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Technologies and digital tools such as laser scanning and photogrammetry are nowadays widely used in the field of architectural heritage survey, being able of producing 3D models characterized by high metric and morphological accuracy. These databases are becoming essential also for the development of more effective interventions on heritage buildings. Despite the advancement of increasingly automated analytical procedures, the management and analysis of point cloud models can still be quite time-consuming and complex, depending on specific assessments to be carried out. In the direction of optimizing these processing steps, several research is being carried out by applying Artificial Intelligence processes to make predictions based on sample data.The aim of the paper is to analyse point clouds processing focusing on geometric and radiometric features for diagnostic analysis. A specific focus aims at analysing possible in-depth uses of the intensity value as a benchmark for historical surfaces assessment, toward an optimized models’ interpretation and classification of the 3D data points, integrating data and information from different sensors.Point clouds under analysis have been carried out by different acquisition techniques; this provides an interesting opportunity to compare the results in terms of intensity value produced by different sensors. The paper will analyse the State of the Art, also illustrating a set of outcomes obtained by the authors, deepening two specific case studies, in order to outline not only the main background and shortcomings in managing complex database, but also possible innovations pointing out new research questions.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.8

The paper is focused on Bastogi, a housing complex which started as temporary housing for university students and travellers but that become a permanent reality for many individuals experiencing severe housing deprivation. It is highlighted the looping effect, in referring to how classifications such as “squatter” and “people in housing emergency” shape individuals’ perceptions of themselves, or how they can also perpetuate the victim-blaming ideology. The temporary housing assistance policies in Rome have chronicled housing precariousness for a significant portion of the urban population, and a place like Bastogi is a product of these urban policies. Like a heterotopia of marginality, Bastogi is a ‘counter-space’, whose existence denounces the segregating logics that created it. The paper also describes the constant struggle of some people in housing crisis to distance themselves from the imposed labels, and how they navigate this social, moral, and political distance from institutions and the rest of the city.

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Representation based on the visualization of reality, acquired through active and passive sensors, has allowed a rethinking of the traditional cognitive and communicative process. The Vitruvian approach has been replaced by the discrete visualization of large number of point-images. Image- or range-based coordinates allow to overcome the limitations of the drawing or photographic image, configuring a 3D model that can be explored in any direction and detail, even remotely. Automatic and semi-automatic procedures manage the information to be conveyed to the numerical control of the models.Many scientific papers deal with the certified reliability of the data or the optimization of the models; several papers discuss the development of programmed instructions to automate the “intelligent” recognition of components in Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Heritage Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) workflows. However, few discussions focus on the heuristic value of using time-saving procedures. The phases of acquisition, processing, critical synthesis, and communication of results are now included in a single workflow centered on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to capture and transfer the archived information framework. This unified process has affected research and teaching methods, as well as the way in which information is disseminated and citizens are involved, in order to obtain the approval and thus the resources needed for the political management of heritage.Starting from these considerations, it seemed appropriate to recontextualize a process that is not limited to the improvement of fast and simplified operations, as an alternative to calculations congruent with the purpose of the project or survey. Indeed, the call for this issue was intended to propose and encourage a broader reflection of current research trends and to stimulate discussion on the limits and potentials of advanced automation processes in relation to the comparison of established and innovative practices.The awareness gained from digital language shows the widespread reconsideration of geometric logic. A trend that can be clearly seen in the papers dealing with the digital representation of complex vaulted systems or design solutions based on the reinterpretation of the Vitruvian concept of scenography. Less obvious, but no less diriment for this reason, are the geometric considerations that support quad-dominant remeshing or retopology solutions, according to the lexicon of computer graphics.Refined geometric solutions to improve analysis and details applicable to “reliable copies” of the virtually reconstructed object to control the change of state in the physical duplicate can also be observed in reverse modeling techniques.In parallel, the evolution of digital language with services provided by the network enhances the physical experience, improving it with the help of virtual content to guide meaningful experiences. In this dual perspective, the title of the volume alludes to the path, cyclical and interactive, that unites, without confusing, the construction of image- and range-based, in order to use them as spaces of collaboration suitable for the active dissemination of knowledge.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.ed

Regarding the circular economy and strategies, this paper describes the research/action project related to establishing a new Reuse and Repair Centre within the Surpluse network. The paper aims to illustrate the design choices of the setup, considered as a touchpoint for the definition of a network (service) and to facilitate interactions between displayed second-hand items and users. The proposed model becomes a format to be adapted in the creation of new future centres and the implementation of existing ones; furthermore, it aims to incentivise behaviours in favour of sustainability strategies and raise awareness among citizens for active participation within and in favour of the circular economy, co-designing relationships among the various stakeholders involved. Article info Received: 18/03/2024; Revised: 18/04/2024; Accepted: 25/04/2024

The paper presents the outcomes of research activities focused on disused industrial heritage sites understood as a strategic resource for the energy and circular transition, through the adoption of regenerative actions capable of triggering new circular processes intrinsic to adaptive reuse interventions and/or activated by it and extended to the territory. The experimental approach aims to define conservation-compatible interventions within the broader framework of characterising current and potential resource flows, both material and immaterial, to achieve a circular ecosystem with zero-emission energy production, reuse and recycling of materials and water. In particular, the paper illustrates two ‘circular adaptive reuse’ scenarios on a pilot case, the most complex among the sites identified within the research activities, assessing the level of achieved circularity through specific indicators. Article info Received: 18/03/2024; Revised: 16/04/2024; Accepted: 23/04/2024

