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Kinshasa, one of Africa's most densely populated capital cities, has been grappling with the issue of informality in its planned settlements. This paper, aiming to understand this issue comprehensively, has employed a unique and rigorous qualitative and quantitative analysis. The research includes material and site surveys, allowing for a detailed study of the transformation of the Mamam Mobutu Garden City. Built-in the 80s on an existing informal village, the project later faced an invasion of illegal settlers and constructions. The surroundings have also witnessed the radicalisation of precarious communities, posing a threat to achieving sustainable human development.

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In recent years, there has been growing interest in studying translators in the workplace. However, the rights of translators are an uncharted area. The objectives of this paper are twofold. First, it studies translators’ perceptions of translator rights in the workplace. Second, it develops a translator rights model inventory that compiles practitioners’ viewpoints for studying and measuring translator rights. This paper presents findings from a questionnaire survey that collected both quantitative and qualitative data from 155 translation practitioners in Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan). The findings suggest that the translators attach the greatest importance to rights related to working conditions, followed by rights related to economic and social position, and finally those related to copyright issues. It was found that the translators are quite dissatisfied with the rights they have in the workplace, because what they wish to enjoy is much less than what they expect. In addition, a translator’s social variables, such as age, level of education, major field of study, and years of translation experience, are not related to the number of rights the person enjoys in the workplace. What was found to be related is the sex of the translator and region in which the translator lives.

This article suggests a thought and analysis the mismatch between the implementation of the State of Autonomies and the scarce cooperation and collaboration between Autonomous Communities in the face of a set of contemporary urban and territorial phenomena that clearly goes beyond regional political–administrative limits and in turn define new territorial areas of intermediate scale. First, the paper contextualises the fit of interregional cooperation in the Spanish legislation and points out the possible factors conditioning the scarce use of this instrument (collaboration agreements and cooperation agreements between Autonomous Communities). Second, the initiatives and files collected in the Senate database are analysed and characterised. This analysis evidences the insufficient degree of interregional cooperation. The paper ends with a discussion in regard to the importance of this instrument for responding to common problems and establishing development projects in cross–border territories.

The present paper is based on the concept of intersemiotic translation coined by Jakobson and its application to translations from text into illustrations. On this basis, the paper seeks to establish a model of analysis that relies on Leuven-Zwart’s comparative model and applies some of its tenets to intersemiotic translation processes. The framework suggested here firstly splits both text and illustration into small units of meaning that will facilitate an ensuing contrast between them. This comparison will lead to a second stage where possible shifts of meaning will be spotted and analyzed. It is expected that the results of this stage will help determine the dynamics between a text and its corresponding illustration. Eventually, the aforementioned analytical model will be tested on a series of illustrations from two different picture books: Titch and A Couple of Boys Have the Best Week Ever.

This paper explores the construction of subjectivity in literary self-translation. As it will be argued, the notion of the reworking of the prior ethos, defined by Amossy (2001, 2010, 2014) as the set of socio-discursive elements and procedures which enable speakers to restore, modify or transform in a new exchange the image the audience may have of them, is productive to reflect upon the distinctive nature of the discursive practice known as self-translation (Grutman y Von Bolderen, 2014; Ferrara y Grutman, 2016). The validity of our theoretical and methodological proposal will be put to test through the analysis of two essays by Puerto-Rican writer Rosario Ferré (1990, 1991a). Accordingly, the goal of this paper is two-fold: to articulate a proposal which, based on the notion of reworking of ethos, can account for the particularities of subjectivity in self-translated discourse, and to contribute, on an analytical level, to the study of self-translation in the field of US Latina literatures.

Dubbing has been the dominant modality for conveying foreign media productions in Turkey for several decades. In the chain of dubbing translation, by the time the process is completed, there is a varied group of people from translators to voice actors, editors, and dubbing specialists that play a role in the many-sided process of dubbing. With the aim of reaching an impeccable outcome, the steps of dubbing (script and timing, casting, recording, editing) must be completed in a harmonious way. Some studies have been conducted on dubbing in Turkey in terms of translation quality (Sayman), censorship (Okyayuz), and translation strategies (Tekin); however, non-translation issues such as the performance of voice actors have not been explored. This paper offers further insight into the process of dubbing by distributing a survey to ten voice actors to evaluate the impact of translation on their end during the voicing process, their attitudes toward translators, and the translation along with their expectations from translators. Upon compiling the responses from the professional voice actors, the data is analyzed and discussed togain a better understanding of the process. The results indicated that the voicing process is mainly affected by the quality of translation and that there are challenges that arise from it. Therefore, to some extent, voice actors also intervene in the translated dialogues while recording. Overall, the end product, which is the translated dialogues, represents not only the work of the translator but also the voice actors.

