavages. Nevertheless, a trend towards more convergence can be detected. Rather than being an integral part of the «new social movements» that flourished between the 1970s throughout the 1990s, the global justice groups are an outgrow of these previous movements, with their own unique characteristics and therefore representing a new generation of a left-wing social movement family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the main thesis of C. Giaccardi's and M. Magatti's book: La globalizzazione non ` un destino. Mutamenti strutturali ed esperienze soggettive nell'età contemporanea (Laterza, Bari 2001) which imputes to the globalization process a double disconnection: a structural one, involving the economic, cultural and political levels, and a subjective one, involving individual lives. The perspective of the author is however that of making a reference to Classical Sociology (in particular to the work of Durkheim, Simmel, Weber and Thomas) in order to evaluate its contribution to the comprehension of these problems by using categories of topical utility. These are for example: the relationship «whole/parts» (Durkheim); the a priori of the interactional sociology (Simmel); the weberian intersubjectivity of action; the situational analysis (Thomas). The main assumption is that a recomposition of the subjective experience in the globalized world demands the moral recognition of the Other as a «Person» with the undertaking of a moral responsibility which cannot but contribute to the building of meaningful social action and cultural community (Stein). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to highlight the process of educational and cultural cooperative between China and African countries, particularly Burundi, the gap it came to fill and the positive outcomes it has generated. It is essentially based on a review of existing relevant documentation. African Universities were born during a period marked by rapid change as most of the countries of the continent were achieving independent nationhood. In this context, those young institutions were assigned the daunting task of contributing to national development through research activities and by producing competent manpower to help in solving the complex problems facing those societies. To this end, African states have sought to enhance the performance of their higher education systems through cooperation with China an emerging but experienced country. Hence, since the 1960s, China has been granting scholarships and other facilities to prospective African leaders and technocrats to study in different regions of the host country. Within this framework, Burundi has enjoyed cooperation assistance from the P.R. China, in economic, medical, cultural and educational matters since independence. This has helped the country to build the capacity of its education system, particularly higher education. We may conclude by saying that the offering of scholarships, the exchange of scholars, artistic performances on both sides as well as the widening Chinese language teachin programme in schools and universities through the Confucius Institute have gone a long way in promoting intercultural appreciation and understanding between the two countries. In this perspective, there is a need for highlighting the extent to which China-Burundi educational and cultural cooperation has contributed the building of mutual understanding between, the two countries.

Fashion changes societies, and is also itself shaped by multiple socio-cultural processes, including processes of globalization. At the same time, fashion scholarship is not only speaking about and seeking to understand fashion, but is also actively formulating ideas, assumptions and understandings as to what fashion can be, and where in history and in which geographical locations fashion can be found. This paper addresses the increasingly complex question of the nature of fashion in a globalized and increasingly interconnected world. Arguing for a radical, “punk,” attitude toward fashion scholarship, and a concomitant rethinking of fashion, we suggest an approach that goes beyond academic and political fashions, drawing upon historical scolarship and examples. For while it is strikingly obvious that fashion is a global and globalized phenomenon, its specific character, and indeed its geographical locations and origins, remain contested. Drawing inspiration from the ancient Greek historian Polybius, and his ideas of an "ecumenical analytical" approach to studying world-wide phenomena, we reflect upon the history and current state of fashion studies in what we consider an ecumenical moment, which demands novel insights, but also holds many new opportunities for the field.

Global cities have historically been the symbolic meeting place of the longstanding relationship between immigration and globalization. But the pandemic has challenged this historic relationship. The virus has had an unprecedented impact on global economic immigration, it has altered the dynamics of international population movements. Global cities, never so dark and silent, are the iconoclastic representations of the crises produced by the health emergency. The concept of space and time changes in the international geopolitical landscape, but also in everyday life, from homes to offices, from city streets to the suburbs. Faced with the “network of bits” that connect everything, passing beyond physical borders, the architecture of the cities, the places of life and work is destined to adapt to new urban planning and new ideas of living space. The aim of this paper is to analyse from a geopolitical perspective the evolution of urban space in the new post-pandemic normality in a glocal world.

