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Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Regarding the circular economy and strategies, this paper describes the research/action project related to establishing a new Reuse and Repair Centre within the Surpluse network. The paper aims to illustrate the design choices of the setup, considered as a touchpoint for the definition of a network (service) and to facilitate interactions between displayed second-hand items and users. The proposed model becomes a format to be adapted in the creation of new future centres and the implementation of existing ones; furthermore, it aims to incentivise behaviours in favour of sustainability strategies and raise awareness among citizens for active participation within and in favour of the circular economy, co-designing relationships among the various stakeholders involved. Article info Received: 18/03/2024; Revised: 18/04/2024; Accepted: 25/04/2024

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to pollution and, most significantly, climate change, the World is faced with two challenges: the social problem of rising poverty and social inequality, as well as the ecological challenge of biodiversity loss. Cities have become the main responsible for the above, being large consumers of energy, generating increasing negative impacts in terms of reduced biodiversity, production of various pollutants that adversely affect health (which depends on the energy used). One consequence is the necessity for urban/territorial planning that is different from traditional planning. Within this framework, it is necessary to promote urban and environmental regeneration tools that respond more than others to solving the problems of marginality and physical/cultural degradation of urbanised centres with the aim of improving the quality of life of their inhabitants. The aim of this paper is to suggest new urban planning perspectives for the valorization of the internal areas considering the project results of the EU Horizon 2020 CLIC - Circular models project Leveraging Investments in Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage. In particular, have been proposed new potential circular/sustainable strategies for the regeneration of rural areas in the Calabria Region (South Italy), in light of the general progressive aging of the population. A causa dell’inquinamento e, soprattutto, dei cambia- menti climatici, il Mondo si trova ad affrontare due sfide: il problema sociale dell’aumento della povertà e della disuguaglianza sociale e la sfida ecologica della perdita di biodiversità. Le città sono diventate le principali responsabili di quanto sopra, essendo grandi consumatrici di energia, generando impatti negativi crescenti in termini di ridu- zione della biodiversità, produzione di vari inquinanti che incidono negativamente sulla salute (che dipende dall’energia adoperata). Una conseguenza è la necessità di una pianificazione urbana/territoriale diversa da quella tradizionale. In quest’ottica, è necessario promuovere strumenti di rigenerazione urbana e ambientale che rispondano più di altri alla soluzione dei problemi di marginalità e del degrado fisico/culturale dei centri urbanizzati, con l’obiettivo di migliorare la qualità della vita dei loro abitanti. L’obiettivo di questo paper è quello di suggerire nuove prospettive urbanistiche per la valorizzazione delle aree interne alla luce dei risultati del progetto UE Horizon 2020 CLIC - Circular models Leveraging Investments in Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage. In particolare, sono state proposte possibili strategie circolari/sostenibili per la rigenerazione delle aree rurali della Regione Calabria (Sud Italia), alla luce del progressivo generale invecchiamento della popolazione.

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of environmental emergency of which the construction sector is one of the main causes – since it consumes 40% of the (embodied and operational) energy and produces about a third of the total waste – and due to the ambitious objectives set by the international community and by many countries to reduce the environmental impact of buildings during their whole life cycle, this paper wants to make a contribution to the understanding of the state of the art on cycle-based research activities, sustainable experiments and good practices that the building industry and the academy have implemented in recent years. In particular, it refers to cycle-based theoretical and experimental actions involving process and product innovations at different scales (‘macro’, ‘meso’ and ‘micro’) of the built environment. They are capable of overcoming the traditional linear approach to use an approach aiming, on the one hand, to extend the service life cycle, and on the other, to evaluate new bio-based materials, easily renewable and with a low embodied energy. In the end, the paper highlights the problems that currently hinder its dissemination and identifies possible research actions that can favour, with the contribution of Architectural Technology, the transition to this new paradigm.

Unlike other industrial sectors that already apply re-manufacturing, the construction sector is slow to experiment with these sustainable practices. Hence, this paper introduces key results of the Re-NetTA project, conducted at Politecnico di Milano and funded by Fondazione Cariplo (2018-0991), which intends to outline the conditions necessary to activate circular processes in the field of tertiary construction. In order to extend the life of construction products, the paper proposes three circular models based on re-manufacturing. Developed with stakeholders and experts in an inter-sectoral and multidisciplinary approach, the proposed models represent a contribution towards sustainable design and organisational practices of construction products.

This paper is part of the design strategies of reassembly and reuse of buildings according to the transition to circular economy. Specifically, the paper addresses the issue of architectural envelopes made of drywall and their executive design according to a Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) approach, based on a case study of a temporary wooden housing unit for which there are several scenarios of use and end of life once the first cycle of use of the components of the envelope has come to an end. In particular, the paper, based on the collection of environmental profiles of products through Environmental Product Declarations (EPD), wants to define a balance between the environmental impacts incorporated in the used materials and the benefits related to the adoption of dry construction techniques.

