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The article analyzes the relationship between Alberto Beneduce and Luigi Einaudi, when they were protagonists of the economic and political debate between the two world wars. Although starting from different standpoints, with political, economic and cultural divergences sometimes resulting in public controversies, Einaudi and Beneduce were often in agreement in the diagnosis of the problems of the Italian economy, they both worked to keep Italy within the international financial circuits, they were capable of developing networks of economists and managers, they became interpreters of an economic vision based on a central role of the institutions. Convergences and divergences between the two protagonists offer an insight into the problems and innovations, such as public intervention into the economy, faced by the Italian elite between the two world conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Roman villa at Matrice, located in Molise, central Italy, offers a rare opportunity to reflect on a typology of site that is sparsely documented. The building at Matrice presents distinctive elements of a rural villa of the 1st century AD, dedicated to agricultural, pastoral and wine production activities. However, these elements are adapted here in a decentralized area of the Roman State, where the local elites did not exhibit the same opulence of those belonging to major urban centres. The villa displays peculiar aspects and reflects local economic, social, and geographical conditions. After the excavation of the 1980s, archaeological research at Matrice was renewed in 2017 by a joint team from the British School at Rome, King's College London, and the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford. The project used a preliminary geophysical survey to explore the area around the site, discovering new archaeological features. The following excavation season assessed the geophysical results and provided significant stratigraphic information. The paper focuses on the methodological aspect of the research, comparing the geophysical results with data from the excavation. It also underlines the potential implications of the new evidence for the understanding of the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to Mario Marti in the elite cenacle of the new Florentine poets the initial sodalitas with Guido Cavalcanti delivers the image of a dynamic Dante in the reworking-adaptation to the ‘aristocracy of the heart’ on Guinizelli’s intuitions. The first friendship with Cavalcanti fades irremediably in the season following the prosimeter Vita nova. The critical-cultural awareness towards Guittone pushes Dante to a higher degree of development also towards Cavalcanti, who is less open to confident forecasts, as he sees himself in «heavy weight» under the irrational blows of Love. With equal and speculative poetic force the ‘other Guido’ is radically opposed to Dante’s thought, but Cavalcant’s ‘matter’ is, after all, the one abandoned by Dante. Dante’s thought is forged in the interventions of life, in the res publica, between clashes and pleasure of encounters: from ‘petrose’ rhymes up to the role of prior and up to the moral compositions Dante’s disposition is less distant compared to his stylnovistic experience, which is crystallized in a moment, but that comes back condensed and distilled in the mature Dante. The figure of Beatrice returns and she comes true to a higher height: she is reworked and intimately repurchased through the confrontation with a larger life. Beatrice is fully realized for Dante, inside and outside Dante, as subsumed from yeast to supreme synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Italica Wratislaviensia is the property of Wydawnictwo Adam Marszalek and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The transmission of European astronomical knowledge at the end of XVI century to Chinese elites has been one of the critical factors of the evangelization process applied by the Jesuits in China. Sabatino de Ursis, first collaborator of Matteo Ricci in Beijing and after his death his substitute, has been one of the first Jesuits to contribute to this transmission proving how the Western mathematical and astronomical knowledge was more advanced than the methods used by the Chinese astronomers to predict astronomical phenomena. With him the process of penetration of the Jesuits in the Imperial astronomical office for the calendar has started and later the Jesuits were appointed directors of this office from the mid of the XVII century until the end of XVIII century. In my contribution I will present the information about de Ursis’ astronomical activity and the works he dictated to be translated in Chinese, with consideration of his role in the more general context of the astronomical activity of the Jesuits in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay investigates the lines of research followed by recent historiography in its study of transnational elite within Spain and Italy in the period between the Habsburgs and Bourbons. Special focus will be on the members of nobles families such as the Trivulzio, Arese, Borromeo, Acquaviva d’Atri and of Caserta, Pignatelli, Gallio-Trivulzio in the State of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Archaic period, the Lucanian tract of the middle Ofanto valley is inhabited by well-structured communities both culturally and economically, and which consciously benefit from the strategic geographical position, controlling the important Sele-Ofanto itinerary. The high social status achieved by the highest class-es of these communities is perceptible by the presence of some elite burials, the grave goods of which abound with bronze pottery acquired through exchanges of gifts especially with the rich Campanian Etruscan aris-tocracy. The pottery, mostly still linked to a strong local identity, are flanked by numerous laminated bronzes of Tyrrhenian production. This latter class refers to specific convivial practices, within which a decisive role is played by the ritual consumption of wine. It is possible to recognize real functional couples that, constantly repeating themselves within the richest tombs of the whole Lucanian territory, demonstrate conscious adhesion to new convivial practices, borrowed from the Etruscan and Greek worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologia Medievale: Cultura Materiale, Insediamenti, Territorio is the property of All'Insegna del Giglio s.a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The consular post of Paolo Gerolamo Pallavicini, in Palermo, is a particularly interesting case study, for several reasons. The first concerns the congruence between the status of the personage in his own country, and the importance of the consular seat which he held. During the central decades of the seventeenth century, Palermo clearly required the presence of characters with a network of correspondents and support for the leaders of the Genoese ruling class. In a phase of tension between Genoa and the Spanish imperial system, it was necessary to rely on characters with experience in financial matters who were respected at home. Naturally, this functioned better if the candidate had personal and family interests to cultivate on the spot, as was the case with the Pallavicini. Cases similar to his, of a former consul who had risen to the apex of government of the Republic, were certainly very rare. Perhaps it was the importance of Palermo, in that particular temporal context, which suggested the choice of an exceptional representative, one able to activate and sustain a network of his own acquaintances, not only in Sicily but also in Madrid. In the previous generation, another Pallavicini, Camillo, had presented similar traits. He did not become consul in Palermo (this task fell to another homonym, who died accidentally in the same year, 1644), but worked in Sicily tightening cordial relations with the viceroy, then Los Vélez, and doing business both with other Genoese and Tuscan financiers, and with Sicilians, including members of the magistrature. Appointed consul in Naples, he died soon after. The delicacy of the historical context, a phase of the Republic that, after the quiebras of 1627 and 1647, saw the emergence among the Genoese ruling class of a push towards the loosening of financial ties with Spain and private mercantile ambitions, allows us to appreciate the congruity of the choice of Pallavicini. According to the correspondence, he shared the conviction of his peers, that the Republic could make the prospect of their removal from the Crown’s financial obligations weigh on the Spanish authorities, in order to soften their attitude towards the Genoese. As we know, those ambitions had weak foundations, because they did not consider the changing power relations and profiles of the many actors by now operating in the Mediterranean scenario. Unquestionably, only a person of his local importance could try to develop a line of conduct that defended the interests of the Genoese mercantile and financial community, while at the same time it made itself felt in Madrid. Pallavicini’s correspondence indicates the existence of a project for the acquisition of status and insertion among the local Genoese elite in Sicily, which could go against the directives of the consulate. The Genoese were not necessarily a compact group; indeed, there were also acute divisions and rivalries between them, and different strategies of social promotion and placement with respect to the local ruling classes. For some, the acquisition of a noble title was not only functional to better protection of their own interests, but could also mean the passage from a mercantile to an aristocratic ethos. For all these reasons, it seems appropriate that the story of Pallavicini, which we have tried to outline in these pages, should sooner or later be closely compared with those of other Genoese consular representatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the mailing correspondence between Giuseppe Montanelli and one of his devoted friend, Lorenzo Ceramelli. He belonged to a recent aristocratic elite, employed by the State bureaucracy of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany through the reforms of the Habsburg-Lorraine House and the Napoleonic regime. During the Restoration, L. Ceramelli actively participated into the activities of G.B. Vieusseux. His engagement was dedicated to the education of the poor in Tuscany with voluntary organizations, throughout the decade before 1848. After that date, many letters deal with the commitment of Montanelli in the battlefield of Curtatone and Montanara, followed by his imprisonment, his liberation, and his engagement into the Government of Tuscany. After escape of the Grand Duke Leopold II, in february 1849, the letters concern the Habsburg military occupation of Tuscany, ultimately seen as a safeguard against the uprisings of Guerrazzi's Democrats in Livorno. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on European historiography on the Spanish monarchy. Elite without borders within and outside the Spanish monarchy. It mentions about the mobility between the borders of reinos and Spanish provices. It also mentions about the elites who supported client networks of power.