Digital surveying and rapid prototyping techniques are important tools to support processes related to cultural and architectural heritage. Digital surveying can be used to document, analyse, and enjoy the built heritage thanks to point clouds and detailed digital models resulting from the processing of data acquired during field activities. 3D printing, on the other hand, enables the creation of realistic physical replicas of heritage artefacts that can support activities related to analysis, documentation, conservation, valorisation and enjoyment. The use and combination of these techniques to architectural and cultural heritage have brought benefits and advantages since digital and physical replicas can be used in the processes of documenting, analysing, preserving and enhancing historical artefacts by promoting their accessibility on multiple levels.The paper discusses the results of research aimed at defining and testing an effective workflow for the development of physical models suitable for the analysis, documentation and communication of architectural heritage. The experimentation was performed considering as a case study a peculiar element of architecture, a historical portal. The paper illustrates the technical challenges faced starting from the photogrammetric survey to the digital reconstruction of the analysed artefact for 3D printing, with a focus on the printing parameter settings used to produce physical replicas with high-quality, but different resolutions and scales, to be used for several purposes, such as analysis and documentation and education and communication.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.18

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The paper will focus on the reactions of writers and intellectuals, between the second half of the 19th C. and the first part of the 20th C., to the architectural dream of a utopian "sincerity" (cultural, ethical, psychological and ultimately social and political) potentially achieved through the use of glass constructions. Following the theoretical path traced in the essay Critica della trasparenza (2016), the paper will provide some examples of how European literature has reacted to the innovative realizations of transparent buildings, sometimes enthusiastically, sometimes with skepticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces new archival documents concerning the Palazzo del Governo in Novara, attributed to Pellegrino Tibaldi, and not ignored by the literature. The newly discovered documents clarify the first building phase of the palace, identify Cesare Casati count of Conturbia as the patron, 1571 as the date when the building was started, the suppliers of bricks and carved stones, Giovanni Antonio Piotti as the designer and contractor. The palace had already been investigated in its changes after 18th century, whilst the analysis of unpublished descriptions allows to better understand the original structure, verified on the geometrical survey. The paper contains several reflections on the use of printed sources and on the kind of professionalism in a time, when the distinction between builders and architects was not yet perfectly carried out. The contribution comes to be added to other studies, which better defined Tibaldi’s catalogue, giving back to Piotti a number of buildings, such as Palazzo Gallio in Gravedona, the Villa Pliniana in Torno, the church of S. Croce in Riva S. Vitale; furthermore, the paper opens some new hypotheses on the strategies of patronage and architectural production in Lombardy in the age of Philip II.

The essay focuses on the results of the strategy “Attrattività dei borghi storici” (Historical small centres attractiveness), funded by the Italian Ministry of Culture (MiC) within the resources allocated by the European Parliament (Next Generation Europe program) for the National Plans for Recovery and Resilience of the member states (PNRR). The essay presents the first, mainly quantitative results of the initiative which, even if the experience is still ongoing, offers the opportunity to reflect on the new tendencies in Europe towards the policies for social cohesion and social inequalities decrease. As it is well-known, these policies have the main purpose of rescuing inner territories at risk of abandonment looking at them as important reservoir of resources to be revived rather than “places to be saved”. After a general framework of the topic in the first part, the essay then analyses the results of the so-called “Bando Borghi” whose main characteristics are synthetically described in the second part of the paper. In particular, in the essay the results of the socalled “Linea B”, addressed to the small towns with less than 5000 inhabitants, are examined. The analyses is based on the quality of the project that were presented, but also on three parameters: the participation, the resources allocation, and the distribution of the selected projects in the national territory. Some final reflections about the initiatives conclude the paper.

This paper introduces a discussion on the visualization tools for digital replicas of objects belonging to the domains of historic architecture, archaeology, and art museum institutions. Covering a range of artifacts, from ancient drawings to manuscripts, to paintings, to objects in museums’ collections, the discussion spans from levels of iconicity related to 3D models to their presentation and visualization media. Authors introduce some established experiences, inferred from real case studies showcased during real exhibitions, to show how digital artifacts can replicate existing objects for specific purposes, with high levels of iconicity. The paper traces approaches in 3D model visualization, utilizing technologies such as Real-Time Rendering (RTR) and Virtual Reality frameworks. After a methodical acquisition of artworks to be replicated, the digital models are targeted to various stakeholders with interests in historical and artistic research, curation of museum exhibition, art restoration, or simple tourism visits. The way through which the artwork can be visualized, presenting different features each time, depends on their needs, from guided navigation of 3D models on laptop screens accompanied by explanatory texts, to free visualization through gestures on interactive high-definition touch screens. By employing high-resolution replicas mapped with gigapixel textures, even the minutest details can be observed. This approach virtually places the artwork in the hands of the users, allowing them to appreciate its characteristics at a very high level of iconicity, also enhancing the narrative potential of digital replicas in museum exhibitions.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.1

