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(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023 8(2), 513-523 | European Forum Insight of 27 July 2023 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. From Member States’ national security to ‘EU national security’. - III. From protection to ‘offensive defence’ of economic security interests. | (Abstract) The adoption of EU Regulation 2019/452 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investment into the Union has been met with many reservations. While it appeared that it was becoming crucial for the EU to adopt a screening instrument in order to protect essential European interests, the mechanism that came into force in the autumn of 2020 seems too modest, giving the Commission no decisive power. However, thanks to a succession of unprecedented global crises (economic crisis, COVID-19 crisis, Russian aggression against Ukraine) and the emergence of offensive strategies on the part of certain foreign investors, in particular Chinese investors, the European Commission has gradually strengthened the European FDI control mechanism. This mechanism is now focused on the protection of European security, which includes economic security. Moreover, the Commission is clearly seeking to strengthen its own powers in this area. In order for the European FDI screening system to become an instrument for the defence of European strategic autonomy, the next step could be a reform of the system, which would formalize these transformations and would make the Commission the lead authority in the area of FDI control.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(1), 587-595 | European Forum Insight of 20 May 2020 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Etat de faits et contexte. - III. Le jugement. - IV. Commentaire. | (Abstract) In the case Commission v. Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic (judgment of 20 April 2020, joined cases C-715/17, C-718/17 and C-719/17), the Court of Justice clarified the scope of Art. 72 TFEU in the context of relocation of applicants for international protection during the 2015 "refugee crisis". The Court held that it is not possible to rely on the article in a global way. Instead, if they would like to refuse relocation of an applicant, Member States have to verify on a case-by-case basis whether that individual represents a risk for their public order or national security. Thus, the decision to relocate applicants for international protection from Greece and Italy in 2015 has not been complied with. The judgement is of great importance for the future of the Common European Asylum System.

The article presents a concept of research and its social application concerning the creation and modelling of theologically inspired and supported patriotic attitudes in the Polish historical and security-related context. It concerns patriotism which, primarily, refers to Poland’s national heritage, theology, Catholic social science and national responsibility; secondly, it is directed at a sovereign economic development locally and on the international arena; thirdly, it shapes pro-societal and pro-defence attitudes; fourthly, it takes into account contemporary challenges linked with the environment, demography, migrations and “temporal challenges”. The text is classified among the papers on conceptualization of research projects in the area of security studies, social policies and political science, account being taken of the contexts and problem references to theology, history and cultural anthropology.

Year 53 BC, Julius Caesar had some problems in his campaign in Gaul. The great campaigns and conquest operations were finished and in that moment there were only peace operations. Roman politicians and people of Rome were opposed to war spending. Therefore, Julius Caesar wrote his Book VII of the Gallic Wars. He described the military operations at 53 BC with detailed ethnographic aspects of the conquered people. Julius Caesar used ethnography for its own benefit. Recently the use of anthropologists in Iraq and Afghanistan by the army of the United States has been very controversial. This paper analyzes this fact and its meaning.