Among the comital elites of the early 11th century mentioned in the documentation for the Rome area, the counts of Galeria occupied a prominent place. Though we can reconstruct their history until the second half of the 13th century, not all the individuals who held this title were of the same lineage. Count Gerardo [I], son of Ranieri, is the most important figure of all the Counts of Galeria, and therefore the main focus of this paper. He is documented between 1040–1060 and played an important role in Rome’s political history during these years. He collaborated with Popes Benedict IX and Benedict X; he played a leading role in the Roman Tuscia where he also owned several castles, and was a close ally of the abbots of Farfa. Count Sassone of Civita Castellana was his brother. Both men had descendants. It is very likely that after Count Gerardo’s death, in the early 1060s Galeria Castle returned under papal control. According to a document in the archives of San Paolo fuori le mura, Gregory VII granted it to the monastery in Via Ostiense. By contrast, the descendants of Count Sassone, his son Rainieri [II] and his grandson Sassone [II], managed to retain control of Civita Castellana until almost the end of the century. Our information on this family ceases in the last 20 years of the 11th century. At the end of the first millennium, other Roman families began to appear in the Roman contado and the southern Tuscia, and in the space of a century their ambitions obliterated the old families that had hitherto dominated. Other counts of Galeria appear sporadically in the documents of the 12th and 13th centuries, but none of these individuals were as important as the two brothers Gerardo [I] and Sassone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the adaptation of the Italian diplomatic bureaucracy to the growing complexity of international relations, which occurred during the Cold War. Starting from the late 1940s technicalities and scientific dossiers were included in the diplomatic agenda. Traditional diplomats proved to be unfit to understand and address by their own those problems. As a result, the diplomatic bureaucracies of Western advanced countries had to reform the structures responsible for the foreign policy-making. In Italy, this reform was only partially accomplished: the lack of openness of the diplomatic elite left the door closed to those technical experts, who could add value to the international action of Italy, both in the bilateral and in the multilateral arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Italian Risorgimento, or unification period, with a focus on the concepts of the masses, revolution, and historiographical trends. Topics mentioned include the concept of the elite in historiography, the historical role of the masses and the popular involvement in the unification, and analytical problems related to historiography of the unification.