Copyright of Annali di Storia delle Università Italiane is the property of CISUI: Centro Interuniversitario per la Storia delle Universita Italiane and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the remarkable design journey of the Jewish architect Walter Segal and his fifty-year career in London. After his early experiments in Ascona (Switzerland), Segal developed a system of construction in wood that was based on using the modular components of materials in the forms that were available on the market. This method attracted considerable interest, being both simple and economical, and went on to become a system of self-build construction. The paper attempts to follow some of the hidden channels that link Segal’s practice with movements within the complex geography of contemporary architectural design: movements that focus on reclaiming ‘making’, on the sustainability intrinsic in Segal’s principles, and on a pragmatic aesthetic that takes account of events and external circumstances to achieve ‘more’ with ‘less’. Article info Received: 10/09/2023; Revised: 08/10/2023; Accepted: 26/10/2023

The architectural module has long been associated with the concept of measurement, where standardisation of the human body is used to define absolute modularity. With the awareness of human diversity, this narrow view of the module’s applicability is problematic, particularly in processes of environmental accessibility and inclusion. This paper critically explores the limits of the traditional measurement module, rethinking the concept of modularity to account for physical and perceptive diversity. By doing so, we aim to promote social inclusion and universal design in architectural projects for people. The paper concludes that the evolution of the concepts of the module and the human being requires a revision of their very meanings, calling for a more inclusive approach to design and planning in our contemporary world. Article info Received: 16/09/2023; Revised: 19/10/2023; Accepted: 30/10/2023

The following paper aims to analyse the symbolic-political structures of the utopic imaginary, particularly focusing on the Late Medieval and Renaissance literary and architectural sources. A theoretical distinction is preliminarily made between the concepts of "utopian genotype" and "utopian phenotype", characterized by a different force of attraction to the real world, as well as by different actors and forms of exercise (i.e. the intellectual and the book; the architect and the volumes). A second paragraph deals with ideal architectures within some famous utopian books of the Renaissance. A third and final paragraph compares the utopian vision of the architect - on hold between an ideal model and its structural requirements -, and the contemporary will to power of the sovereign, in turn in search of new forms of domination and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper concerns events related to the design of the Pontevico and Verolanuova churches, which were started during the last decades of the 16th century. The fiefs, located in the area today known as Bassa Bresciana, were under the jurisdiction of the Gambara family, who were feudal lords with extensive properties in the areas between Brescia and Cremona. Recent archival research attests the contribution of architect Giuseppe Dattaro from Cremona in both church projects and confirms contacts between Giuseppe Dattaro and Nicolò Gambara. Dattaro applied innovative solutions for the religious architectural context of Brescia: in such contests, he experimented with the design of elliptical domes and developed interesting design solutions to integrate collegiate church space, especially in the Verolanuova site, also paying attention to musical and choir needs. Thanks to the Gambara family patronage, also in the architectural design of Pontevico and Verolanuova churchs, Dattaro refined his technical skills before arriving in Mantua to work for Vincenzo I Gonzaga (1590-1595). Through analysis of these two architectural examples, the paper aims to recognize the role of Brescia in the architectural context of Northern Italy during the second half of the 16th century.

The paper focuses on an original aspect of the work of Georges Rohault de Fleury (1835-1904), who, from 1853 onwards, stayed in Pisa several times and for a long time to analyse medieval architecture and art, to which he dedicated about twenty years of work. The centrality of the theme of the ville turrifié and the tower-house emerge in the framework of the studies of the Tuscan monuments and especially of Pisa, which he investigates intending to reconstruct a city's history. In particular, the theme of civil architecture lends itself to reconstructive hypotheses since little seems to have remained of the original structures, which nevertheless emerge, at some points, from the plastered facades of the palaces, from which de Fleury elaborates conjectures and reliefs. The tower house, for de Fleury directly borrowed from the defensive structures, is the typology that distinguishes the diffused urban fabric of a real tower city like Pisa, which seems to have a remarkable reputation in building skill. The paper wants, therefore, to frame the work of Georges Rohault de Fleury in the broader context of studies on the rediscovery of the Middle Ages, concerning the close links with the French culture (not only de Fleury, but also Verdier and Cattois, Labruste, etc.), and the fallout on the restorationreinvention in its long period and the different declinations.

The paper explains the methodology and workflow for the emergency drone recording and processing applied in the Colonial Ammunition Company Shot Tower case study in Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand. It sheds light on the strategic decisions employed during the drone scan and following data processing under significant limitations. The imperfections in data capture and processing, driven by real-world constraints, present valuable lessons for future endeavours. By capturing the intricacies of this emergency documentation process, the paper aims to contribute valuable insights and replicable workflows to the broader field of heritage preservation. The intersection of technology, urgency, and collaboration showcased in this case study opens avenues for refining methodologies, incorporating advancements, and developing standardised processes for heritage preservation in emergency scenarios.By initiating a broader discourse on the need for standardised processes, collaboration frameworks, and technological advancements in heritage preservation, this paper contributes to this relevant and necessary topic that has not received much attention in academia so far. This paper contributes not only to a case study but is a call to action for developing comprehensive frameworks that empower heritage preservation in the digital age. Shot Tower's challenges and the final demolition in February 2023 serve as a microcosm of the larger issues confronting heritage sites in Aotearoa New Zealand — issues that demand systematic solutions and a coordinated effort from the various entities entrusted with heritage management.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.1

Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry has become in the last years one of the most used methodologies for three-dimensional recording in many scientific fields thanks to its great precision, low cost and speed. The aim of this paper is to present a workflow methodology to obtain precise results for the graphical documentation of an archaeological site with complex structures (Rouco & Benavides, 2023)The improvement of photogrammetric hardware and software has provided us with a tool of great value for archaeological research and survey. SfM photogrammetry has been widely applied to cultural heritage studies in a variety of ways, such as digitizing historical buildings, archaeological sites and artefacts. Improvement in UAV-mounted camera technology and calibration methods of non-metric cameras have expanded the use of photogrammetric modelling to non-professional and semi-professional users (Westoby et al. 2012). Although the potential of SfM photogrammetry allows obtaining 3D models with a very good graphic appearance using almost any type of camera, these models need certain calibration and adjustment processes in order to achieve enough precision for professional use.This paper focuses on discussing some important data capture workflow recommendations, as well as the new processing workflows implemented in Agisoft Metashape version 2.0, which improve 3D digital reconstruction and graphical documentation to make it complete and precise.The Herrera Roman Baths site offers an excellent opportunity to explore the complex casuistry in the record of cultural heritage due to the complexity in the registration of the structures and the high degree of precision and graphic resolution that the project required for the tasks of restoration of decorative elements. The existence of a roof structure that protects them has forced us to carry out a manual flight with a UAV at a very low altitude (4m), and to develop different modeling strategies to guarantee metric precision and a high level of detail.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.2

The following paper sets out some of the dominant themes that have characterized a decades- long debate in Italy on inner areas. In fact, in the country there is an almost total coincidence between the two connotations, which somewhat complicates the picture of socio-economic and environmental problems that policy must address. Unfortunately, it must be noted that, albeit in different ways, various measures to support inner areas have not produced significant results because some social, economic and territorial pathologies have proven to be physiological and therefore unassailable by any kind of targeted measure. Currently, the issue is being taken up again with much energy, including through the formulation of intervention hypotheses involving recently intensified dynamics, such as immigration, and reviving concepts such as territorial cohesion, landscape restoration, and small municipality. The paper considers these various points by exploring some of their characters and highlighting the many weaknesses that still risk thwarting initiatives underway today if simplistic equations are insisted upon and criteria of more pronounced complexity are not pursued.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.28.2022.5

Trained as an architect, archaeologist, and urban planner, Michel Écochard was both a prominent proponent of Modernist architecture and a conservation architect with a deep appreciation of traditional construction methods and architectural forms. Working in territories where social and economic conditions were quickly changing, Middle East, Africa, and South Asia, Écochard proposed an unconventional method for imagining cities and communities’ development that merged Eastern and Western models. This paper briefly surveys his career, framing it as a search for a “Third Way,” then focuses on a more detailed analysis of two projects, both of which were responses to mass migration.The first project, carried out from 1946 to 1953 as head of the Department of Urban Development in Morocco, was a specific urban planning solution for migrants from rural areas. The second is a planning strategy proposed to address the problem of refugees that had begun coming to Pakistan due to the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. In carrying out both projects, Michel Écochard developed extensive visual materials to analyse the sites’ social and physical characteristics and convey his vision to others. This paper analyses these materials in detail, relying on both published illustrations and the Michel Écochard Archive of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT to clearly understand his vision and measure the degree to which it has been achieved.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.28.2022.7

This paper focused on the first imperial Mausoleum of the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam, Emperor Gia Long (reigned 1802-20), which is one of the components of the World Heritage property [Complex of Hué Monuments]. The paper discussed the relationship between the Gia Long Mausoleum (after this GLM) and its territory from the aspects of "Shan-Shui design", "water management system suitable to tropical monsoon climate" and "symbiosis with local com- munities". This study also revealed that the current protected area is only a tiny part of the area that Gia Long planned by deciphering an old drawing which expresses the ideal worldview of Gia Long and an old map which shows the forbidden area in that era. These research findings contribute to expanding and deepening the OUV of GLM, which was not fully taken into account when the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1993 and provide a basis for establishing the appropriate protected area of GLM.

The present paper tries to highlight certain characters of the Architecture of Holy Well starting from the Sardinian experience assumed as one of the first excellent signs of the architecture of Rite in the Mediterranean. In the Pagan rites, mostly than into the Roman-Christian subsequent experiences, the role of nature, the divination of its resources but also its figurative interpretation, they entered to belong to the idea of space to the point that the Architecture of Well could be considered as the ritual Sardinian Architecture’s crowning point, at least until the Basilica period. So, the paper is to be seen over the track already outlined by a certain Italian culture that sees the architecture as a continuous experience which has his roots int the most archaic spatial manifestations and also sees the rite as the first design form of architecture.

