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il pino domestico è il vero simbolo di albero italico. Non a caso gli inglesi lo chiamano Italian stone pine e in Francia Pin d’Italie. È l’albero di casa nostra perché il paesaggio mediterraneo non è umile né dimesso. È grandioso, solenne, rifiuta la pompa dei colori esotici tropicali. Il pino, questo grande e maestoso albero, dall’odore penetrante, caratterizza, fino a diventarne l’icona, la macchia mediterranea dei litorali tirrenici, adriatici e ionici e delle isole di Sardegna e di Sicilia.

This contribution updates the methodological approach currently applied in Europe for interventions in the field of stone conservation. Firstly, we describe the advancements in physical methods, which encompasses several already tested methods, such as Ultravi- olet rays and Laser cleaning, and new ones, such as Ice cleaning systems, Microwaves, and Heat shock treatments. Specifically, we discuss the efficacy of Heat shock treatments, which is an innovative and eco-friendly method, indicated their suitability especially against lichens and mosses colonization in wet conditions. Secondly, we describe the ad- vancements in the selection and use of biocides, which considers overall Natural biocides, such “green and blue” biocides, produced from plants or marine organisms. These biocides are safer compared to the traditional chemical ones, and that gave interesting results as regards efficacy for target species. We also provide comments about other chemical com- pounds, such as Multifunctional biocides with Self-cleaning properties, using primarily titanium dioxide. Among new products and techniques, we highlight functionalized Nano- materials, which have more pronounced characteristics compared to the same materialwithout nanoscale features, and seem to be a new challenging type of chemicals whose application is growing. The Bio-cleaning with microorganisms, such as the Cleaning of bi- ological patinas with enzymes and solvents, is also receiving attention and is getting more and more used. Long-lasting interventions with paired treatments, such Consolidants or Water-repellent products and biocides, also seem promising. Pigments, polysaccharide in- hibitors and permeabilizers with biocides, gave interesting results in the laboratory, even if the advantages of such treatments need further evaluation. Finally, for a management plan of archaeological areas or monumental sites, we underline the importance of preventive conservation strategies, and the need of further research, especially to define the ecological limits of the different biological colonizations.

International audience

""Contribution to the floristic knowledge of the Campagna Romana: the area of the Valley of Ponte Lupo. The present work on the flora of Valley of Ponte Lupo (Rome) fits into the broader context of the floristic knowledges of the territory of the Campagna Romana. The taxa recorded are 448 belonging to 80 families and 308 genera. These data highlight a good floristic richness of the site, mainly due to the presence of different habitat. Among the entities collected, there are some of interest as endemic species at national level (Astragalus pelecinus subsp. pelecinus, Centaurea deusta subsp. deusta, Crepis bursifolia, Drymochloa drymeja subsp. exaltata, Erysimum pseudorhaeticum, Linaria purpurea) or rare at regional level (Astragalus pelecinus subsp. pelecinus, Chenopodium hybridum, Leontodon saxatilis subsp. saxatilis, Thalictrum minus subsp. minus). Others are included in LR 61\\\/1974 (Biarum tenuifolium subsp. tenuifolium, Linaria purpurea, Polygonum romanum, Styrax officinalis, Staphylea pinnata) or also in the regional red lists of IUCN (Staphylea pinnata). The structural analysis shows the high prevalence of the therophytes and hemicriptophytes, although the accentuated steepness of certain sectors of the area allowed to the preservation of a good percentage of phanerophytes. Chorologically, the Euroasiatic and Mediterranean types are the most represented, according to the character of bioclimatic transitionality of the Campagna Romana, although the percentage of the multizonal species is relatively high, linked to a certain degree of human disturbance for agro-pastoral, cutting activities, and anthropic frequentation of the site.""

Valutazione delle macrofite acquatiche come bioindicatori della qualità delle acque correnti

A description of biodeterioration in relation to different kind of environment (Museums, churches, open air sites, etc.

An analysis of biodeterioration on different kind of materials.

