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The use of digital devices in education is increasing. The literature, however, reveals a disadvantage of digital compared to paper in performing specific learning tasks, in particular text comprehension, which is probably sustained by a different cognitive load and a tendency to use digital for superficial and fast reading. The present study investigates possible differences between paper and digital text comprehension in children of school-age by analysing the role of Executive Functions (EF) as mediating factors in performance. 175 children in 3rd, 4th and 5th grade were assessed for text comprehension in the two modes and assessed with EF tests. The results show that there are no differences between digital and paper text comprehension. However, dividing the sample into children with low and children with high levels of text comprehension, the former group is seen to benefit from digital compared to the latter group, which shows an opposite trend. Furthermore, the low performers score worse than high performers in the EF measures which show a mediating role between performance level and differences between paper and digital modes in text comprehension. The present study has important educational implications for the use of digital devices in education.

Gabii through its Artefacts brings together 15 papers written by as many scholars on objects from the excavations of the town of Gabii undertaken by three different international teams since 2007: The Gabii Project, which is a primarily US-based group of scholars; a team from the Musée du Louvre; and a team from the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” collaborating with the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma. The contributions aim to consider artefacts outside the ceramic report and small finds catalogue format in terms of both the wide variety of materials and the possibilities for unique individual stories. Objects ranging from the pre-Roman to Imperial periods are examined using a mix of approaches, making an effort to be sensitive to excavation context and formation processes. Approaches include archaeometric, spatial, and statistical analyses, artefact life history approaches, and archival approaches. Thus, different scales of analysis are also undertaken: in some cases individual objects are focused on, in others whole classes or assemblages. The papers ultimately share the common goal of offering new stories about the inhabitants of Gabii told through their artefacts. Together they enliven the Gabines'behaviours: their concerns about personal and economic security and status, their productive activities and trade connections to other towns, their aesthetic and ritual concerns, their political affiliations and aspirations.

This paper considers errors of interpretation in textual criticism in Renaissance Italy. It focuses on the reading of Francesco Robortello’s In Aristotelis poeticam explicationes, published in Florence by Lorenzo Torrentino in 1548, and the readers in question were Vincenzo Maggi and Sperone Speroni. The paper shows how errors of interpretation can relate either to a misunderstanding of the original text or of its translation. It is a significant case because it concerns the first “critical edition” with commentary of one of Aristotle’s most neglected works, the Poetica.

The main object of this work is the relationship between non-binary people and institutional communication, the laCer being mostly conceived to represent only two genders, masculine and feminine. Starting from the origin on gendered language in Italian institutional communication, an overview about actual strategies of binary inclusion will be given. Furthermore, the paper will analyse some possible new strategies suggested to implement inclusion in a non-binary perspective. The aim of this paper is to lay the foundation for further work and to improve the development of collective guidelines to write institutional texts able to represent all the complex gender identities that are present in nowadays societies.

The intellectual, political and human story of Bruno Trentin emerges from the paper and multimedia documentation related to him preserved by the National CGIL Historical Archives. Documents and images narrate the France of exile, Padua, a university city in which the Resistance was active, partisan Milan, and Fiat Mirafiori blocked by strikes, but also Trentin's commitment and charisma in his roles as a young researcher in the confederal study office, Fiom secretary, national and general secretary of the CGIL, and European parliamentarian for the PDS in the 1999-2004 legislature. Images from the photographic fund and paper records document his relationships with, among others, European Commission President Delors, Brazil's President Lula, South Africa's President Mandela and Solidarity leader Walȩsa.

The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of Dante Alighieri in the Macedonian cultural context through the translations and reception of his most important work, the Divina Commedia. The first part of the paper presents the translations of fragments of the poem published in the 1950s, translated by various Macedonian poets, and continues by presenting the translations by Georgi Stalev, who published parts of the poem in the 1960s, Inferno in 1967, and the whole poem (Inferno, Purgatorio and Paradiso) in 2006. The second part of the paper traces Dante’s impact on the literary works of Georgi Stalev, Bogomil Ǵuzel and Blaže Koneski as well as the poet’s influence in other domains of Macedonian culture.

This paper examines the reception of Dante among Serbs in the period between 1991 to 2021. It focuses on the complex state of Serbian Danteology in the crucial historical period in which Yugoslavia was beginning to crumble and Serbia was subjected to sanctions and isolated from the world, and which also includes the NATO bombings. The examination concludes in 2021, which coincides with the 700th anniversary of Dante’s death. The paper focuses primarily on translations of Dante’s works (mostly the Divine Comedy) by two Serbian translators, Dragan Mraović and later Kolja Mićević, but also on republished translations such as those by Dragiša Stanojević and Mihovil Kombol. The Serbian studies and theatrical performances of Dante’s work are also considered.