Structural health monitoring of Cultural Heritage (CH) is a key topic in research, as well as damage identification and failure assessment. Hence, it is mandatory to have a proper documentation as basis for further analysis.3D models from photogrammetric and laser scanning surveys usually provide 3D point clouds that can be converted in meshes. These models can be used for different purposes, from documentation to visualization to structural analysis. The point clouds usually contain noise data due to different causes: non-cooperative material or surfaces, bad lighting, complex geometry, and low accuracy of the instruments utilized. Noise not only deforms the unstructured geometry of the point clouds, but also adds useless information and reduces the geometric accuracy of the mesh model obtained and, consequently, the results of any analysis performed on it. Point cloud denoising has become one of the hot topics of 3D geometric data processing, removing these noise data to recover the ground-truth point cloud, adding smoothing to the ideal surface. These cleaned point clouds can be converted in mesh with different algorithms, some automatically processed by photogrammetric software and then turned into volumes, suitable for different uses, mainly for structural analysis.The paper wants to analyse the geometric accuracy of few automatic processes available into commercial and open-source software for the conversion of superficial 3D meshes into volumetric models that can be used for structural analyses through FEA process.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.15

Training activities at the Architecture Faculty of Silesian University of Technology have shown the success of extending educational forms beyond traditional classes, and have incorporated interactive and immersive methods, such as workshops, site trips, Project Based Learning, interdisciplinary seminars, etc. Such practices resulted in better engagement from the students and generally improvement of the quality educational experiences. However, the lock-down and imposing of distant learning since March 2020 have largely limited the innovative teaching forms and limited them to online interaction through various communication platforms. While the university seems to have adapted very well to the new situation in terms of lectures, design studios and drawing consultations; it proved quite challenging to realize engaging seminars and vivid discussions. The paper presents authors search and experiments with methods of extending beyond basic content to fruitful discussions and evoking interest and enthusiasm in the students, to find immersive educational methods in the new situation. These included testing various available online tools for communication, teamwork and urban analyses; deliberately blending online communication with traditional paper sketching and note taking; online workshops with invited guest speakers; as well as mixing online classes with real-life on-site activities and analyses performed by the students. An opposite situation was also tested, where the teacher was located in the urban space, lecturing and recording clips for the ArchéA online course. The evaluation of the course has shown that the students have highly appreciated the created training milieu, which resulted in their commitment, activeness, eagerness to both sharing own experiences and teamwork, and generally evoked the desired sensitivity and interest in urbanity and understanding the urban structures.

Through the presentation of a case study this paper advocates for the use of flexible and blended learning techniques to teach architectural history in a way that reinforces the connections between architectural history and problem-solving to inform the students design work in studio. The paper seeks to emphasise the utility of employing digital pedagogies to strengthen architectural history and design studio connections whilst, critically, enhancing student learning. A description of the Critical Studies 1 (CS 1) course, the teaching approaches employed within it, and the impact on student learning is offered within the constraints of this short paper.

The paper deals with some problems linked to Human-Centred Design (HCD) methods, namely Personas, that may mislead the designers to create distorted and stereotypical representations of users. These archetypal models of ‘human’ are questioned in favour of a data processing approach, that better responds to the needs of the projects contextualised in our hyperconnected society. The core value of this approach is the ability to adapt, based on algorithms capable of matching the product to the activity of each user. These considerations aim to balance the important benefits of the HCD design methods with necessary caution on the introduction of new tools still in verification. The integration of the well-established HCD methods with the new possibilities given by datafication originates a design process integrating the two aspects and that is presented at the end of the paper.

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Copyright of Thiasos Monografie is the property of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologia dell'Architettura is the property of Edizioni all'Insegna del Giglio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reflecting on how economic evaluation is taught in architecture courses opens up a discussion between those who structure problems with design and those who structure problems with different approaches (specifically estimation approaches) and where this design and these methods can intersect and hybridise. The paper presents some reflections, and a methodological proposal, related to the way of teaching economic evaluation in architecture courses. The aim of this paper is to propose an integrated assessment operative framework applied according to the active learning strategy, aimed at supporting students in dealing with design decision-making processes in a structured way and providing them with a problem representation scheme. Riflettere sulle modalità insegnamento della valutazione economica nei corsi di architettura consente di aprire una discussione tra chi struttura i problemi con il progetto e chi struttura i problemi con approcci diversi (nello specifico quelli estimativi) e dove questo progetto e questi metodi si possono incrociare e ibridare. L’articolo illustra alcune riflessioni, e una proposta metodologica, relative alla modalità di insegnamento della valutazione economica nei corsi di architettura. Lo scopo di questo documento è di proporre un quadro operativo di valutazione integrato applicato secondo la strategia dell’apprendimento attivo, volto a sostenere gli studenti nell’affrontare processi decisionali di progettazione in modo strutturato e a fornire loro uno schema di rappresentazione del problema.

Creating an interpretative geometric representation of architectural shapes is crucial to learn the essence of any architecture, to preserve it and to hand it down through the ages to our descendants. Nowadays the generation of an accurate reality-based 3D model from a survey is the first step to set up a geometric model that, before its semantic enrichment, must be geometrically correct.In this paper, we compare different workflows adopted in modelling a Renaissance vault in Santa Maria delle Grazie complex in Milan starting from a laser scanner survey acquired within a wider survey campaign of the complex. The vault of the Ancient Sacristy, a Renaissance masterpiece by Donato Bramante, has been chosen according to its integrity, despite the bombings suffered by the Complex in 1943. The workflows have been used to optimize a system of comprehension of the building and to evaluate by analogy a similar vault of the complex added with some reflection at the end: the vault of the Refectory that hosts “the Last Supper” painting. This latter was destroyed by bombing and rebuilt last century on the drawing of a direct survey previously occurred. We can consider the vaulted system as a clear example to practice understanding of the geometric rules of architecture first and the vaulted surface modelling then, to be compared through the principles of descriptive geometry in a dialectical relationship between theory and practice between geometry and construction. In this paper, multi-purpose interpretative models try to read and describe the state of the art and possible declinations of the semantics linked to an architectural object unique in its value.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.26.2021.5