Italy’s inland areas face complex challenges such as depopulation, isolation and economic weakness. Through a research project conducted in Taranta Peligna (Chieti, IT), the paper aims to enhance the wool supply chain by adopting a systemic, co-design and collaborative approach among local governments, institutions and communities. To develop innovative and sustainable solutions, implementing systemic design methodologies and through the analysis of international case studies, concrete actions are proposed, such as creating an energy community and the activation of sustainable washing centres of a Network Observatory. Through a series of strategic interventions, the project aims to re-establish the importance of the wool industry by integrating modern technologies into traditional processes to achieve a revitalised, low-impact local economy. Article info Received: 22/03/2024; Revised: 17/04/2024; Accepted: 25/04/2024

Compared to other industrial fields, the construction sector, although encouraged by a framework of international policies that push towards spreading circular economy principles, still needs to adopt new ‘closed cycle’ resource management models. Among the barriers that hinder this transition is the limited availability of tools and methods to determine the overall outcomes of circularity actions. Although metrics to evaluate the degree of circularity of processes and products are currently available, tools that allow the evaluation of the environmental benefits achievable through the reuse of products and systems have yet to be widespread. The paper proposes a simplified method for quantifying the environmental benefits that can derive from the reuse practices of building components in building re-layout projects. Article info Received: 16/03/2024; Revised: 10/04/2024; Accepted: 17/04/2024

This article examines the interplay between education and ecological transition in the school context, exploring the skills necessary to promote sustainability in current and future generations. We delve into the meaning of sustainable mindset and analyze the intersection between ecological transition and circular economy, with a particular focus on the life-long learning approach and its psycho-pedagogical implications. From a bibliographic perspective, the research also concentrates on the importance of hands-on experience in primary and secondary schools, providing insights into how to effectively teach ecological transition and circularity. Ultimately, this contribution helps understand the crucial role education plays in promoting sustainable practices and preparing new generations to tackle complex environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italy needs to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Starting from the assumption that this only implies a technological transition, reaching this goal within the current economic model (unlimited growth) is unlikely without Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. Scientific concerns exist about CCS potentially shifting environmental burdens to future generations. The article argues that achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 hinges on embracing the principles of circular economy and agroecology. This path, however, demands a fundamental transformation of our economic and cultural models, necessitating a move away from unbridled consumerism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systemic and collaborative approach is required to facilitate European Small and Medium-sized Enterprises’ ecological and digital transition, able to frame issues within the complexity of the relationships and interconnections that characterise them. In light of this, the paper aims to investigate how the approach and methods of Systemic Design support an ‘open innovation’ process in industrial and interdisciplinary environments. The DigiCirc European project represents the reference case study, offering a space to test the challenges found in the literature with data collected in the field, emphasising the contribution made by the researchers in Systemic Design of the Politecnico di Torino, both as project partners in the ‘open innovation’ process and through activities supporting the start-ups and SMEs involved. The article is mainly geared toward scholars and design practitioners concerned with ‘open innovation’, and ecological and digital transition within socio-technical systems and in industrial and interdisciplinary environments. Article info Received: 20/03/2023; Revised: 29/04/2023; Accepted: 08/05/2023

The claim for food increases with the waste caused by its production. Rice is appetized but the agro-industrial residue, such as straw and husk, becomes a problem when they’re not properly managed. However, renewable source demands grew, indeed, the chains of rice residue as cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, carbon, and silica could be transformed into: fuel, power generation, gas production, paper manufactory, and fertilizer for the production of fungi and building material. The industrial implementation of rice residue management worldwide has a lack. In this case, it was observed more closely the rice cultivation in a local region of Colombia. The aim of this research was to present the current market, challenges and the proposal of a proper management residue on a circular economy incorporated into Córdoba department rice market. The study was conducted through scientific and comprehensive insights on rice crop waste management options. The selection criteria of the articles were rice production, major components of rice paddy, straw, and husks, and waste disposal in rice systems. Farmers, researchers, federations, administration, and management, need to work on, improving the nutrients of the soil, the quality of the crop, and the management of the residue, the one that remains in the mills and the one that remains in the fields. Finally, in all processes, the required investment to obtain a product that meets current market requirements on renewable fuels or raw materials.

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, design has turned its attention towards the Circular Economy where material issues are central. More and more companies and designers are turning their research towards ‘circular materials’ from the recycling of ‘technical materials’ or created from an organic base of processing/production or consumption waste and reintegrated into the biological cycle. The paper, focused on ‘bio-based circular materials’, presents the first phase of a research in progress, with the aim of mapping and systematising the strategies used for the conception, development, design, production and distribution of new materials and related products.

Crisis contexts such as the MENA region allow us to envision effective scenarios of sustainable development based on local production systems supported by digital innovation. The constant exchange of know-how between the MENA area and the European continent represents a fundamental tool in which processes of technology transfer help to accelerate the transformation processes currently underway and make them more effective. This paper investigates the effectiveness of using local resources for producing building components by means of innovative technologies based on circular economy processes. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the possibilities of transferring enabling technologies from the Italian context to that of MENA as a tool for economic reactivation directed towards circularity.