The issue of neutral Spanish in literary translation has given rise to numerous statements and representations on its implications and its status within the Spanish language and the Spanish-speaking publishing market. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge with a double purpose: 1) to describe the previous studies on neutral Spanish, with a particular emphasis on the characteristics of neutral Spanish in literary translation, as well as on its methodology and the results obtained to this date, in order to systematize the research efforts on the subject of study; and 2) to connect said results (primary sources) with the representations on the artificiality and language impoverishment associated with neutral Spanish (secondary sources) in order to observe to what extent the former support the latter

We start from the observation that language pairs like Polish and English display an intriguing asymmetry: Polish has the structural resources to express grammatical gender in nouns while English predominantly leaves these under-determined. Therefore, a speaker of English can conventionally say “I am a nurse” irrespective of the speaker’s gender, while in Polish male/female/non-binary speakers would likely use variable forms. This asymmetry leads to nuanced translation choices which this paper aims to explore. Based on a newly compiled corpus of English-to-Polish Netflix subtitles – amounting to 3.5 million words – we examine how 113 different occupation-related feminatives are deployed by translators. We address three main research questions (RQ1-RQ3). RQ1 is about the frequency of the relevant feminatives in our corpus. RQ2 deals with how the feminatives are distributed across the 284 productions analysed in the dataset. Finally, RQ3 addresses the relationship between the frequency of feminatives in Netflix subtitles and the acceptability of these feminatives, as judged by speakers.

At the end of the 19th century, translations of French Parnassian, Decadentist and Symbolist poetry introduced the models for literary change into the Hispanic world. The first poems translated in Spain from Maurice Rollinat's Les Névroses (1883), published in the magazine La Diana, directed by the poet Manuel Reina, are to be found in this context. This paper examines these translations, carried out jointly by Aniceto Valdivia and Manuel Reina, and analyses which elements of the new French poetics are rewritten to establish the role of these translations in the fin-de-siècle literary renewal.

Furio Ceriol’s El concejo y consejeros del príncipe is one of the most widespread dissertations about the theory of the state in Europe during 17th century. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth this exposition had three translations and five editions between 1595 and 1646. All of them are located in the Catholic sphere and their authors were favorable to the reinforcement of royal power. The translators modified and commented on the text to adjust it to their political intentions, or they presented it accompanied by other works that completed its meaning. This paper aims to highlight the translation and editing strategies used in the various interpretations of this treatise.

The sharp rise in the use of technology tools in the translation process has rendered human translators more invisible than ever. The importance of the role played by human translators in translation, however, cannot be denied or understated. This paper aims to examine the primary factors influencing the work of human translation combined with translation technology tools. Therefore, the paper provides an overview of the translation and language industries and insights into translation industry standards, quality concerns and the most frequently used tools, as they are aspects that influence and condition the translator’s work today. The final and main section in this work emphasizes an increasingly common trend in translation: a human-assisted machine translation model based on the post-edition of the output from machine translation systems. By analyzing market studies, surveys and papers on the aforementioned aspects, this article confirms that the role of human translators in technology-driven translation processes will be as central in the future as it is today.

This paper is part of a larger research project which investigates the emergence and professionalisation of the first generations of Spanish interpreters in the European Union, from a sociologicaland historical perspective. The interest in describing the professionalisation of this group is closely related to Contemporary Spanish History, since its creation runsparallel to Spainjoining the EU and the socio-political modernisationof the country. Our purpose is to gain a better understanding of the social background and the creation and evolutionof this professional group, while at the same time providing relevant historical and cultural information. This paper explores the socialand professional trajectories of a group of pioneer Spanish interpreters who, returning to Spain after some years in Belgium, still follow the interpretation practices in the EU. This research combines a quantitative and qualitative method respectively based on questionnaires and interviews. Bourdieu’s concepts(habitus, fieldand capital)and the sociology of professions, are applied in the discussion of the findings in the study,. The paper aims at illustrating the importance of understanding and studying interpreting as a socially embedded practice, given that interpreters act as historical and social agents in the processes in which they are involved. The findings,likewise,suggest that the concept of habitusis a key concept in the emergence of a profession, since it is socially and historically conditioned.