The modelling of a historic building constitutes a restitution of the architectural object, result of a critical reading made by the researcher.For a valid scientific representation of the architectural heritage, issues relating to the "transparency" of information sources and the "reliability" of modelling become fundamental.Through the development of a case study, the paper proposes and tests a procedure by which it is possible to transparently declare the sources that have substantiated the modelling and, at the same time, evaluate and communicate the reliability of the digital reconstruction.Aim of the paper is the definition of a standard for the evaluation of the reliabilities which is dependent from the LoD of the objects.Taking into consideration the dual meaning of 3D representation and heterogeneous information system of BIM models and the peculiarities of built heritage (importance of the declaration of sources; availability of information that is often not exhaustive and non-uniform for all elements; modelling based on the critical interpretation of data, etc.), the developed standard was divided into different types of reliability and sub-reliability, depending on LoD and, in the case of non-geometric information, on the type of source.The obtained result is a standard that can make the HBIM an effective procedure to be used for the survey and for the evaluation of the restoration project.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.26.2021.15

The paper focuses on different aspects of material culture in communities that inhabited two of the most important regions in the Early Neolithic Balkans, North Macedonia and Bulgaria. Paper seeks to discover the causes for similarities of certain artefact types in communities that produce and use rela-tively different material culture.

The paper aims to show how modern technologies, including those coming from established habits – today with great possibilities – have shifted towards new building horizons with an ‘ecological conscience’, avoiding uncritically referring to nature as a salvific model, to be imitated and evoked, perhaps with formal and superficial operations. The paper contains some varied project experiences. Even though the projects start from different premises, they develop experimental solutions identifying nature as a principle to elaborate by updating its rules. Among these, we find both a prototype of urban micro-design that incorporates vegetal processes and rules its aesthetic and functional benefits, where nature is integrated into the building technique, and projects with an indigenous origin important for the implementation of the symbiosis between nature and architecture in the built environment.

Segmental vaults built in the 2nd century A.D. represent perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of Hadrianic architecture. These composite vaults integrate sections of traditional shapes, such as spheres and cylinders, with more complex geometries, like the trikentron. These intricate structures pose substantial challenges in both the comprehension of their original construction and contemporary conservation efforts. This paper focuses specifically on Hadrianic vaulted systems based on circular plan layouts, such as the Serapeum at Hadrian’s Villa, the Horti Sallustiani in Rome, and the Temple of Venus in Baiae, by analysing reality-based mesh models generated from laser scanning and photogrammetry data. Leveraging advanced digital tools, including automated shape recognition, best-fit algorithms, and VPL-based modelling environments, the research aims to deepen our understanding of the geometrical principles underlying the design of these structures. A central objective is to correlate these findings with ancient architectural knowledge, providing insights into the design methodology of the time. This integrated approach highlights innovative aspects of Hadrianic architecture and explores the geometrical constructions employed by Hadrianic architects to achieve these complex designs. The study confirmed the pioneering use of ellipse-based geometries in the Serapeum at Hadrian’s Villa, challenging conventional interpretations of Roman dome construction. Additionally, the proposed workflow has proven effective in abstracting features of incomplete forms, which were then utilised in further geometric analyses. Notably, this research sheds new light on the design of the trikentron, a key innovation of Hadrianic architecture, identifying a common design approach across different instances of its use.doi: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.5

The ongoing technological development in the AEC sector is also radically influencing the area of cultural heritage, which is notoriously very conservative. The processes of digitisation of the historical architecture and archaeological heritage are giving great pulse to projects and programmes aimed at physical and cultural accessibility, conservation, tourist attractiveness, dissemination and scientific research with positive effects in terms of enhancement and visibility.3D survey, H-BIM and scan-to-BIM processes, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence applications are contributing to a methodological and design approach revolution referred to cultural heritage.This paper shows a workflow related to the analysis of the degradation of ancient surfaces and its digital transposition on parametric models through the semi-automatic segmentation of high-resolution images. The goal is to provide a useful tool for populating ultra-specialized information in BIM environment for maintenance and restoration activities. The case study on which the methodology was applied is a part of the western fortifications of the Aragonese Castle of Ischia; these protect Piazza d’Armi, are overlooking the sea and incessantly subjected to the corrosive actions of the wind, salt and rain. The object has been identified for its intrinsic inaccessibility and the consequent difficulties to intervene with traditional survey and analysis of degradation approaches.The research is part of a scientific collaboration agreement between the Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering of the University of Naples Federico II and the Aragonese Castle s.a.s. which is producing studies and research on architectural emergencies inside the fortified citadel.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.13

