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review on: Timothy J. Johnson, Katherine Wrisley Shelby, John D. Young (eds.), Preaching and New Worlds. Sermons as Mirrors of Realms Near and Far (Routledge Studies in Medieval Religion and Culture 13), New York / London: Routledge 2019, 344 p., ISBN 978-0-367-66398-8

review on: Klaus Herbers, Hans Christian Lehner (Hg.), Mittelalterliche Rechtstexte und mantische Praktiken (Beihefte zum Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 94), Köln/Wien: Böhlau 2021, 152 S., ISBN 978-3-412-52049-6

Gary Watt (Hg.), A Cultural History of Law (The Cultural Histories Series), 6 Bde., London: Bloomsbury Academic 2019, insges. 1324 S., ISBN 978-1-474-21285-4

Matthieu Vivas (Hg.), (Re)lecture archéologique de la justice en Europe médiévale et moderne (ScriptaMe-diævalia 35), Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions 2019, 377 S., ISBN 978-2-35613-243-7

review on: Marcia Kupfer, Adam S. Cohen, J. H. Chajes (eds.), The Visualization of Knowledge in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Studies in the Visual Cultures of the Middle Ages 16), Turnhout: Brepols 2020, 520 p., ISBN 978-2-503-58303-7

Cornelia Linde (Hg.), Making and Breaking the Rules. Discussion, Implementation, and Consequences of Dominican Legislation (Studies of the German Historical Institute London), Oxford: Oxford University Press 2018, 440 S., ISBN 978-0-19-880097-2

Lucas Wüsthof, Schwabenspiegel und Augsburger Stadtrecht (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Schriften 73), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2017, LXIV + 368 S., ISBN 978-3-447-10840-9 (Diss.)

Melodie H. Eichbauer, Danica Summerlin (Hg.), The Use of Canon Law in Ecclesiastical Administration, 1000–1234 (Medieval Law and its Practice 26), Leiden/Boston: Brill 2019, 292 S., ISBN 978-90-04-36433-2

This essay’s guiding thesis assumes that the Christianization of the Saxons as well as the spatial and legal integration of Saxony into the Frankish realm during the late 8th and 9th centuries was facilitated by the ordering or arrangement of space according to Roman models. These spatial orderings were accompanied and reinforced by historical and eschatological interpretations as well as, were implemented by the, more or less, voluntary acceptance of the new order by the Saxon nobility, who recognized the opportunities associated with the active integration into the Frankish system. Both the meaning of this process and the terms used to describe it are treated in this essay. On the one hand, in order to interpret these events and processes, it is useful – if not necessary – to take a look at the spread of Christianity within the territories of the former Roman Empire up till 800 (i. e., Charlemagne’s coronation as Imperator Augustus), for this development appears to serve as the constructive basis for Charles’ (and that of his contemporaries) interpretation of the course of history. On the other, it is just as important to compare the interpretations of these events (including contemporary perspectives) in order to do justice to the historical significance of Saxony’s integration into the Frankish realm as the successful successor to the Roman Empire.While this contribution primarily treats the historical sources, the title of this essay was decidedly inspired by more contemporary studies: Hans-Dietrich Kahl’s work on the escalation of the Saxon wars, Yitzhak Hen’s analysis »Charlemagne’s jihad« (2006), as well as several other equally influential contemporary works focusing on the eschatological meaning of the year 800 as well as on the continuity of the Roman Empire as a force delaying the Parousia of Christ in the theological debate since the Ascension Day almost two millennia ago.

The official decree, in 1933, to use "Heil Hitler" and "Mit deutschem Gruß [With German greetings]" as greetings, constituted a massive intervention in the everyday use of language in the German population. The study examines in what time frame and in what domains of written communication the new forms of greeting were established. Sources include guidelines and sample letters from Nazi era style guides as well as a body of authentic business letters from the 1920s to 1940s. The development described in the study is characterized as a phase of forcibly accelerated modernization in the long-term history of European communication routines. The introduction of the Hitler salute is identified as a premature and passing episode in the multidimensional transition from feudal courtesy of the vertical distance towards a bourgeois/contemporary courtesy of the horizontal distance.