The supply and demand of vibrant places are often considered a luxurious goal for cities rather than an essential engine for business and talent attraction. With the ongoing development of Amazon HQ in Arlington and the potential jobs that will originate, the city must be prepared to fulfill the expectations of residents, workers, and investors. Through a qualitative analysis and interviews with relevant practitioners, this paper studies the potential gap between the current creative ecosystem by discussing the supply of cultural goods and services, Arlington’s proposal, and the benefits and risks of achieving the targets, based on lessons from Seattle. To maximize what is expected, it will be imperative to foster a coordinated and creative environment while celebrating the unique essence of Arlington’s communities and the potential risks these changes may bring.

This paper evidences the absence of a repository or database that scompiles the publications of Postcolonial African writing in Spain, thus precluding comprehensive quantitative or qualitative studies on the impact of these works. This is a significant obstacle for both academic research and the book market, which up to now has been unable to analyse market selection and reception trends. To cater for this need, the aim of this paper is to describe the design and implementation of a relational database, based on MySQL and set up using specific and accurate parameters, that includes all the literary works penned by African writers and published in Spain and in Spanish from 1972 (when Spain first joined the ISBN system) to 2014. After determining a number of specific design criteria and compilation protocols, the methodology has been divided into four steps: data collection, storage, statistical processing and online dissemination. Thus, the database BDAFRICA achieves a twofold objective: firstly, it provides researchers with unbiased data as a framework for their studies, and secondly, it offers unprecedented statistics on the evolution of the publication of African literature in Spain over the last 42 years.

The main objective of this work is to bring urban vitality to a first line of debate in urban planning and design. This interest stems from the link between a vital living environment and social well-being, therefore being a relevant phenomenon for health. Based on this statement, this paper explains why vitality is important, which factors contribute to its disappearance and the conditions that promote and encourage it. This work also discusses how to approach the study of vitality, from an individual vision of the architect or designer to a general one we all have as members of a group or society. It studies in-depth the various views that different urban agents adopt when they understand the concept of vitality. Finally, this paper points out a possible path to study the phenomenon of vitality, combining different agents and actors in the city, through a transversal and multidisciplinary approach.

Each catastrophic event and the following reconstruction are a sort of synthesis of population desires, in a precise historical moment, about the lifestyle to keep or to reach, the production system, the urban model and the way of housing related to this aspiration. This paper contains a reconnaissance of the principal post-seismic reconstruction events in Italy since the end of Second World War until today. It’s possible, by reading the changes of viewpoints along the following decades, to appreciate the cultural modifications which have intervened in Italy in the last sixty years, as well as the change of values attributed to the historical city, the way in which these changes have modified the city and the territorial shapes. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to offer a useful piece for the recognition of Urban History of the XXth Century.

The Management Plan for the Old City of Salamanca, assigned by the Castilla y León Government, is the result of the current UNESCO directives oriented to introduce new management tools fitted for any case. However practically does not exist experience. In this context the plan guides its main scope, the efficiency in the “outstanding universal value” protection and revalorization for justifying the Salamanca inclusion in the World List, with an innovative development of the “historical urban landscape” concept. This is focused from three perspectives: the territory, the inner city landscape and the intangible landscape. This paper explains the elements of the proposal –now involved in its approval process-, the Management Plan and the plan for the Urban Conservation Area included in it. But, over all, this paper shows an open model for understanding the urban heritage components, model which is in the basis of the improvement principles applied.

Urban areas have an important paper in the conservation of biodiversity, as much by their role supporting a highly specialized ecological community as by their incidence in the global decline of biodiversity. The present article develops several working lines, from ecosystemic perspective, oriented to improve the behavior of the cities respect to biodiversity loss. The main exposition of the work talks about biodiversity support infrastructures, a set of urban elements specifically oriented to improve biodiversity and to solve the problems that traditionally affects the relation between biodiversity and citizens. The paper describes several of these infrastructures, designed so much as isolated elements as in combination with green zones, parks, gardens and with constructed elements and buildings. Also the criteria and conditions necessary to design a program of urban biodiversity are analyzed, focusing on the adaptation to the objectives and necessities of the urban spaces planning. Finally, some of the main programs of biodiversity developed in European cities are superficially described. Urban biodiversity, ecological connectivity, greenways, corridors, ecological networks, biodiversity support infrastructures, urban planning, urban landscape.