The inventory of microorganisms responsible for biological deterioration of ancient paintings has become an integral part of restoration activities. Here, the microbial agent of rosy discoloration on medieval frescoes in the Crypt of the Original Sin (Matera, Italy) was identified by a combination of microscopic, molecular, and spectroscopic approaches. The bacterial community from three rosy-discolored painting sites was characterized by 16S rRNA gene-based techniques. The eubacterial population was prevalently composed of Actinobacteria, among which Rubrobacter radiotolerans-related bacteria accounted for 63-87% of the 16S rRNA gene pool per sampled site. Archaea, with prevalence of Haloarchaea-related species, were detected in one of the three sites where archaeal 16S rRNA genes represented less than 0.1% of the entire 16S rRNA gene pool. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the identity between R. radiotolerans carotenoids (bacterioruberins) and pigments responsible for color alteration of frescoes. This investigation provides the first evidence of a causal relationship between heavy contamination by Rubrobacter-related bacterioruberin-producing bacteria and rosy discoloration of ancient wall paintings.

A description of Flora and vegetation in an archeological site, Velia, in Southern Italy, with historical mentions and plant descriptions with many photos.

Biological growth on gravestones of six Jewish cemeteries located in two towns (Padua and Rovigo) in northern-eastern Italy was studied. The presence of endolithic microorganisms (cyanobacteria and fungi) is the most diffuse alteration of the stone. Their colonization gives rise to discoloration of the stone to grey-black, more or less enhanced, and creates evident damage due to the formation of micro-holes resulting from the solubilization of the substrata. Black colour is due to the pigments of meristematic fungi and cyanobacteria, which have a lighter colour when penetrating deeply in the stone. In vertical or inclined surfaces cyanobacteria communities prevail and penetrate about 100 µm, while meristematic fungi are present in less extent. On horizontal surfaces (e.g. sarcophagi and plinths) primary colonizers, and frequently the only ones, are fungi, which derive organic matter from the decomposition of leaves of plants and soil dust. Generally fungi penetrate deeper, up to 500 µm. Endolithic colonization is related to areas with higher water supply due to the inclination or to preferential flows induced by the shape of gravestone or the presence of sculptural elements. Marble is the kind of stone which is deeply penetrated by microorganisms (up to more then 3 mm), as it is very deteriorated showing large intergranular spaces.

Viene descritta la cenologia e la sintassonomia dei popolamenti a Salvia officinalis presenti lungo il tratto costiero tirrenico lucano, sulla base di alcuni rilievi fitosociologici eseguiti su garighe fisionomicamente ben caratterizzate. L’analisi dei caratteri ecologici, fisionomico-strutturali e corologici, ha portato al riconoscimento delle associazioni Eleaoselino asclepii-Salvietum officinalis (Festuco-Brometea) e Erico multiflorae-Salvietum officinalis (Rosmarinetea officinalis), oltre alla definizione di diverse nuove subassociazioni (Eleaoselino-Salvietum achnatheretosum calamagrostis, genistetosum sericeae e Erico-Salvietum lomelosiaetosum crenatae). Il confronto con analoghe cenosi definite per la penisola, ha confermato la notevole peculiarità fitogeografica delle garighe presenti nel settore costiero tirrenico dell’Italia meridionale e buone analogie con quelle delle coste dalmate. Ciononostante permangono forti difficoltà per l’interpretazione dei ranghi più elevati, confermando l’esigenza di chiarire ulteriormente la separazione floristica tra le classi Rosmarinetea e Cisto-Micromerietea in ambito appenninico. Parte dei salvieti studiati vengono inseriti all’interno della classe Rosmarinetea, allo scopo di esaltare le affinità corologiche e sintassonomiche tra i distretti tirrenici meridionali ed il Mediterraneo occidentale.

Descrizione delle formazioni ad Alnus cordata presenti sui Monti Lattari

Bioclimatical and vegetational analysis of the Costiera Amalfitana (Campania, Southern Italy)

Il biodeterioramento della cripta del Peccato Originale nella gravina di Matera e la sua analisi ecologica per il biomonitoraggio dei parametri ambientali.