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The essay analyzes Moscow, the cycle of novels published between 1926 and 1932 in the USSR by the symbolist writer Andrei Bely. The cycle retrospectively recounts the transformations that would lead to the birth of the new Soviet socialist state. Three different utopias in the struggle against the capitalist and bourgeois order identifiable in the cycle of novels are examined: that of the young Lizasha, daughter of the Western businessman and spy Mandro, who dreams of the existence of a "world beyond", that of the socialist Kierko and that of professor Korobkin, i.e. the utopia of free science and universal order, as well as the inner transfiguration of humanity. The essay intends to show how the first two utopias, which in the course of the narration merge into a single one, are overcome in Bielian narration by the third: spiritual regeneration, and not the achievement of socialism, whose flaws Bely covertly highlights, is the only true evolutionary condition of the spiral of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The status granted to foreigners across the Spanish territory, whether domiciled or transient, for various reasons has been an element of attention for government authorities since at least the early 18th century. The Spanish-American war, which ended in 1898, and, above all, the First World War – the effects of which overwhelmed Spain despite its proclaimed neutrality – represented key moments. The presence in the territory of citizens of other States, especially European ones, and the consideration of their contribution to the nation, also through the processes of naturalisation, acquired special public importance and significantly influenced the relevant legislation in this regard.

The article proposes an incursion into the Romanian poetry of the First World War, following the verses of civilian poets such as Nicolae Iorga, Alexandru Vlahuță or George Ranetti, in the attempt of showing the ethical profile and the esthetic constants of a creation that thematizes the armed conflict at a distance. The article is thus questioning the commitment of those intellectuals who affirm that their pen is a bayonet, recognizing meanwhile that they belong to an old contingent, factually ineffective, but discursively effective in times of war.

Clemenceau’s favorable predispositions to the cause of nationalities and to the revenge on Germany favored Romania’s national aspirations even before the First World War. During the war, until he accedded to power in November 1917, he exerted intense pressure in favor of Romania’s entry into the conflict on the side of the Entente, then, once it occurred in August 1916, its (difficult) maintening in the fight. At the Paris Peace Conference, he favored its territorial aspirations in exchange for integration into the French post-war security system that Anglo-Americans viewed with suspicion.

The article compares some passages from two of Marinetti's works on the subject of war, the book of experimental prose 8 Anime in una bomba and the novel L'alcòva d'acciaio, analysing in particular Marinetti's exploration of the themes of sadism and cruelty. The comparison is based on the theories of the social psychologist Kurt Lewin on the perception of space and landscape in war (Krieg-slandschaft) and on Alberto Maria Banti's studies on the construction of patriotic-national rhetoric around the theme of both male and female body as the object of sadistic or masochistic impulses.

The restoration of La battaglia dall’Astico al Piave (Italy, 1918) has been funded by MiC (the Italian Ministry of Culture) and carried out by the University of Udine in collaboration with several film archives. Starting from a historical-philological and restoration framework, the case study offers some reflections and considerations between the fields of the digital humanities, film preservation, and cinema history. Furthermore, it provides a concrete opportunity to achieve the two goals of raising awareness about the status of digitized film artefacts, framing them as the result of modelling practices, and documenting the film preservation process as well as the surrounding historical and cultural network in a digital historical-critical infrastructure.

In this article, Ford Madox Ford’s writings about Provençal culinary practices are considered in the perspective of the nationalist ideas, which had become popular in France at the turn of the 20th century. A comparison between Ford and French writers such as Maurice Barrès and Charles Maurras leads to the emergence of different conceptions of the land and helps understand the former’s attachment to Provence, as well as his humanity and his generosity. This article also discusses right-wing attitudes to the land in Great Britain during the Twenties and Thirties.

This article analyses a small selection of texts by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti with the aim to shed new light on the role that the experience of combat during the First World War played in the evolution of the narrative of the body in Marinetti’s imagination. Different pre-war narratives of the body will be first analysed and then placed against the backdrop of the cultural productions of the war years. Specific attention will be paid to the images of the prosthetic body with a wider look onto other social discourses (medical science, politics, propaganda). The article will argue that Marinetti re-writes and adjust his earlier narratives of the body and highlight the ambivalences and social fantasies, mostly relevant to gender and sexuality, underlying them.