This paper explores the usefulness of spatial centrality measures (traditionally used in urban environments) in the context of rural landscapes. Specifically, measures of reach, closeness, betweenness and straightness have been calculated on the road network of the Vega de Granada, considering this road network as a primal graph. The results show novel centrality maps in which patterns can be distinguished, being of interest for the interpretation of structural and functional aspects of the study area.

Territorial governance is a complex concept that mixes reality with purpose. While its theoretical framework includes advanced forms of citizen participation and shared decisions, actual landscape trends show an image of territorial polarization, abandonment and land use change towards urban-centred models. This scenario pushes local population and institutions away from an increasingly centralised and top-down decision-making. Dealing with this situation, this paper analyses three case-studies led by Fundación Entretantos, all of them related to territory-based agricultural production. The analysis summarises the key learnings, constrains and methodological advances that can contribute to a better design and implementation of participatory initiatives aiming to improve territorial governance in rural areas.

In this paper, we proposed a reading of paratexts (Genette, 2009) in two translations of Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas into Spanish, in order to analyze the way Machado de Assis’ image is constructed. As a critical approach of working with the translated texts, paratranslation allows us to understand not only the wider aspects regarding the text itself, but also those related to the translation process within the editorial practices (Yuste Frías, 2011, 2015). We have recognized an emphasis on the biographical aspects of Machado de Assis, mainly about his childhood as a poor black boy in 1800’s Brazil as well as his adulthood as a literary genius and an epileptic person. We have also compared this construction of Machado as an author, the more well-known and repeated image along the years, with another Machadopresented by Massa (2009a).

This paper outlines the importance of translation activity for the Albanian culture beginning from the earliest period, as a driving force and forerunner of the Albanian National Awakening and identity, to the latest developments related to the quantity of translations, as well as their quality, peacebuilding in Kosovo and the use of translation for subversive propaganda. Translation, along with religion and masterpieces of world literature, brought different alphabetic scripts, many foreign words and, despite the adversarial approach by the Church and ruling authorities, contributed to the codification efforts, language purification and the coining of new words. Common expressions and folklore were collected and found their way into translated texts, now serving as grounds to call for retranslation.

T his paper centres on the first issue of the second phase of the journal Cántico, published in the spring of 1954, studying how it imported works from English literature. First, the literary criticism found in a landmark article is examined. Second, a total of four poems –by Dylan Thomas, Kathleen Raine,Lawrence Durrell and Nicholas Moore– and their English-to-Spanish translations by Marià Manent, areanalysed. Third, inclusions of English literature found in the other issues are studied. Finally, thepioneering, international nature of the journal Cántico is asserted.

This paper analyses the planning implementation conducted by the Lombardy Region, in two different inter-municipal realities, as a useful example in a local context: the Area Regional Territorial Plan Alpine Valleys and the Area Regional Territorial Plan of the Franciacorta geographical area. These two complex experiences suggest positive conditions for the implementation of policies of Urban-Rural/Mountain partnerships to reach common goals and enhance urban-rural relationships, and complex institutional/administrative frameworks for activating multi-level governance processes.

The expansion of the production-accumulation system over the past three decades in the Comunidad de Madrid has taken place in a context of absence of a territorial model and with liberal land regulatory, which has facilitated the anthropization of the territory in search of locational advantages. Through an analysis of the regulatory framework and spatial competence levels, the paper shows the conditions and consequences of an urban expansion that has the flow of capital as its main objective.

This paper aims to provide a brief overview of the relationship between the renovation of the city of Havana and the inclusion of its inhabitants in a political process, which also implies social inclusion. It is therefore about focusing Cuba and more precisely its capital as a model of “coreconstruction” of a daily space, which also reflects the participation of the inhabitants in a Revolution that the Special Period had weakened.

Talking about abandonment means talking about fragile territories that need a regeneration territorial project. In this paper the phenomenon of abandonment becomes an opportunity to identify relationships between unused resources, anthropic dynamics, original landscapes. Bioregionalism isbproposed as a possible theoretical approach that guides actions of project, reveals and holds togetherbtangible and intangible resources and identifies the most suitable spatial scale for regeneration ofbdepopulated territories. VENTO project, the 780 km cycle route financed by Italian Ministries thatbconnects northern Italy, becomes a case study to investigate the potential of the slow line to be a bioregional project.