The Green Deal places at the centre of its policies the need to act in order to achieve climate neutrality goals by 2050. In this context, the role of cities and, in particular, of already existing buildings is relevant. Although they are responsible for 40% of energy consumption, only 1% are involved in major restructuring processes. In the context of smart city strategies and to improve their performances, Europe proposes various approaches such as Positive Energy Districts and Industry 4.0. This paper analyses case studies and innovative European projects with the aim of identifying the most relevant strategic actions. Eventually, it presents a real case in the city of Bologna as a basepoint for the reflection proposed.

Since the 1970s, in Europe the industrial decommissioning phenomenon has led to the generation of an obsolescent and widespread building stock, located in highly strategic areas. This paper, aiming to make abandoned industrial buildings re-enter the market, focused on the development of prefabricated housing modules, according to the nested-building renovation approach. The project started from the constraint’s typological analysis (architectural, functional and structural) of 900 reinforced concrete industrial buildings in view of the intervention replicability. Finally, to validate the design and technological choices, the analysed system was applied to a real case study in Verona: the Greggi Warehouse (1960) in the “ex-Manifattura Tabacchi” factory area.

This article is derived from a feasibility study for a single-story elevation at the Kent School of Architecture and Planning (KSAP) in the United Kingdom. This project embraced two fundamental principles of the circular economy: flexibility of interior spaces and Design for Disassembly (DfD). The goals were to reduce the risk of demolition and preserve the value of the building material to empower its later use. These principles formed the solution for the structural frame. For this paper, the engineering phase was carried out to improve the structural connections designed according to DfD principles and following generative design methods.

The European Green Deal and the European Climate Law of the European Parliament are the socio-political context in which the construction industry has to engage in order to reduce upfront carbon. This focus puts the role of building materials in a new perspective. By focusing on the development of innovative solutions that specifically address biotic and bio-based materials, the Cradle-to-Cradle approach values biobased materials and gives them a key role in the transition to the circular economy. The paper presents an innovative material, the complex outcome of two different research projects conducted by the ZEBtwdZEEB Group of the ‘L. Vanvitelli’ University of Campania in collaboration with the innovative start-up Service Biotech Srl, winner of the BioInItaly Investment Forum 2021 & Intesa Sanpaolo Start-Up Initiative for the Circular Bioeconomy sector.

Worldwide, an estimated 60 billion kilos of textiles and footwear is burned or landfilled every year. Although African countries – including powerhouses such as Kenya and Nigeria – contribute very little to global textile waste, their textile consumption is on the rise. And with increased consumption comes an increased urgency for concepts and designs that utilize textile resources beyond linear lines and singular lives. Africa Collect Textiles was founded in Nairobi, Kenya in 2013, where it has successfully implemented a model for collecting and processing used textiles. Based on fieldwork in Lagos, Nigeria and the extensive experience in Nairobi, this paper will discuss spatial contexts, socio-cultural potentials, and economic modes relevant for adjusting and implementing a textile collection and recycling initiative in urban Africa.

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Decarbonizing the economy is one of the main ambitions for the European Union. The construction sector contributes to global warming, during all buildings life cycle phases. Greenhouse gas emissions are present in the whole process of construction, use/operation and dismissing/demolishing. The Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an evaluation approach to assess CO2 and other greenhouse gases emissions during the whole life cycle of a building or product. The aim of this paper is to test the LCA methodology for the evaluation of environmental impacts of historic buildings, towards a circular economy approach in the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage. The case study is an abandoned monastery in Salerno, Italy. Results show that LCA can effectively inform the design phase of cultural heritage adaptive reuse, comparing different conservation and design alternatives.

The issues of energy efficiency and climate change belong to a complex scenario to which contemporaneity is called upon to answer. Architecture can contribute by promoting practices that look at the environment with a view to building the future. As an architectural activity, restoration of heritage buildings can actively participate in this fundamental challenge within the perspective of a circular economy proposing a globally sustainable model. Starting from a state-of-the-art investigation, this paper aims to enucleate the BECK project’s contribution in this field, as well as to underline how careful strategies of conservation and contemporary use can have positive effects on sustainable future scenarios.

Climate change is a consequence of our difficulty to manage the currently conflicts and contradictions. It is configured as a process that makes human life on Earth increasingly uninhabitable, making the relationship between the Earth’s ecosystem and humanity increasingly difficult. A fundamental cause of the climate change is the way in which economic wealth is produced and distributed. The current economy produces also ecological and social poverty. The adaptive reuse of cultural assets is proposed in the general framework of the Green New Deal of European Union, assuming the circular economy model for re-integrating economy into ecology. The aim of the paper is to identify how to transform a died heritage site into a living system, to be managed as a complex adaptive system, discussing the ways in which adaptive reuse can be implemented as the entry point for implementing the circular city.

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TECHNE: Journal of Technology for Architecture & Environment is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agathon: International Journal of Architecture, Art & Design is the property of DEMETRA CE.RI.MED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)