The paper aims at dealing with didactics of Resistance through the relationship between the historical wtnesses and younger generations. As the first has lived the historical events he is going to narrate, younger generations constitute ideally the depositary of a rich and fragile set of informations. Based from this perspective, the paper is going to speak about a students' cycle of meetings organised in some schools in the province of Pistoia, between 2016 and 2018: the vocational institute "Martini" and the technical institute "Marchi". Meetings were held by SIlvano Sarti, who fought as partisan in the "Brigata Sinigaglia" in 1944 and who was appointed ANPI provincial president in Florence.

The paper attempts to give some useful coordinates to start reconstructing the history of Resistance experiences (meetings, educational and teaching activities) as told at school by its protagonists. The paper also puts forward some educational and didactic proposals for the future. The privileged point of observation is the activity of the National Association of Italian Partisans (ANPI), the main Italian resistance association founded in 1944 to bring together the protagonists of the armed struggle against Nazi-fascism.

This paper try to compose a taxonomy of constitutional values with reference to dismissal. Moving from the key decision of the Constitutional Court no. 194 of 2018, the author investigates the relevance of the founding value "work" compared and balanced with the other antagonistic values: the "enterprise" and the "employability". The author claims that "legal certainty", nay the predictability and computability of rights, is not a tyrant value, but a principle necessary for good law, and not only for the economy. Finally, this paper analyzes the important consequences of sentence no. 194 cit. in the field of regulatory technique and about application problems.

The paper attempts to make an initial discussion on the usefulness of the history of education for interpreting the synergies between school, didactics and territory as they evolve over time. The paper offers a quick analysis of the pedagogical debate and political-organisational changes and then moves on to more practical and didactic issues. The paper also indicates some of the potentials of the approach offered by the history of education as applied history to revitalise the relationship with the local context.

The paper aims at dealing mainly with infantry and it is carried on with methodological reflections, oral history research and audio-visive narrations. It sums up some issues about how to use oral and audio-visive sources on a didactic basis. Afterwards, the paper aims at dealing with the front passage in Tuscany in 1944 a Carda (Casentino region) and Florence. The paper describes and uses five interviews reacheable through the following link.

The paper shows how the University of Florence interpreted the relative autonomy granted by the numerous reforms of the last 30 years, focusing on the three main functions of the university: teaching, research and public engagement. The continuous reforms weakened the processes of innovation introduced at the beginning of the 90s, with the experience of the Diploma, and forced the closure of many quality degree courses. The lack of financial and instrumental resources and the “autonomy without responsibility” limited the enhancement of the resources and knowledge present in the University, hindered the pursuit of strategic lines that reward structures and sectors of excellence and strengthen the weakest areas. The public engagement is still relatively marginal.

The paper aims to give some coordinates on the dialogue between the Athenaeum and a particular school-educational experience well rooted in Florence and recognised for its merits on an international scale, namely the Scuola-Città Pestalozzi. This is a very significant case to describe the relationship between the University and the school world because Scuola-Città was born and grew up in that laboratory of ideas nourished by the synergy between the cultural, political and pedagogical circles of the city, especially those close to liberal-socialism, and those similar to the University.