This paper presents the result of an empirical study on mapping three Italian cities from the point of view of migrants during the first period of their stay. It aims at exploring an emerging issue in the contemporary government of a city that is increasingly inhabited by transitory populations: the relationship of its new inhabitants to the urban landscape. Drawing upon a method introduced by Kevin Lynch, 150 maps of the ‘landfall city’ came to life; in the first part the research method and its first application in Milan are presented; in the second part other two surveys, in Rovereto and Bologna, are introduced within the project “Migrants Mapping Europe”, aimed at incrementally building an European map of the present that brings to surface the meaning and forms of the transitory living conditions in the territories of contemporaneity

This paper analyses how the relationship between gender, domestic and public space can be seen as a way to reinforce roles or subvert them. In this context, it is essential to show how gender relations are structured socially through urban spaces, especially how limits established by stereotypes of feminine mysticism are understood as a set of discourses and presuppositions about a passive femininity that block the participation of women in the struggle for the city. An international reference framework is constructed to illustrate how different urban struggles demystify this image. Through a case study at Pedregal de Santo Domingo in Mexico City is analysed how they are the ones that often build parallel urban projects and inform against the neoliberal urban transformation that lurks their neighbourhoods.

Over the last decades, urban regeneration programs involved inner city waterfronts globally, influencing in that way the cities’ spatial quality, urban character and market competitiveness. Transiting countries are not an exception. Hence, this paper focuses on the unique post-socialist context of Belgrade, where two different urban models were recently implemented at the same Sava riverbank. By applying comparative methodology, the spatial and social impacts of Savamala creative district and Belgrade Waterfront real estate development are contrasted. The aim is to critically explore processes, their outcomes and the way they contribute to the creation of the new urban identities. Results indicate the relevance of transparency and participation in decision-making, as well as the risk of standardization in urban interventions.

The Old Norse noun lyfsteinn, which originally referred to a magic stone of healing virtue, has not always been transcribed in the same way. In that sense, it could have been mixed up with the Modern Icelandic form lífsteinn, which is especially used in folklore to refer to a stone with the power to give life. The different ways of transcribing the noun and its different interpretations have had consequences in the decisions that translators have made when they have needed to select a translation equivalent in their target languages. This paper analyses the connections between the graphic variation of the noun lyfsteinn and the translations of two important texts from the medieval saga corpus: Kormáks sagaand Göngu-Hrólfs saga. Three widely internationally spoken languages are taken into account: English, French and Spanish.

With pedagogical translation as a theoretical framework, and translation applied to the teaching of foreign languages, the aim of this paper is to justify the use of translation as a didactic tool for the development of indispensable linguistic skills in the foreign language. The concepts of “confused rehabilitation” and “disorderly and chaotic reality”, targeted by Sánchez Iglesias (2009) and Pintado Gutierrez (2012) in relation to pedagogical translation, are useful to reflect on the consideration of translation in specialized literature, in reference documents for the teaching and learning of foreign languages and in handbooks of learning. And the need to develop practical proposals that show us how to use the pedagogical translation in the foreign language class must be noted too. In this sense, we present a series of proposals developed with Portuguese students at Universidad de Extremadura, framing them in the descriptors provided for in the new volume that complements the CEFRL.

This research arises as a response to a need identified both in the professional practice of legal translation and in the actual training process: the lack of bilingual legal materials for professional translators and interpreters in the Spanish-Romanian language combination. The main objective of this paper is to describe the process of developing a tool that allows the thematic organization of knowledge, i.e., an ontology of trilingual legal terminology (Spanish-Romanian-English) for translators, as a practical solution to this need. The tool designed is proposed as a model to be followed and adapted and it is part of a broader research process that includes a comparison of legal systems, of text types, of languages and of specific terminology considering the three countries involved (Spain, Romania and United Kingdom). It mainly includes terms related to the criminal procedure as well as a classification of offenses, all of them organized on the basis of the relationship between the main concepts they are based on.

This paper synthesizes the main lines of work boosted in recent years by the UNESCO Chair in Intermediary Cities of the University of Lleida, with the aim to highlighting the relevance of an intermediary city that is the majority in the world's urban geography. It also plays a key role in the relationship between urban and rural areas. Aspects such as intermediation and territorial cohesion, human scale and local governance reinforce the idea of the intermediate city as a new paradigm in the global urbanization process, and as a key element in the implementation at local level of the 2030 Agenda.

