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Copyright of Summa, Animali da Compagnia is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Compagnia is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La nefropatia da contrasto (CIN) rappresenta oggi la terza causa di insufficienza renale acuta (AKI) in pazienti ospedalizzati, condizione da ricondurre a un incremento dei pazienti che si sottopongono a procedure radiologiche interventistiche richiedenti la somministrazione intravascolare di mezzi di contrasto iodati (ICM). Bisogna inoltre considerare un incremento di soggetti con fattori di rischio quali l'età avanzata, una preesistente patologia renale, scompenso cardiaco, infarto del miocardio, diabete mellito. Si considera CIN la presenza di un incremento assoluto (= 0.5mg/dL) e relativo (= 25%), rispetto ai valori basali, della creatinina sierica (sCreat) a 48–72 ore dall'esposizione dell'ICM. È noto però come in pazienti con variazioni acute del filtrato glomerulare (GFR), sCreat è un marker dotato di poca sensibilità e specificità diagnostica. Infatti, il 25–50% dell'incremento della creatinina, con alto valore predittivo di CIN, si verifica più frequentemente solo 24 ore dopo la somministrazione dell'ICM. Negli ultimi anni, sono stati condotti studi non solo al fine di identificare nuovi biomarcatori, ma anche per valutare eventuali strategie terapeutiche preventive. La somministrazione endovenosa di soluzione salina allo 0.9% è ampiamente accettata come terapia profilattica di CIN. Diversi sono inoltre gli studi condotti che prevedono la somministrazione di bicarbonato di sodio o di N-acetilcisteina (NAC). Purtroppo molti studi mancano di potenza statistica o sono basati su diverse definizioni di CIN. Ciò ha determinato la mancanza di linee guida universali accettate dai radiologi, nefrologi, cardiologi o da altre figure professionali coinvolte. Sono quindi necessari ulteriori studi al fine di validare i risultati sino ad ora ottenuti, specie utilizzando marcatori dotati di maggiore potere diagnostico e prognostico rispetto alla creatinina sierica, quali NGAL, Cistatina C e KIM-1.

Acute renal failure (AKI) is a high-prevalence complication in patients with cancer. The risk of AKI after cancer diagnosis is 18% in the first year, 27% in the fifth year, and 40% of critically ill patients with cancer require renal replacement therapy. The causes of AKI may be pre-renal due to hemodynamic problems, related to the cancer, metabolic complications, and drug or surgical treatment. One must preventively protect renal function by hydration, use of non-nephrotoxic drugs, correction of anemia, prevention of contrast agent-induced AKI (CI-AKI), and adjustment of cancer therapy in patients with CKD. It is essential to check basal renal function, creatinine trend, electrolytes, urinalysis and proteinuria, perform imaging, renal biopsy if necessary. The evaluation of patients should be multidisciplinary and timely including the initiation of renal replacement treatment (RRT). There are different modalities of replacement treatment depending on the clinical picture of the patient with AKI and cancer: intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), intermittent prolonged replacement therapy (PIRRT), and continuous replacement therapy (CRRT). The concept of dose administered, as opposed to prescribed dose, as well as the anticoagulation of extracorporeal circuits, which must be regional with citrate (RCA) as the first choice in the management of CRRT, turns out to be fundamental in order to achieve optimal circuit anticoagulation, with reduction of coagulation episodes and downtime, while maintaining the patient's coagulation status. The onco-nephrologic multidisciplinary approach is crucial to reduce the mortality rate, which is still high in this category of patients., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome, Italy.)

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The term acute renal failure (ARF) secondary to ischemic/nephrotoxic injury should no longer be used and be replaced by acute kidney injury (AKI), indicating an abrupt (within 24-48 hours) increase in serum creatinine by 0.5 mg/dL or by 25% above baseline. Replacing "failure" with "injury" served to include the entire range of renal impairment from small changes in serum creatinine to complete loss of renal function. The term ARF should be limited to a decrease in renal function so severe as to require dialysis. When AKI is due to radiographic contrast agents, it is called contrast-induced (CI) AKI. The pathogenesis of CI-AKI is complex and not well known. Many factors are involved, including hemodynamic changes such as renal vasoconstriction, particularly in the outer medulla where tubular segments devoted to active sodium reabsorption are located; the vasoconstriction may be due to direct action of the contrast agent but may also be mediated by stimulation of angiotensin II and adenosine, or by a decrease in the local production of prostaglandins and nitric oxide, all leading to medullary hypoxia. Other factors are osmotic diuresis (with increased tubular reabsorption of sodium and tubular epithelium injury, both worsening medullary hypoxia) and production of reactive oxygen species that will cause endothelial and epithelial damage, likewise worsening medullary hypoxia. The fall in renal blood flow and tubular obstruction will decrease the glomerular filtration rate. Treatment and prevention of CI-AKI are based on opposing these factors by adequate hydration; administration of furosemide along with fluid replacement; theophylline and aminophylline; PGE1 and PGI2; N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid and vitamin E; nebivolol and statins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative acute kidney injury (PO-AKI) is a common complication of major surgery that is strongly associated with short-term surgical complications and long-term adverse outcomes. Risk factors for PO-AKI include older age and comorbid diseases such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. Sepsis is a common complication in patients undergoing surgery and is a major risk factor for the development of acute kidney injury (SA-AKI). Prevention of AKI in surgery patients is largely based on identification of high baseline risk, monitoring, and reduction of nephrotoxic insults. Early identification of patients at risk of AKI, or at risk of progressing to severe and/or persistent AKI, is crucial to the timely initiation of adequate supportive measures, including limiting further insults to the kidney. Although specific therapeutic options are limited, several clinical trials have evaluated the use of care bundles and extracorporeal techniques as potential therapeutic approaches., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome,Italy.)