«Non voglio che teniate la mia fotografia nei vostri uffici. Appendete piuttosto quelle dei vostri figli e guardatele ogni volta che dovete prendere una decisione». Volodymyr Oleksandrovyč Zelensky è il risultato di un percorso. Il frutto delle amicizie che ha coltivato fin dalla giovinezza, ma anche delle sue molteplici carriere, di comico, sceneggiatore, produttore e oggi presidente e comandante in capo dell'esercito del suo Paese. Tutto lo ha portato dov'è. Poi, come si dice, le circostanze fanno e disfano gli uomini. Possono distruggerli o innalzarli, a seconda delle loro risposte alla drammaticità del momento. In tempo di pace Zelensky era una figura piuttosto criticata. Ma in guerra ha saputo diventare l'emblema di un popolo, e di un ideale di resistenza. Con i suoi discorsi diretti, capaci di conquistare i cuori anche al di là delle frontiere, ha contrastato il linguaggio robotico di Putin, mettendolo di fronte al suo isolamento fisico e politico. Raccontare la sua storia significa raccontare anche la storia del suo popolo. Indagare il peso delle sue origini ebraiche e del pegno di vite umane pagato dai suoi avi al nazismo, mentre la propaganda di Putin incita alla “denazificazione” dell'Ucraina. Raccontare il tragitto che l'ha portato dall'essere nato e cresciuto, russofono, in un Paese ancora sovietico, dall'aver costruito il suo successo tra Mosca e Kiev, alla decisione di rinunciare al mercato russo dopo la rivoluzione di Majdan, l'annessione russa della Crimea e l'escalation di violenza nel Donbass. Significa anche affrontare le palesi zone d'ombra, come il suo rapporto imbarazzante con l'oligarca Igor Kolomoisky, rivelato dai Pandora Papers, o le seduzioni populistiche. Uomo di spettacolo e d'affari, di compromesso e di compromissioni, uomo di Stato. È stato tutto questo, Volodymyr Zelensky. Ma nessuno avrebbe potuto prevedere che il ruolo della vita doveva ancora arrivare. E che sarebbe stato proprio Vladimir Putin ad assegnarglielo. Con testimonianze e contributi inediti di amici, colleghi, membri del suo entourage ed esponenti dell'opposizione, oltre che di storici, politologi e giornalisti di primo piano. Gallagher Fenwick, giornalista, si è laureato a Berkley, in California. Ha diretto la redazione in lingua inglese di France 24 e ha coperto come inviato molti fronti di guerra. Volodymyr Oleksandrovyč Zelensky è nato a Kryvyj Rih il 25 gennaio 1978 in una famiglia di origine ebraica e di madrelingua russa. Laureato in Giurisprudenza all'Università Economica Nazionale di Kiev, dal 20 maggio 2019 è presidente dell'Ucraina. È sposato con Olena Zelenska, architetto e scrittrice. La coppia ha due figli, Oleksandra e Kyrylo.

Hyblaea: Studi di archeologia e topografia dell'altopiano ibleo is a collection of ten papers focusing on the prehistoric, late-ancient and medieval-historical archaeological heritage of the Hyblaean area and in the south-eastern apex of Sicily, with particular attention to rupestrian archaeology. They aim at deepening and updating our knowledge of the landscape in its many historical, material, productive, topographical, architectural and iconographical aspects.

In the Slavic languages, in which the vocative case is an unstable category (Polish, Serbian-Croatian, Macedonian, Bulgarian), the explicit vocative mark is better preserved with altered nouns, like diminutives and pejoratives. Taking this as the starting point, the paper aims at verifying whether the semantic and functional “attraction” between vocative and diminutives/pejoratives affects the formal level too, i.e. whether there are points of contact between case morphology and word formation strategies. The analysis of Polish and Bulgarian vocative forms has revealed that these two domains intersect as follows: 1) vocative case endings are reinterpreted as lexical formants; 2) the formation strategies of vocative case endings and altered nouns tend to converge.

Besides its temporal semantics, the imperfect tense can express a wide range of modal meanings, which occur most typically in spoken varieties of language. The paper contrastively explores the modal uses of the imperfect tense in Italian and Bulgarian, a Romance and Slavic language respectively, and shows to what extent they are similar or diverge in the two languages. Although the basic notional configuration of the imperfect tense in Italian and Bulgarian seems to be exactly the same, occurrences of modal meanings are less frequent in Bulgarian than in Italian. Possible explanatory hypotheses suggest that the peculiarities of the tense system (dedicated future-in-the-past form; specific narrative mood), as well as the different syntactic rules governing the sequence of tenses in related sentences, put major constraints on the development of modal meanings of the imperfect tense in Bulgarian.

In those Slavic languages where the vocative inflectional case endings are used inconsistently, a statistically increased occurrence of vocative’s endings can be observed with nouns having a diminutive or hypocoristic semantics. Assuming that is the ‘affective charge’ of some specific nouns which enhances the probability of vocative case forms, the present paper has two aims: 1. to verify empirically in three Slavic languages (Serbian, Polish, Bulgarian) whether the vocative case is better preserved with nouns having a derogatory semantics (insults and bad words), 2. to establish which are the rules governing their use.

The paper aims to outline some of the strategies of aristocratic patronage in sacred spaces in the Italian peninsula. The commissioning of elaborate marble funerary monuments, the choice of location for chaplaincies or entire churches, convents and monasteries, and the choice of the religious order to which to entrust them are indicated here as keys to understanding the internal distinctions within the Italian aristocracies. In particular, a new examination of aristocratic patronage between the 14th and 16th centuries is considered a means to address a general revision of the Italian cultural hierarchies and geographies of Vasari's legacy.