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Sports are present everywhere in our lives, and we relate to them both in a passive and an active way. Sports may be the key to understand some of the main features of the 21st century society: globalization, multiculturalism, multilingualism, great migrations. Education for a global society must not ignore these realities, independently of what is being taught/learned. Therefore, since the 1990s, international organizations and national governments have been trying to define essential competencies to be an active citizen in today’s society. The teaching/learning of the mother tongue plays an important role in this context, because it contributes to the development of transversal competences essential to life in the 21st century. This importance is recognized, both at political and educative levels. Such an assumption supposes a transversal approach to that process, which may associate the mother tongue to any topic relevant in modern society. Therefore, sports and the teaching/learning of the mother tongue must collaborate to ensure a more suitable education for children who already live in a global society and have to learn how to deal with it. In this paper, we intend to show that this is possible presenting some pedagogical and didactic suggestions based on the content analysis of the Portuguese programs for teaching the mother tongue in the first four years of compulsory education and taking profit of the popularity of sports among children and their formative potential.

This intervention is comprised of a sketch of the ways in which I have encountered the concept of glocalization, as well as glocality, during the past thirty-forty years. In one sense this means that it is extra-autobiographical. In saying this I have strongly in mind the not infrequent maxim that all good sociology, as well as anthropology and other social sciences, are at the same time extra-autobiographical. As will be seen in what follows this relationship between the autobiographical and the extra-autobiographical is part and parcel of the intellectual image that is presented here. My first conscious encounter with the word and idea of glocalization was an indirect result of the intellectual concern that I developed with globalization in the 1980s or, perhaps, even before then. It should be said in this respect that there were a number of binaries that were prominent in social scientific discourse in the 1960s and 1970s that undoubtedly had a strong bearing on my thinking about globalization and later glocalization. These included such conceptions as cosmopolitanism-localism and various others of that nature. Even less obvious were such distinctions as transcendence-immanence and sacred-profane. The genealogy inspired by such binaries were undoubtedly in my mind as I began explicitly to enter what might well be called the “glocal fray”. Moreover, I was to learn after I first used the concept of glocalization in 1992 that an anthropologist, Eric Swyngedouw, had used this concept around the same time as myself; both of us inspired by Japanese business discourse. As the 1990s wore on more and more people joined in the debate with varying degrees of hostility and enthusiasm, more frequently the former than the latter. In tracing this history, I shall obviously speak about the changes in, and fortunes of, the better-known concept of globalization as well as the “lesser” concept of localization. Being a sociologist – more appropriately now, a transdisciplinarian – I shall also focus upon the increasingly significant branch of social/natural science that addresses such issues as climate change, biodiversity and the debate about the Anthropocene. This paper is being composed during the tragic and global phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic. The latter surely exhibits glocal characteristics in the large.

Launched in 2004 by the Federal Policy of Brazil, the operation named Lava Jato evolved to a task force among several Brazilian institutions in co-operation with international organizations. The criminal investigations, initially focused on money laundering, enlarged to cover allegations of corruption of public officials and politicians. However, the outputs of the Lava Jato builds on a previous strategy of the Brazilian authorities to promote the alignment of the legal and institutional framework to the international recommendations for combating corruption and economic crime. The article starts by exploring the Brazilian public policies adopted for legally typify white-collar crimes and address its critical stages such as the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of offense, and the recovery of the proceeds. Secondly, it investigates the possible deviations of the actions implemented by the Curitiba branch of the Lava Jato Operation, which were mainly driven by public opinion pressure and ideological interference. Further, it oversees the economic impact of national anti-corruption actions by comparing the developments of the Brazilian operation Lava Jato to its Italian equivalent Mani Pulite. Based on the Italian and Brazilian experiences, the study proposes additional global driven legislative measures directed to neutralize the interference of local public opinion and political interests, and aimed at reducing the negative economic outputs generated through misguided criminal investigation and the prosecution of offense. This paper also works out the concept of crime and victim in a globalized context, in line with UN Agenda 2030.

The article reviews current literature about the effects and challenges of globalization on the lives of women worldwide. While, on the one hand, globalization has increased opportunities for women, on the other hand its capacity to significantly reduce gender inequalities remains unmet. Moreover, globalization affects women differently in different parts of the world and some women (poor/marginalized women in affluent nations; women of the Global South) are more vulnerable than others. The paper further reflects on how global feminism is discussing globalization and addressing the challenges associated with its multi-dimensional nature, and on the role of transnational feminist movements in advancing women’s rights and gender equality issues beyond the nation-state.