SARS-CoV-2 infection is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In the complex scenario of COVID-19, it is also possible to find patients with renal damage. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and not unique, and the clinical presentation may include urinary alterations, such as proteinuria and hematuria, accompanied with reduced renal function, or not. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is not uncommon, especially among critically ill patients hospitalized in intensive care unit. AKI is a negative prognostic factor and is associated with high in-hospital mortality. An early diagnosis of AKI and the assessment of any risk factors allow the nephrologist to implement appropriate therapeutic strategies, such as pharmacological or extracorporeal support. Still, mortality in patients with AKI during COVID-19 remains high. COVID-19 AKI is a quickly evolving field of study.

We report the case of a 68-year-old patient who arrived at the hospital with a fever and a cough for 7 days, a history of high blood pressure and chronic kidney failure stage 2 according to CKD-EPI (GFR: 62 ml/minute with creatinine: 1.2 mg/dl). Home therapy included lercanidipine and clonidine. A chest radiograph performed in the emergency department immediately showed images suggestive of pneumonia from COVID-19, confirmed in the following days by a positive swab for coronavirus. Kidney function parameters progressively deteriorated towards a severe acute kidney failure on the 15th day, with creatinine values of 6.6 mg/dl and urea of 210 mg/dl. The situation was managed first in the intensive care unit with CRRT cycles (continuous renal replacement therapy) and then in a "yellow area" devoted to COVID patients, where the patient was dialyzed by us nephrologists through short cycles of CRRT. In our short experience we have used continuous techniques (CRRT) in positive patients hemodynamically unstable and intermittent dialysis (IRRT) in our stable chronic patients with asymptomatic COVID -19. We found CRRT to be superior in hemodynamically unstable patients hospitalized in resuscitation and in the "yellow area". Dialysis continued with high cut-off filters until the normalization of kidney function; the supportive medical therapy has also improved the course of the pathology and contributed to the favorable outcome for our patient. During the COVID-19 pandemic, our Nephrology Group at Savona's San Paul Hospital has reorganized the department to better manage both chronic dialyzed patients and acute patients affected by the new coronavirus., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome, Italy.)

We describe here the case of a young patient, employed in agriculture, who entered the emergency room with fever, headache, hematuria and a worsening of renal function; we diagnosed leptospirosis with renal involvement. As the patient lamented very generic symptoms, the anamnesis was fundamental in leading us to suspect an infection, execute the right laboratory analysis, and correctly diagnose a pathology which is currently very rare in Italy., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome, Italy.)

Changes in microbiology and dialysis techniques in intensive care have made the use of antibiotics on nephropathic patients more complex. Several recent studies have modified our knowledge about the use of antibiotics in the care of critically ill patients, highlighting the frequency of their inappropriate use: both underdosing, risking low efficacy, and overdosing, with an increase in toxicity. Kidneys, organs devoted to excretion and metabolism, are a potential target of pharmacological toxicity. Extracorporeal replacement therapy is also a possible drug elimination route. What we call nefropharmacology represents a complex, tangled and rapidly evolving subject of multi-specialist interest. We have reviewed here most of the recent literature dealing with the appropriateness of antibiotic use, focusing on the most interesting contributions from a nephrological perspective., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome, Italy.)

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is an important issue for the healthcare system, as it is associated with high mortality and increased risk of readmission, with consequent elevated healthcare resource utilization. We investigated the incidence of AKI based on the examination of the discharge cards of all patients admitted between January 1 2011 and December 31 2015 at the Parma University Hospital, as well as the frequency and type of 30-day hospital readmission in the patients discharged with a first AKI diagnosis (index admission). The mean pooled 5-year incidence of AKI was 2.4%. The mean frequency of 30-day readmission for any disease in patients discharged with a first AKI diagnosis in the selected time interval was 23.1%/year. The main four disease categories, as assessed by the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) classification, responsible for patient 30-day readmission were a new AKI episode, heart failure, respiratory failure requiring or not requiring mechanical ventilation, and sepsis. The mean lenght of hospital stay of patients discharged with AKI as a principal or secondary diagnosis was 14.4 and 21.8 days, respectively. Based on the evaluation of administrative data from all hospital admissions at the Parma University Hospital in the 2011-2015 5-year period, we conclude that AKI represents a serious challenge for the healthcare system, with high short-term morbidity and increased resource utilization due to frequent hospital readmissions., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome, Italy.)