There is no real difference between the records of the biggest rural Lords and those of the Principalities in late medieval Italy. Both ones had a more or less organised chancery and produced documents in chancery form. Their archival history too is similar. The paper proposes and discusses the documentary typology of the documents made by and for the Lords. The Empire, the Holy See, the Kingdoms may have influenced the form of seigneurial litterae patentes and clausae, although there were individual nuances. The other documents, as registers and other chancery books were influenced by different regional traditions.

The paper aims to assess the financial impact of the rapid assimilation of the French-style artillery into Italian warfare. The focus will be on the policy adopted by the Florentine Republic to improve the efficiency of its logistic system during the War of Pisa (1494-1509): through the analysis of public records, the research will highlight the significant transformations occurred in late medieval military industry, reevaluating the importance of the trade in strategic materials for the early modern economy and demonstrating the concerted effort made by the rising renaissance state to establish a monopoly on the manufacture of arms and «munitions».

The paper draws from Sergio Caruso’s reflections that the ‘extension’ and ‘intensification’ of citizenship are inseparable from democracy. Within this framework, it questions how innovative formulations of democracy such as so-called ‘deliberative arenas’ can contribute to the strengthening of citizenship. Specific attention is devoted to the public debate on major works, a privileged field of inquiry for some assessments of the effectiveness of participation guaranteed by such instruments.

The contribution aims to offer a critical analysis of the Italian discipline on the ways of acquiring citizenship. The paper analyzes the most problematic aspects of the 1992 law, showing its anachronisms and unreasonableness, and then highlights the profiles that most need reform. In particular, the status of the minor born or schooled in Italy and the naturalization procedure claim a profound revision.

The paper examines the studies on the relationship between language, sex and gender in Italian academia; the search for non-sexist linguistic strategies for the representation of women and men; the related support of international political action; the recent EU Equality Strategies; and the action of the CRUI Commission on Gender Issues.

The Pontine territory, located in southern Lazio, once ʽpalus pontinaʼ, has been represented over the centuries through iconographic views, cartographic drawings, literary documentation, and designed through reclamation works that allowed, over time, to dry up and anthropize the land. The two moments of representation and design of the Pontine territory are clearly reflected in Leonardo’s Cartographic view of the Pontine plain and the coast north of Terracina, of which the paper presents a critical reading.

Among his hydraulic designs, Leonardo planned the construction of an artificial lake in an area east of the castle of Vinci, his native village. The project, a surprising demonstration of his perfect knowledge of places where he lived, is illustrated in three drawings found and studied by Renzo Cianchi. Today, it is particularly interesting to analyze the feasibility of Leonardo’s project, by chronologically translating it to the 21st century, namely in 2020. Based on an accurate hydrologic analysis, this paper aims at providing further insights on Leonardo’s study, focusing on the feasibility of the dam.

Leonardo anticipates an integral, structuralist and ecological vision of the relationship between the territory and the city. The hydraulic and territorial systems he designs ‘at the service’ of cities and mobility show his unparalleled ability to ‘govern’ physiographic systems, combining climatic temperament with functional and hygienic reasons. The paper intends to observe and interpret the clues that confirm the original concreteness of its urban plans and projects aimed at giving precise answers to social needs, which are still incredibly topical today.

The paper analyses Leonardo’s main studies concerning the navigability of Milan waterways in order to contextualize and highlight his original contributions. Not only do Leonardo’s studies outline the actual situation of such waterways, they also include new projects and innovations. Even though these are not always ascribable to Leonardo, he certainly drew and examined them himself. The analysis is based on the study of the main transformations of Milan water system and territory over the centuries.

The use of 3D modelling in practices of valorisation and dissemination of historic-architectural knowledge and restoration is now consolidated. Virtual models must, however, match principles of scientific rigour, comprehensibility and evaluability by the users, as stated in the London Charter and in the Seville Principles. This paper aims at presenting the methodology used in the virtual reconstruction of some drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, developed to ensure the correct dissemination of the historical contents delivered through the drafting of a ‘traceability card’ compliant with the international Charters principles.

Leonardo da Vinci surveys and sketches the city of Milan on f. 184v (c. 1493) and f. 199 (c. 1510) of the Codex Atlanticus and on f. 114r of the Codex Windsor (c. 1510). These drawings also include some projects for Milan’s urban transformation. The paper describes how strongly Leonardo’s idea of the city differs from the Milan of Ludovico Sforza (1494-1499) and that of the French rulers’ fortification projects of 1520-1521, in particular for what concerns the revision of the external border of the city.