Holiday camps represent a significant example of the architecture for mass tourism in Sardinia after the Second world war, and a concrete example of the health and recreational function of local welfare state policies and religious pedagogical activities. Although marked by simple and sometimes questionable formal solutions – often far from relevant architectural experimentation – holiday camps are now characteristic elements of many Sardinian coastal landscapes, as well as examples of architectural and building articulations which were functional to the pedagogical conceptions of the time. Prominent among these cases are a seaside colony and an accommodation facility for social tourism in the picturesque bay of Solanas (hamlet of Sinnai) in southern Sardinia, both run by religious organizations and located just two hundred meters apart from each other. The first is the “Colonia Salesiana Don Bosco,” built between 1956–58, the second is the “Casa La Scogliera,” completed in 1971. The reconstruction of the design and construction history of the “Casa La Scogliera,” through unpublished original plans, documents, and memories, allows this article to assess the relationship that this building had both with the specific pedagogy developed in the context of religious organizations and with the tumultuous tourist development of Sardinia during the 1960s. This paper aims at revealing the history, values and critical issues of this architecture and the cultural context in which it is embedded, thus contributing to the current debate on the conservation and transformation of holiday camps.

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This paper addresses the global and unprecedented crisis that has hit the tourism industry and the great thrust towards regeneration and rebirth of hamlets, considered today as places for future living. The paper intends to provide a different reading of the accommodation model Albergo Diffuso, to highlight its potential in regeneration of hamlets, social inclusion, and repurposing of the built environment, favouring reuse and zero soil occupation. Starting from the specific features of facilities and the new ‘demand’, we present the results of a fact-finding survey aimed at developing meta-design tools, assessing impact in terms of regeneration of hamlets, and identifying strategies and actions to define best practices of operation on the built environment, with a responsible and sustainable perspective.

In the context of environmental emergency of which the construction sector is one of the main causes – since it consumes 40% of the (embodied and operational) energy and produces about a third of the total waste – and due to the ambitious objectives set by the international community and by many countries to reduce the environmental impact of buildings during their whole life cycle, this paper wants to make a contribution to the understanding of the state of the art on cycle-based research activities, sustainable experiments and good practices that the building industry and the academy have implemented in recent years. In particular, it refers to cycle-based theoretical and experimental actions involving process and product innovations at different scales (‘macro’, ‘meso’ and ‘micro’) of the built environment. They are capable of overcoming the traditional linear approach to use an approach aiming, on the one hand, to extend the service life cycle, and on the other, to evaluate new bio-based materials, easily renewable and with a low embodied energy. In the end, the paper highlights the problems that currently hinder its dissemination and identifies possible research actions that can favour, with the contribution of Architectural Technology, the transition to this new paradigm.

The interaction between climatic phenomena, pathogenic states, and environmental conditions require thinking about the origin of environmental threats as result of altered man-nature relationship. Environmental emergencies become part of everyday life and prelude to new conditions of normality. The paper, with an analytical and deductive methodology and a demanding-performing approach, investigates the Green Infrastructures for the urban project. The paper analyses the ability of Green Infrastructures to reduce vulnerability to climate impacts through the increase of biodiversity, positive effects of green open spaces on health and security against the threats posed by pathogens and the role of the digital network to support the maintenance of Green Infrastructures performance over time.

This research focuses on medieval architectures in the Armenian region of Vayots Dzor. The research mission is carried out since 2014 by the University of Florence, School of Architecture. In this paper, we show the results of a part of this research focusing on ancient buildings in the cities of Areni, Noravank and Yegheghis. We propose a series of unpublished cartographic elaborations showing the main flows of spreading of architectural typologies in Armenia, and then we focus on the analysis of the main religious structures of the village of Yegheghis. These analyses are based on architectural graphic elaborations to investigate the architectural Design, Space and Composition of medieval Armenian structures. The aim is to highlight the elements that define their architectural shape: the compositional rules, the structural design and the relationships between plan and elevation. Starting from the architectural analysis on religious buildings, we investigate the Armenian architectural language. Within the analysis of territorial and historical context, the paper crosses the Cuneo’ studies with the analysis of the architectural elements, focusing on their both functional and mystagogical aspects.Although the Armenian cultural heritage is strongly characterized by religious buildings as churches and monasteries, the last-two-centuries-studies about Armenian architecture, including the great cataloguing work by Paolo Cuneo, have never considered this point of view. This Armenian feature explains why Armenian architecture seems to use till today an ancient language even on contemporary non-religious architectures.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.25.2020.8

The complex of ‘Abd al-Samid at Natanz, (end of the first decade of the 14th century) includes several buildings: a four-iwan mosque, an octagonal sanctuary, a minaret, and a mosque from the 1930s fronted by a fourteenth-century portal (pīshṭāq). The portal, the only remains of a khanqah, occupies the western end of the southern façade. It takes the form of an iwan, covered in a rich variety of patterns of colourful glazed tile and unglazed carved terracotta. It is adorned by a majestic muqarnas vault of six rows ending at the top with a starry motif. Each element that constitutes the muqarnas is also covered with tiles of different patterns that alternate, both in the main and in the connecting elements. The patterns are made from the combination of turquoise, cobalto, white stucco and terracotta tiles.Architectural tilework developed in Iran from about 1100 and was used to beautify the structures, ensuring a visual harmony and balance to details and to the whole.Aim of the paper is to study and catalog the tiles pattern of the monumental portal and to understand what rule underlies their position on the rows and elements of the muqarnas.The creation of geometric mosaic motifs is based on rigorous geometric constructions. The patterns are mainly based on the geometry of the hexagon, the 6-pointed star polygon, and the octagon.The geometric analysis of each pattern was conducted to understand the origins of geometry and the comparison with traditional geometric motifs.This paper is part of the studies on Islamic geometries and patterns, with particular reference to Iranian architecture.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.25.2020.17