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The text presents the dynamics and variability of the political options and alliances which shaped the borders of modern Syria in the most crucial period of World War I and the first years of post-war reality in the Middle East. The researchers show how the external interests of the Great Powers took priority over the Syrians’ internal affairs. For the inhabitants of the Levant, it meant the Western practice of ignoring Arab opinions and aspirations in the aftermath of the Great War, which was sealed in the Treaty of Versailles. Despite the positive solutions proposed by The King-Crane Commission (1919), the new post-Ottoman order ignored local identities and political preferences. The new borders were created artificially and determined arbitrarily. The Sykes-Picot agreement reinforced both conspiracy theories in the Middle East and the mythology of the Great Arab Revolt. The competing Western powers took advantage of the local minorities, fueling dislike and strengthening sectarianism. In the years 1919–1920, Pan-Syrianism solidified and took a characteristic form of striving to consolidate the fragmented nation of the Greater Syria. The resolutions of the General Syrian Congress of 2 July 1919 provided timeless premises for the political orientation of the Syrian nationalists, which strongly influenced politics in the Middle East in the following decades. However, the partition of Greater Syria after World War I proved to be one of the worst of many political traumas experienced in the Middle East at that time. Pan-Syrianism was systematically weakened by the conflicting aspirations among the Syrians, the Lebanese, the Palestinians, and Jordanians.

Traditionally, the Italian conquest of Cyrenaica (1911-1932) has been described essentially as a colonial war fought by Italy against the local Bedouin tribes supported by the Sanusiyya Order, from which an embryo of Libyan identity emerged. Through a comparative and transregional analysis, the author offers an altogether more complex reading of the war as a competition between conflicting imperialisms of the main European powers and the Sanusiyya itself, focussing in particular on Anglo-Italian relations. The author shows also how the underlying Anglo-Italian rivalry influenced the military operations in the colonial theatre during the Great War, and how it stimulated a regional identity in Cyrenaica -- as opposed to a Libyan national identity -- the legacy of which can still be seen in today's Libya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International historiography has extensively assessed the innovations in war practice experienced during the First World War. However, the consequences of trench warfare in military cartographic production have not been fully investigated yet. Following this line, the essay presents the cartographic corpus of the historical archive of the Terza Armata (Third Army); the Terza Armata had a fundamental role in the conflict, settling on the Piave river after Caporetto and leading the final advance towards Istria. The analysis of the collection, which is still unpublished, can open a new front of research aimed at developing categories of semiological analysis and typological classification of military maps as sources produced in fieri, i.e. manuscript IGM maps that were constantly updated during war operations. First, the cartographic corpus is presented; second, a first typological classification and a semiological decoding of maps are proposed, based on the interpretation of the symbols used, of the legend and of the methods of representation. In particular, the contribution focuses on tactical maps, i.e. cartographies that were continuously updated in proelio to document the evolution of war events on the front line.

The present essay deals with the representation of the First World War in Italian cinema of the 1930s. Approaching the subject from a new and different perspective, the essay aims to specifically discuss the way in which the Austro-German enemy has been depicted in Marco Elter’s film Le scarpe al sole and Oreste Biancoli’s Piccolo alpino . The essay’s purpose is to shed new light on these films, which stand exemplarily for the changing representation of the First World War in Italian films in the 1930s.

The prisoner of war camp of Padula, Italy, operated during World War One in a large Carthusian Monastery and barracks, has been the topic of several Italian, Czech and Slovakian studies, as it was one of the greatest Italian camps and served as the centre for the creation of the Czechoslovak Legion. However, thousands of its detainees were Hungarian, whose life has barely been discussed. This paper aims to present the life of Hungarian POWs held in Padula. With the help of sources pertaining to them, such as letters and memoirs, it is possible to deeply examine four aspects: religion, health, complaints and employment. Another aim of the study is to make a list of the Hungarian prisoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Thomas Mann and the historian of the Late Empire Otto Seeck corresponded from 1911 until at least 1917. While all of Seeck’s letters to Mann appear to have been lost, there are five surviving letters from Mann to Seeck, four of which are being published here for the first time. Between 1911 and 1917, Mann generally professed conservative political ideas, and during the First World War he enthusiastically supported his country’s war efforts. A similar conservative and nationalistic trait can be found in Seeck’s popularising works at the time. Thus, before Mann turned to a republican allegiance, he had had an affinity with Seeck, and mentioned the writing of his conservative essay Betrachtungen eines Un­politischen in two letters to him. On 24 January 1911, Mann thanked Seeck for his hospitality on a visit to Münster and sent an autograph for one of Seeck’s daughters. In a letter dated 9 April 1916, Mann outlined the qualities and weak­nesses of his own essay on Frederick the Great, mentioned its reception among scholars and the wider public, and gave his opinion on historical fiction. On 16 February 1917, he thanked Seeck for sending him one of his essays, and, just over a month later (24 March 1917), for sending him a new essay, and men­tioned his own forthcoming book, Aufzeichnungen eines Unpolitischen (not yet entitled Betrachtungen).