The comparative reading of urban expansion in Malaga, Murcia and Valladolid during the twentieth century allows identifying common phases in the construction of their peripheries. And also helps to identify the features of the structure of these cities. This paper describes how these peripheries were configured from multiple urban actions that successively create the centrality spaces and the urban fabrics according to the different ways to build the city in each period.

This paper consists of a first exploration of eighteen paratexts that precede American missionary doctrinal works published between the mid-sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century. Starting from the detailed analysis of the prologue that Juan de la Anunciación included in his Doctrina christiana muy cumplida(1575) we discover several issues such as the role of religious writings for the learning of indigenous languages, food as a metaphor, linguistic relativity, the strategy of translation, the question of style, the «topos» of humility and the competence of the translator, topics which, in a second movement, recur in other prologues and paratexts of the corpus. This first panorama offers us clues about how the authors/translators considered and expressed their responsibility to their recipients that deserve to be explored in future research.

There is a gap in empirical studies in Translation Studies addressing the process by which translator competence (TC) is acquired, what are TC main components (or competences), as well as what factors have an impact on its development in future translation students graduates (Hurtado, 2011: 168). In this paper, the research will be contextualized according to three main axes: the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and competency-based learning, the concept of the translator’s competence and the linguistic competence in translation teaching-learning process. The entry and exit student profile of Translation and Interpreting (TI) studies within Spanish Higher Education context will be described through an empirical study conducted in five Spanish TI institutions. Finally, the results obtained from more than 1,000 participants will be analyzed, focusing on the linguistic component as a basic element for the development of TC.

From a multidisciplinary approach, this paper presents a critical review of the previous conceptual map of the readers of what has traditionally been referred to as Children and Young People’s Literature (CYPL) and reflects on the impact that their different profiles may have on its translation. On the basis of these considerations, a new CYPL classification model is proposed. Applied to the context of Translation Studies, this will offer more precise data on its readers’ true interests and expectations with regards to the foreignizationvs. domestication dichotomyas well as on the translator behavior and the editorial tendencies in this respect.

This paper analyzes some problems in the translation into Spanish of John L. Austin’s How to Do Things with Words, especially those related to terminology, omissions and additions, with the aim of evaluating its degree of deviation from the original text and in order to confirm its tendency towards domestication, that is usually the preferred choice in philosophical translations. The convenience of a new translation of this work in the academic field of Spanish will be raised as the ultimate objective.

This paper deals with the Spanish version of the satirical poem The Dunciadby the talented Sevillian writer Alberto Lista, the original version of which was written by the English poet Alexander Pope. Lista wrote the poem in his youth; it is the only Spanish version of this poem, possibly due to the great difficulty of translating a poem of more than 1700 lines in length into Spanish, which is replete with allusions to writers and specific locations in England. It is a challenge that Lista overcomes by changing allusions and replacing them with the names of well-known Spanish figures. It is an entirely free version, as Lista reveals in his “Translator’s Preface”, achieved by means of modifying the thoughts from the source text and supressing or replacing certain passages entirely. Lastly, the essay devotes a section to the analysis of the possibility that Lista was inspired by, or followed the example of, a French translation in making his own version.

German medieval literature has been frequently labelled as Übersetzungsliteratur(translated literature), above alltheearliest phase, known as Old High German (750-1050). The next phase, Middle High German (1050-1350),was also characterized by a considerable amount of translation, although it is not as well-known as the previous. Now, given these antecedents, the lack of terminological studies of the verbs used by the authors of these translations to refer to the activity of ‘translation’, is noteworthy. On the other hand, these verbs are well documented in other vernacular languages such as English or French. The present paper aims to deal with this issue in relation to High Middle German. In order to do so, I have selected a corpus of translations from Latin, Arabic or romance languages into High Middle German, in which I have documented the verbs used by the different authors (known or anonymous) to refer to the activity of ‘translating’.

Conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics involves understanding one semantic domain in terms of the other. Conceptual associations between domains have been considered universal, unidirectional and usage-based. However, the concept of universality is rather controversial, since it contradicts that of culture: different cultures may convey the same reality by using different metaphorical sources. The purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent the concept of universality holds true for metaphors found in wine-tasting notes written by wine experts. Our corpus-based methodology involves identifying metaphors linked to selected key terms and analyzing them both quantitatively and qualitatively. Our results show that the differences in English and Spanish cultures do not seem to affect the metaphorical use of language in wine-tasting notes.