A cavallo tra il XX ed il XXI secolo, la Spagna è stata interessata da un florido periodo di investimenti sia pubblici che privati in architettura, guidato dal cosiddetto “Effetto Bilbao”, che si suppone abbia inizio con la costruzione del museo Guggenheim nella città basca, ad opera dell’architetto Frank Gehry. Tuttavia, la crisi globale ha determinato un periodo di stagnazione economica, che ha portato alla stasi edilizia. La penisola iberica è oggi di fronte a un nuovo fenomeno: l’esistenza di un gran numero di edifici non finiti, o finiti e mai utilizzati, o ancora chiusi e abbandonati dopo un breve periodo. Quanti casi si possono trovare nel territorio spagnolo? Possono considerarsi come macerie, che in molti casi continuano ad essere un costo per la collettività, in attesa di essere demoliti? Il seguente saggio considera questa situazione, al fine di comprendere meglio il fenomeno dell’abbandono delle nuove architetture, attraverso la selezione dei casi studio rappresentati da edifici iconici utilizzati per fini turistico-culturali. Gli obiettivi di questo saggio sono: 1) trovare una relazione tra il generale fenomeno dell’”abbandono del nuovo” e il territorio spagnolo, 2) descrivere come questi nuovi spazi dell’abbandono abbiano determinato conseguenze negative per le comunità dei territori interessati 3) delineare possibili scenari di rigenerazione-integrazione per tali architetture abbandonate. New Abandoned Places: Side Effects of the “Miracle Architecture” in Spain Across the turn of the 21th century, Spain was interested by a florid period of public and private architectural investments, driven by the so-called “Bilbao effect,” which is believed to start with the construction of Gehry’s Guggenheim in Bilbao. However, the global financial crisis determined a period of economic stagnation with a subsequent hardship for the whole architectural sector, in which numerous projects failed to launch, and an equal number of already started projects were stopped in their construction. Consequently, Spain is now facing a new phenomenon: the existence of many buildings either left unfinished, or finished but never used, or even closed just after a short time after their opening. How many failed cases can we find in the Spanish territory? Can we consider them as rubbles, which continue to be a cost for the collectivity? The present paper considers this situation, aiming to understand the phenomenon of the abandonment of new architectures, through the analysis of selected case studies which are represented by iconic buildings utilized for cultural as well as touristic purposes. The objectives of this paper are: 1) find a relation between the general phenomenon of the “abandonment of the new” and the Spanish territory, 2) find how such new spaces have caused negative consequences for the communities of the concerned territories, 3) find how it’s possible to regenerate-integrate those abandoned architectures.

The paper reflects on the evolution of ‘collective subjects’ and civil organizations promoting grassroots processes aimed at generating social innovation. Focusing on the experience of the Participatory Presidium of the Simeto River Agreement (eastern Sicily), the paper describes the process of institutionalization that has characterized this organization as the promoter of a new territorial governance. The aim is to reflect on obstacles, tensions and criticalities emerged during this process. In doing so, we try to identify a ‘lesson learned’ for planning: namely, promoting a hybridization of knowledge that could make more effective and capacitating to support territorial actors who, through organizational processes and practices, try to create new institutional models able to respond to public interest issues.

A survey, defined as a succession of stages ranging from acquisition to representation, has historically an ambition of analysis, understanding, and knowledge representation of architectural artefacts. However, there is a paradox. While for many years this discipline has seen a development in digitization methods and techniques, the purpose of the survey seems to mainly focus on the metric representations of building, and on the production of beautiful (or figurative) images. Acquisitions by lasergrammetry or photogrammetry bring in a quantity of data that are qualified as massive, but appears to be too often underlooked. The present paper attempts to consider work acquisition beyond the ambition of the acquisition of measurements, which investigates new methodological approaches for the characterization of architectural shapes according to different scales of observation. To understand whether the data resulting from the acquisition work can assist "beyond the visible" in the study and analysis of built heritage, this paper addresses three methodological avenues, which relates to the morphological / semantic characterization of architectural objects according to different nature and scale, to consider new methods of analysis by using further massive data.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.26.2021.3

The museum as architecture, as the central theme around which this entire monographic issue rotates, derived from a call for papers that also left the field open for reflections on virtual museums and on the dematerialisation of the exhibited object. The theses developed in the articles that arrived (generally) and in those that were selected (specifically) confirm the importance of the museum as architecture. “Presence” won out over “absence”, a position that does not displease us: reality over virtuality. The thesis of surplus value of the real museum compared to the virtual museum is corroborated by such definitions as “space of grace” (Clemente), “apparatus of the soul” (Piscella), and “palimpsest of the place” (Lomurno): perceptual characteristics of the real that could not easily be transferred to virtuality as a way of making museums become authentic “acts of resistance” (De Matteis). In this introduction we critically analyse the papers making up the monograph.