Copyright of Scienza & Politica is the property of University of Bologna, Department of Political & Social Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the modern history of the city of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy, in connection to the book "Chieti moderna: Profilo storico di una città del Mezzogiorno d'antico regime (secc. XVI-XVIII)" by Marco Trotta. Topics discussed include the historiography of the city from ancient times until 2011, sociocultural and power relations surrounding the elite families of the city, and the impact of the history of the city on the current socioeconomic structures of the modern city.

The article discusses the relationship between the elite classes of Tuscany, Italy and 18th to 19th century Italian economist, politician, and jurist, Pellegrino Rossi. Topics discussed include background information on Rossi, the history and politics of Tuscany in the 19th century, and the relationship between Rossi and the periodical "Antologia," established by Giovan Pietro Vieusseux.

The article presents an overview on the Italian ruling class and the "Shock Theory". The author emphasizes on the existing differences between ruling class and the social elite which performs the roles of mediatic/cultural leaders or opinion-makers. The author mentions the weberian sense of professional politicians and the several shocks - conflicts, economical - that Italy has gone through in the 20th century.

The article offers a reconstruction of the confrontational political viewpoints in the post-fascist Italian republic government. The authors focuses particularly on the occurrences that, through their social characteristics, are related to the social elites' ability to perform ruling functions. Special attention is addressed to the "bourgeoisie issue" in Italy.

Copyright of Sociologia del Lavoro is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the financing of cathedrals in Northern Italy during the Medieval period, with a focus on financial systems and social structures involved in the process of cathedral building. Topics discussed include the history of the funding and building of cathedrals in Italian cities including Milan, Florence, and Turin; the financial philosophy and planning involved in the construction of cathedrals, and the social and economic involvement of urban elite classes in the economic culture of cathedral building.

The article discusses the economic history of Perugia, Italy in the 19th century, focusing on the real estate market and the impact of the dispersion of property holdings of urban ecclesiastic groups. Topics discussed include real property exchange and real estate prices during this time, changes in urban space and urban economics in the region, and the development of a new urban elite social class as a result of real estate exchange, including economic and social effects of the real estate market.

In 1997 a "new programming" was launched in Italy by the Department of development and cohesion policies in Rome. One of the key features of this new phase was the emphasis on "endogenous" local development, i.e. a development which is mainly based on local actors and productive specializations. The new programming strikingly failed to deliver its expected results. Some wrong expectations were fostered with regard to local political elites (§§1).A certain concept of local development is inherently flawed (§§2). The first failure was that of "territorial agreements" (patti territoriali), but there is a remarkable reluctancy to admit it (§§ 3). Another experience of "local" development whose outcomes are poor is that of Integrated Territorial Programs (Pit). After 42 years (1950-1992) of extraordinary intervention for the Mezzogiorno and almost 20 years (1989-) of European regional policies, most of Southern Italy is still in a condition of backwardness. Wrong development policies are one of the main determinants of such underdevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various issues related to changes that have occurred in the formulations of higher education and the divide between the systems for the elite and masses of the society. It is stated that the development of the higher education in the Second World War can be interpreted as the transition of the higher education from elite to mass. It is informed that the most evident characteristic of the transition consists in the dimensional growth of the higher education. It is highlighted that there exists both qualitative and quantitative differences between the higher education for the elite and the mass. It is argued that the systems of education for the mass has rendered the rapport between higher education and the job market more articulate and complex.

Research concerning the development of Southern Italy is often policy oriented. By referring to Max Weber, the author asserts that this is not necessarily a weakness, provided that such an orientation is transparent (in the sense that there is an explicit comparison between various policy options) and conditional (in the sense that the analyst does not question the ends, but rather explores the appropriateness of the means). Some recent contributions tend to overlook that a "Mezzogiorno syndrome" is still present. The author mentions two features of such a syndrome: weak legality and dependence. Weak legality refers to the unreliability of public rules and institutions, which hinders development because it distorts medium term economic calculations. Dependence refers to the pervasiveness of the public sector and to the fact that in Southern Italy very often the life chances of social and economic actors depend on the political elite and civil servants. According to the author, in such a context local agents can seldom be the crucial forces of growth. Therefore, an exogenous. leverage of socio- economic change looks more promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented on urban history and the history of the Tuscany region of Italy. Topics discussed include the elite classes of Tuscany, the Italian Unification of the 19th century in Tuscany, and the historiography of Tuscany.