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of multiple myeloma (MM) with unfavorable prognostic significance. Light chains removal, combined with hematological therapy (CT) seems to offer significant benefits to renal function recovery (RFR). The SUPRA HFR, through the combination of high cut-off membrane without albumin loss and adsorbent cartridge, represents one of the "emerging" light chain removal methods. We report our multicentric retrospective experience with SUPRA HFR in 7 MM patients. At the end of the treatment with SUPRA HFR a significant reduction in serum free light chains compared to baseline was observed (min 24%; max 90%; median 74%). Despite a not always early start of the treatment, all patients recovered renal function with withdrawal from dialysis in 6/7 cases. Our preliminary experience of a combination of SUPRA HFR treatment with CT in 7 MM patients with AKI showed a significative renale functional recovery, with favourable cost/benefit ratio and a simple treatment schedule. These encouraging data suggest to further extend such treatment option, waiting for larger studies in this field., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome, Italy.)

The AKI in intensive care has been widely treated by international and national guidelines. The treatment of AKI in patients not requiring admission in Intensive Care Unit, but often hospitalized in Nephrology Unit, it is showed of less relevance. For over 5 years we have used for the treatment of AKI of patients admitted in Nephrology Unit an intermittent slow technique, implemented in approximately 600 patients with AKI for a total of about 3000 treatments. In this study we report the clinical results obtained in 100 consecutive patients referred to our Nephrology Unit from 1st January 2014. We excluded the patients with AKI and lactic acidosis by metformin, which were treated with CVVHDF. The Dialysis Protocol provides a slow low efficiency intermittent treatment called SLE-HDF (Sustained Low Efficiency Hemo-Dia-Filtration), with 10-hour duration, 1.5 L/h dialysate for a patient up to 75 kg, 2 L/h up to 85 kg, 2.5 L/h over 85 kg. Half of the dialysate was used in convention in post and half in diffusion. Endpoints were the recovery of renal function and the survival of the patient. On each patient was calculated on at least one seat, the Kt/V urea (UKt/V). Were studied 100 patients, 45 females and 55 males, with mean age 79.4 + 11 years. The weight was 74 kg + 18 kg at the start of treatment. The 65% of patients had diuresis < to 500 ml/24 hours. The causes of AKI were: 41% heart failure, 31 % AKI on MRC, 7% rhabdomyolysis, 6% Hepato-renal Syndrome, 4% sepsis, 11 % other causes. Major comorbidities were heart disease (63%), diabetes (50%), COPD (38%), age over 85 years, cancers 23, liver disease 16, hypotension requiring amine 15, sepsis 10. In total in the 100 patients, 512 treatments were performed, average 5.12 + 3.7. The mean UKt/V was 0.4 + 0.05 per session. The deaths were 43. Patients discharged were 57. Of these, 43 had a recovery of renal function. Fourteen patients have not recovered renal function and were admitted for chronic dialysis treatment. In conclusion, our protocol of SLE-HDF, which uses volumes of dialysate sharply lower than used in literature, has been shown to be effective in correcting the biochemical profile of the patient with AKI. The clinical results are considered satisfactory, having obtained the improvement in 57% of patients, considering that the 43 deaths, 10 were suffering from Hepato-cirrhosis and 13 from malignant neoplasm. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome, Italy.)

Pz woman of 62 years comes to P.S.G. for fatigue, low-grade fever, diuresis present. A history of hypertension refers to therapy for about five years, diabetes mellitus for about two years in therapy with Metformin 1gr x 3 gg / day. Blood tests: BUN 195 mg / dL, creatinine 8.0 mg / dl, Ph 6877, HCO3 5.1 mmol / L BE -29.1 mmol / l. Rapid clinical deterioration with occurrence of arterial hypotension - 85/60 mmHg, stupor. Start therapy Bicarbonates ev, is positioned in Urgency CVC and it undergoes AFB with infusion of bicarbonates 2000 ml / h for 4 hours, blood flow rate 250 ml / min., the hemodynamics has been supported with dopamine infusion 200 mg: 2 vials in 250 cc of physiological vel 30 - 40 ml / h, The pc after undergoing three AFB, interrupted the dialysis for resumption of diuresis spontaneous and progressive improvement of renal function and blood pressure. Monitored, after discharge, the parameters of renal function decreased to within normal limits, clearance compatible with IRC II - III stage., Conclusions: dehydration, fever, IRC II stadium, undiagnosed caused, in a very short time, an accumulation of metformin, which has been the cause of metabolic acidosis. The pc. saved thanks to the positioning of the CVC and to the AFB in the treatment with the infusion of large quantities of Bicarbonates e.v. The use of metformin in pcs. > 50 years and / or creatinine clearance <60 ml / min., must be subordinated to the preliminary study and periodic renal function., (Copyright by Società Italiana di Nefrologia SIN, Rome, Italy.)