The present piece of research aims at analyzing the intervention areas (IA, ZDIin Spanish) (Morón,2010: 125) for translators of international trade texts, in our case: the product catalogue ofa SME (small and medium enterprise). From a wide conception of economic (Gallego,2012), commercial (Mayoral,2006), or business (Suau,1998)translation, and taking the text analysis model proposed by Nord (1991), this paper will present a bottom-upapproach o the analysis and decision making process in translation, basedon the main features of the text and the communicative situation in order to detail further decisions to be adopted by professional translators. Our view of translator’s “intervention”, far beyond epistemological or ideological approaches, is merely pragmatic, from a professional and didactic point of view. Trainers “intervene” in the process in order to activate trainees’ competences, they encourage students’ “intervention” (putting into practice knowledge, skills and abilities, of a strategic nature, and responding to the communicative function of the act of translating), and they suggest a professional scenario of “intervention”, where professional translators’ implication and context interaction play a leading role.

Juan Rulfo, with his novel Pedro Páramo, is one of the pioneers of the so-called Latin American boom, a phenomenon that cannot be explained without taking into account the role of translation. Sixty years after publication this paper examines the role of translation in the journey of Juan Rulfo/Pedro Páramoto the center of the world-system of letters. The analysis, based on quantitative and qualitative dataframed within theories of the sociology of translation (Heilbron,1999; Casanova,1999), starts from the introduction of this author/work in Dutch, an intermediate or central language according to the classification of De Swaan (2001). From this vantage point,the position of Juan Rulfo to the upper level (super-central languages ) and lower level (peripheral languages ) is analyzed. The data show that although Juan Rulfo took time to conquer autonomy, he reached the very heart ofthe world-system of literature, becoming a literary model for future generations.

The examination of interdisciplinarity in the Translation and Interpreting (TI) training offer in Spain has lead us to closely analyse Joint Degrees within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). These programmes have become the primary focus of the present article since they are conceived as one of the tool of Bologna Process (1999) that may presumably introduce interdisciplinarity in Higher Education, while also promoting collaboration among different disciplines (Russell, Dolnicar and Ayoub, 2008: 590). With this purpose in mind, in this paper we will address the creation and analysis of our corpus of study (named DOBTI, Double Degrees in Translation and Interpreting) consisting of the official catalogue of Double Degrees in TI delivered in Spanish public and private universities. Hence, the aim of this corpus is to elaborate a map of Double Degrees in TI in Spain in order to better acknowledge the current training programmes that foster the cooperation between TI and other disciplines, given the scarcity of studies conducted on this topic, despite being considered nowadays a key subject of interest and debate in the academic community (Morón, 2013; Ortega, 2017).

Vernacular architecture is an important part of Cultural Heritage and, as such, appears within heritage and urban policies and regulations. However, it lacks specifi c conceptualization, which generates many confl icts related to its study and conservation. From a cultural and humanistic perspective, this paper proposes a redefi nition of Vernacular Architecture and a methodology for its study according to that meaning.

The construction in height that began at the end of the 19th century in the United States never became as widespread in the old continent. Despite this, A Coruña is located on the list of pioneering Spanish cities that have opted for this growth model, initiated in the twenties by the Banco Pastor building. After a speculative period, in which the densifi cation of a municipality exhausted in itself was used as an argument to build in height, the 1967 Master Plan gives naturalization papers to vertical architecture through a specifi c ordinance with which numerous high-rise buildings will be projected, that are today a fundamental part of the built heritage of the city

After modifying its urban planning legislation, Castilla y León has approved an Urban Regeneration Strategy -an instrument to facilitate decision making-. The paper analyse Spanish and regional context for urban regeneration delving into three aspects: degree of integration achieved in the urban planning system, capacity to direct and to balance the transformations of the existing city, and possibilities of promoting inclusive interventions. The Strategy looks for measuring the needs and the potential for transformation of projected interventions, but there are also some weaknesses and unknowns that hover over its still early application.

A new kind of technological application that promises us a playful experience that gathers elements from real and virtual worlds, called location-based augmented reality games, is gaining popularity. This paper analyzes the ways in which these tools modify our territorial experience. Starting from its theoretical characterization, how a “place” can be created in the environment of these mixed realities is first described, continuing with the analysis of its practical application on a specialized game-based tourism. The essay aims to awake the interest toward a topic that can help us to understand some aspects of our current relationship with territory.