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Since the approval of the first poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi), olaparib for platinum-sensitive relapsed high grade ovarian cancer, with either germline or somatic BRCA1/2 deleterious variants, the strategies for BRCA1/2 testing are dynamically changing. In fact, along with germline assay, patients are now tested for tumor BRCA1/2 also above all for treatment decisions. In fact, it is reported as by tumor BRCA analysis we can identify 3–9% more mutated women which can therefore benefit from PARPi therapy. Although this new type of approach looks like challenging, in particular due to the technical and analytical difficulties regarding low quality DNA deriving from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens, the new CE-IVD on NGS-based pipelines, can overcome these issues, allowing specialized molecular laboratories to ensure high quality results and perform the best test settings. Nevertheless, each new NGS pipeline (CE-IVD or in house) should be validated using peculiar samples along with commercially available reference and certified materials, before being introduced in routine settings. The validation set should be appropriately chosen in order to provide unequivocal data regarding robustness of each NGS tBRCA pipeline. Therefore, in order to harmonize the patient and laboratory path, a group of Italian Scientific Societies [Italian Society of Clinical Chemistry (SIBioC), Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), Italian Association of Clinical Pathology (SIAPEC), Italian Society of Human Genetics (SIGU)] provided the present recommendations which are aimed to guide all professionals (oncologists, gynaecologists, clinical and laboratory geneticists, clinical molecular biologists and pathologists). The intersociety group is confident that the present paper can offer all ovarian cancer women a well-organized pathway of diagnosis and treatment.

Liquid biopsy in cancer patients is mainly based on the analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) enriched from biological fluids. This approach has more recently been proposed for the detection of oncogenic alterations in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or urine through the use of sensitive technologies, mainly digital PCR (ddPCR) and massive parallel sequencing (MPS). Liquid biopsies have the advantage of overcoming some of the drawbacks associated with tumor biopsies, being blood samples easy to obtain from patients. Plasma ctDNA may better represent the total landscape of oncogenic alterations found across all tumor sites. Several commercially available liquid biopsy platforms based on MPS technology are currently analytically validated, with sensitivities, specificities, false negative rates, false positive rates, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values evaluated in comparison with tissue. The specificity of ctDNA is generally high while the sensitivity varies between different platforms. However, these data have not yet led to the incorporation of ctDNA into routine clinical practice. The present Reccomandation represents a synthesis of the main evidences supporting use of liquid biopsy based assays in clinical setting. This inter-society approved document was prepared by a panel of expert belonging to four scientific societies who tried to provide the main useful information for the implementation of liquid biopsy-based test in clinical and laboratory practice.

The odontostomathologist and the dentist expose themselves to pathogenic agents present in the oral cavity. Taking in consideration at the present time the increasing number of seropositive patients, HIV infection and its pathogenic manifestations are of great interest. Considering that the main transmission of the virus is the ematic, the professional men who practise dentistry and the oral hygiene represent a particular risky class. For this reason they must adopt a series of preventive measures to protect themselves, their collaborators and the patient himself too.

The paper constitutes the conclusions of the conference, both summarizing the results and providing its own opinions on the importance of the theory of the legal system of Santi Romano.

Per il positivismo giuridico tradizionale, l’idea che alcune norme create dal legislatore attraverso atti di normazione formalmente validi possano costituire “diritto illegittimo” sembra essere una contraddizione in termini. Questa tesi viene tuttavia messa esplicitamente in discussione nella teoria assiomatizzata del diritto di Luigi Ferrajoli, che pur si propone come uno sviluppo della teoria pura del diritto di Hans Kelsen. Il dissenso da Kelsen si incentra sul problema dell’applicazione dei principi logici di contraddizione e di implicazione al diritto, applicazione impossibile per Kelsen, necessaria invece per Ferrajoli per l’identificazione del diritto illegittimo. Gli autori della prefazione ricostruiscono i nodi teorici fondamentali della critica di Ferrajoli a Kelsen, e mostrano come Ferrajoli proponga di superare i limiti della teoria pura kelseninana attraverso l'elaborazione di un costituzionalismo logico. For traditional legal positivism, the idea that certain legal norms created through valid enactments can be "unlawful law" seems to be self-contradictory. This view is explicitly disputed by Luigi Ferrajoli's axiomatized theory of law, which is nonetheless presented as a development of Hans Kelsen's pure theory of law. The dispute focus on the problem of the application of the logical principles of contradiction and implication to legal systems: an impossible application for Kelsen, a necessary one for Ferrajoli, since the theory of law should identify "unlawful norms" within the legal system. The authors of this preface reconstruct the main theoretical claims of Ferrajoli's critique to Kelsen, and show how he suggests to overcome the theoretical limits of the pure theory of law through the delieation of a logical constitutionalism.

Luigi Ferrajoli, in his work La logica del diritto. Dieci aporie nell’opera di Hans Kelsen (2016), pointed out ten aporias in Hans Kelsen’s pure theory of law. This paper deals with the fifth aporia, that is the of Kelsen’s concept of a “norm”. The paper firstly distinguishes two different questions on the concept of a norm underlying the pure theory of law: the question “What is a norm?”, and the question “What has the meaning of a norm within a legal system?”; it secondly distinguishes three different levels of interpretation of a norm: (i) interpretation of the semantic meaning of norm sentences, (ii) interpretation of the subjective intrinsic pragmatic meaning of the norm creating act; (iii) interpretation of the extrinsic objective normative meaning of the norm creating act; it thirdly suggests that the existence of a norm is the ideal (ideel) existence of a meaning, not the empirical existence of an act.

In this article I discuss the concepts elaborated by riccardo guastini of cognitive and creative interpretation

In 2012 an unpublished book by the Austrian legal philosopher Hans Kelsen, Secular Religion, has been posthumously published. This book, written by Kelsen between 1952 and 1964 in the United States, severely criticizes those theories of politics and culture that misinterpret modern social philosophy, science and politics as new religions, mainly adopting the controversial concept of “secular religión.” In the first part of the paper, we reconstruct the genesis of the book and the complex events that led to its final version, and we underline the motives that led Kelsen to write this vehement polemic in defense of the spirit of modernity, and eventually to withdraw it. In the second part of the paper, we investigate some of the main methodological and theoretical contributions that this work, albeit its critical tenor, is able to give to an anthropology of modernity.