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The article applies the theory of religious niches to the intra-Islamic religious markets, with a special focus on Turkey. In normal conditions, these niches conform to general principles of religious economy. The ultrastrict and strict niches are smaller than the 'central' moderate and conservative niches. Distortions in religious economies occur in what the paper calls « religious war economies » (i.e., military conflicts perceived as religious) and « economies of war against religion » (i.e., governmental intervention against all organized religious groups). In the first case (e.g., Palestine, Iraq), there is in fact a war-caused modification of religious demand, with an expanded demand for ultrastrict religion. In the second case (e.g., Algeria, Turkey before 2002), the state effectively prevents moderate and conservative religious supply to meet the demand, with the unintended effect that in part this demand is captured by the ultrastrict groups, which are much more accustomed to operating illegally or against state pressure. Data about Turkey after the 2002 and 2004 elections confirm that when conservative and moderate religious supply is free to operate, ultrastrict alternatives enjoy only limited success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the author analyses the presence of Islam in the European public space, and the debates it produces among the populations of Europe. The case of hijab constitutes a significant example of these discussions, and is analyzed extensively. Some conclusions will refer on the process of establishing of forms of reactive identities, and on the role of conflict on symbolic and religious issues in the process of change of European societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tells about the order defined by the islamic law. The speeches about order of the invisible in islam reveal the heuristic weakness of the idea of 'islam', but also reveal the undeniable importance of the relationship between text (in this case the Coran) and reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]