The First World War brought epochal innovations in military, political, socio-economic and terms cultural also for the prodigies that scientific-technological progress has produced: enormous logistical systems and technological predisposed almost exclusively to destroy. The Verena fort, built on the homonymous one peak overlooking the Assa valley, it represented the most efficient Italian response to fortification Austrian-Hungarian. It was built according to the nineteenth-century principles of Enrico Rocchi: with fire mouths effective for long-distance shooting. By reading the correspondence from the Commission of Inquiry, yes design errors of permanent works are avoided. Today, the ruins of the Verena fort, in a area of extraordinary landscape value, are easily accessible through the chairlift which, from the Verenetta refuge below, it climbs to the top of Mount Verena. The current appearance is that of a ruin and as such is placed on the line between the search for immortality of matter and the inevitable action of time.

This paper aims to present the case, in many ways surprising, of the versified letters of the Romanian peasant soldiers, built according to the metrics, style and structures of traditional oral poetry. From the beginning, in the Romanian context, the writings of ordinary people have become an object of exclusive interest for ethnographers and folklorists. This disciplinary option, which has cut out specific philological, literary or historical interests, has had several consequences, that the paper tries to point out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The essay wishes to analyze the anti-German riots of Milan, which took place on 26-29 May 1915 after the Italian declaration of war to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the riots, the crowd destroyed many German economic activities and private houses, but involved many Austrian and Swiss citizens too. After an analysis of the context in which popular xenophobia grew thanks to the nationalist and interventionist propaganda, the essay wants to focus primarily on the behavior of the local authorities. During the riots, indeed, the local authorities showed both their involvement in violence and their weakness. Sharing the same anti-German feelings of the crowd, they did not contain the popular violence and only the intervention of military authorities could stop the riots. Moreover, the essay analyzes the reactions of local press and of some witnesses as Luigi Albertini and Benito Mussolini as well. After riots, the nationalist and interventionist press emphasized the patriotic purpose of the crowd and justified the popular violence. In particular, Benito Mussolini was very enthusiastic about violence. The essay includes also four significant documents of those events, concerning the description of the riots (n. 1), the behavior of the police (n. 2), difficulty to estimate the damages (n. 3) and finally a letter from Benito Mussolini to Giovanni Papini about the riots (n. 4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows the importance of a tale “Breughel à l’Yser” in the context of the Franz Hellens’identity transformation which takes place during the First World War. On the one hand, in his tale Hel-lens refers by different means to the Breughel’s oeuvre continuing in that way the myth of Belgian writer perceived as a heir of the Flemish painters. On the other hand, via the landscape, the typical element of the Flemish master’s style, the writer introduces the elements of fantasy into a realistic de-scription of a battlefield, creating in that way his own aesthetics of “fantastique reel” (fantastic reality). Thus, this tale enables to examine how Hellens passes fluently from the “inherited identity” to the matu-re writer’s identity.

This paper considers some of the poems written by the English soldier-poet Isaac Rosenberg during the First World War in order to show his ecological awareness in the depiction of and reflection upon the devastating effects of warfare on the environment and on the man-nature relationship. By adopting an ecocritical perspective, his works will be studied in relation to con¬cepts of space and place, the peculiar features of the war zone, and the elaboration of the pastoral tradition. In conclusion, it will be suggested that the destruction of nature serves as a metaphor for the physical and psychological suffering of men.

Aleksandr Solženicyn wrote in 1969/1970 his “August Fourteenth” (“Avgust četyrnadcatogo”), a historical novel about the First World War which closely adheres to historical fact. The events of the war are themselves, however, not told, making the novel unsuitable as a text of remembrance. In contrast, Vasilij Rozanov composed his “The War of 1914 and Russian Rebirth” (“Vojna 1914 goda i russkoe vozroždenie”) at the beginning of the war in 1915, an ideological and emotional pamphlet that discusses the meaning of the coming war while ignoring historical fact. Solženicyn writes an ‘Anti-Rozanov’ in regard to content and poetics. Despite their extreme differences, both authors implicitly view the First World War as not memorable for Russia.Der russische Romancier Aleksandr Solženicyn schrieb in den Jahren 1969/70 „August Neunzehnhundertvierzehn“ („Avgust četyrnadcatogo“), einen historischen Roman über den Ersten Weltkrieg, der nahe an den historischen Tatsachen bleibt. Die Kriegsereignisse selbst werden aber nicht erzählt, so dass sich der Roman nicht zur Erinnerung eignet. Vasilij Rozanov schrieb hingegen „Der Krieg von 1914 und die russische Wiedergeburt“ („Vojna 1914 goda i russkoe vozroždenie“) zu Kriegsbeginn im Jahr 1915. Dieses ideologische und emotionale Pamphlet erörtert die Bedeutung des kommenden Kriegs, ignoriert aber historische Fakten. Solž nicyn schreibt inhaltlich wie poetologisch einen ‚Anti-Rozanov‘. Trotz ihrer großen Unterschiede betrachten beide Autoren den Ersten Weltkrieg als für Russland nicht erinnerungswürdig.