Between the 9th and the 11th centuries the Saxons developed a specific consciousness regarding their freedom; initially related to the Saxon people it came to be associated with the land of the Saxons. This was accompanied by the growth of power held by the Saxons in respect to the other regna of the empire. They were able to boycott royal elections from the year 1002 onwards and thus force the newly elected king to travel to Saxony in order to win their approval in their territory. In the second half of the 11th century the Saxons endeavoured to make use of the »Saxon freedom« as a right of opposition against the Salian Kings, which precipitated a war with Henry IV, although he was simply trying to establish his own rights as a king within the eastern parts of Saxony (i. e. the reoccupation of the former Ottonian crown domain in and around the Harz mountains, which Henry had inherited). For that reason the war was limited to the eastern parts of Saxony and Thuringia in addition to the lands of the opposition in southern Germany, while Westphalia, for instance, was not touched. Nevertheless, the conflict has been known until our own times as »Henry’s IV war with the Saxons«. This is the result of writing history in the 11th century. In an epoque without states, this is a strong indication how the perception of space changed, intensified and led to the concept of territory. Henry IV was not able to successfully meet this challenge and was never able to develop an appropriate response – as did perhaps all his successors on the German throne.

The official decree, in 1933, to use "Heil Hitler" and "Mit deutschem Gruß [With German greetings]" as greetings, constituted a massive intervention in the everyday use of language in the German population. The study examines in what time frame and in what domains of written communication the new forms of greeting were established. Sources include guidelines and sample letters from Nazi era style guides as well as a body of authentic business letters from the 1920s to 1940s. The development described in the study is characterized as a phase of forcibly accelerated modernization in the long-term history of European communication routines. The introduction of the Hitler salute is identified as a premature and passing episode in the multidimensional transition from feudal courtesy of the vertical distance towards a bourgeois/contemporary courtesy of the horizontal distance.

Still today, received wisdom has it that (with rare exceptions) structuralism underwent no reception in Germany before the Second World War and especially not during the period of Nazi rule. In contrast, the present study on Eugen Lerch, a scholar of Romance languages, shows that even among German linguists who today would be considered as far removed from structuralist concerns, structuralism was on the contrary anything but unknown. In 1934, Lerch, a Vossler student, pointed out explicit connections between his own "idealistic" program of linguistic research and the international structuralist movement and emphasized points of methodology he shared in common with Saussure and later also with the Prague and Copenhagen schools of linguistics. Lerch intends his reference to structuralism to serve as argumentative backing for his own linguistic position, which he saw embattled by unceasing polemical attacks. Lerch's self-conscious and well considered "scientific diplomacy" offers clear evidence of the high degree of prestige that the international structuralist movement in linguistics enjoyed in Germany in the nineteen-thirties.

Die Ausführungen dieses Beitrags plädieren für eine Mittlerrolle der Geographie im Grenz- und Überschreitungsbereich von Natur-, Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften. Gerade im Bereich des globalen Umweltwandels sowie einer damit zusammenhängenden Neubestimmung der Mensch-Umweltbeziehungen wird der Geographie eine Schlüsselfunktion im Hinblick auf eine neue «Einheit des Wissens» zuerkannt.

RESUMO Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento retórico-discursivo de hiperligações constitutivas de notícias digitais de divulgação científica publicadas nas revistas on-line Galileu e Superinteressante, a partir de noções postuladas nos quadros da Análise do Discurso Digital (ADD), de M-A. Paveau, e da Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), desenvolvida por W. Mann e S. Thompson. Para tanto, examinam-se as hiperligações segundo a categoria tecnodiscursiva da deslinearização (ADD), bem como a partir das relações retóricas (RST) que emergem entre o texto de origem e o de destino por meio da hiperligação. As análises evidenciam que o produtor textual opta por deslinearizar, por meio das hiperligações, os fios sintagmático, enunciativo e discursivo de seu texto, de uma forma marcadamente visual, para exercer efeitos retóricos no escrileitor, como, por exemplo: trazer credibilidade para a informação científica divulgada, aumentar a capacidade de compreensão da informação, detalhar a informação e, em última análise, induzir a leitura de outros textos veiculados na mesma revista. É importante, contudo, apontar o fato de que a concretização desses efeitos depende diretamente do escrileitor, que optará por acionar, ou não, o hiperlink por meio de um enunciado gestual: o clique.

Remote sensing image analysis Systems and geographie in formation Systems (GIS) show great promise for the Integra tion of a wide variety of spatial information as a support to en vironmental monitoring and managementtasks. Current and future remote sensing programs are based on a variety of sensors that will provide timely and repetitive multisensor earth Observation data on a global scale. GIS offer efficient tools for handling, manipulating, analyzing and presenting spatial data that are required for environmental ly sound deci sion making. To combine the power of both spatial techno logies, however, efficient synergistic processing techniques have to be developed to cope with large multisensor image datasets and to automatically extract information for environ mental GIS applications. These efforts have to be put in a broader perspective of an evolving discipline Geoinformatics as one component of a new and innovative interdisciplinary approach for academic education. One example of this approach is the new academic program Environmental Sciences at the University of Vechta.