The Second International, which the PSI and the SFIO were part of, had undertaken over the years the fight against the war. His attitude changed, however, with the outbreak of the First World War. Consequently the relation between the SFIO and the PSI changed. The SFIO was in line with the decisions of the French government and had supported the entry of France into war. Italy instead entered later into war and the PSI didn’t vote for the war credits in May 1915. This article analyses the relations between the PSI and the SFIO in the period of Italy’s neutrality, while France was already involved in the conflict.

This article discusses problems involved in the literary representation of argot and spoken language in the context of the First World War based on the analysis of a multilingual corpus including the French novel Le Feu, written by Henri Barbusse in 1916, its German version, Das Feuer, translated by Leo von Meyenbourg in 1918, as well as the German novel Im Westen nichts Neues, written by Erich Maria Remarque in 1929, and its French translation À l’Ouest, rien de nouveau by Alzir Hella and Olivier Bournac published the same year.

During the First World War songs played an extremely important role not only for the morale of the soldiers and as a means of political propaganda, but above all as a source of opinion and distraction. The aim of this article is firstly to present some examples of songs from the Great War, to highlight some of their dominant themes and to analyse their linguistic content with a special emphasis on the use of slang. The next part of the article focuses on the definition of the “argot des poilus”, that is the military jargon of the First World War soldiers, and on its role in the analysed texts. Several books and dictionaries devoted to this subject were published between 1915 and 1919, a time when everything concerning the soldiers and their experiences on the front, including certain aspects of their jargon, as popularised by the songs, was of special importance to the society of that period. This contributed to an in-depth analysis of military slang and to a greater openness towards slang studies in general. The paper also examines the functions of slang and jargon in the texts in question, and shows that two main types of language transfer were possible in this context. On the one hand, through songs or the press, slang words penetrated into the language behind the frontlines, and on the other hand, there are examples of literary creations that enriched the actual military jargon itself.

The dispute between interventionists and neutralists opposes two fronts in the Italian philosophical landscape, where the Neapolitan pole dominated by Croce opposes the city of Florence - home of the French Institute and seat of literary and artistic circles close to Futurism and Bergsonism. From the beginning of the war, the Florentine journals “La Voce” and “Lacerba” publish frequent attacks on Germanic culture. Croce reacts from the pages of “La Critica” and “Italia Nostra”. The typical themes of French anti-German propaganda reverberate on the Italian political and philosophical debate, adapting to the peculiarity of its cultural context.

The First World War brought epochal innovations in military, political, socio-economic and terms cultural also for the prodigies that scientific-technological progress has produced: enormous logistical systems and technological predisposed almost exclusively to destroy. The Verena fort, built on the homonymous one peak overlooking the Assa valley, it represented the most efficient Italian response to fortification Austrian-Hungarian. It was built according to the nineteenth-century principles of Enrico Rocchi: with fire mouths effective for long-distance shooting. By reading the correspondence from the Commission of Inquiry, yes design errors of permanent works are avoided. Today, the ruins of the Verena fort, in a area of extraordinary landscape value, are easily accessible through the chairlift which, from the Verenetta refuge below, it climbs to the top of Mount Verena. The current appearance is that of a ruin and as such is placed on the line between the search for immortality of matter and the inevitable action of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This critical note presents a recent study focusing on the publications and books for soldiers at the beginning of the twentieth century. Through the investigation of the Italian book industry and some reading promotion activities for the soldiers, the author describes the fundamental role that books, magazines and other types of publications of the time had as an instrument of moral support and escapism, but also as a means of information and propaganda. Moreover, the author shows how the consequences of the war have influenced the production of publications and the circulation of reading material by presenting a little-known cultural insight into this dramatic event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay deals with the theme of Salento soldiers who fell on the field in the First World War and were buried in the most important military shrines between Veneto, Trentino and Friuli Venezia Giulia. After a focus on the history of the shrines, we examine the case of a small municipality of Capo di Leuca, Gagliano del Capo, hired as a specimen of the whole of Salento.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Storia Urbana is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based fundamentally on the Italian archival documents, this essay examines the internal affairs and the struggle for power of the ṭarīqah al-sanūsiyyah during the First World War, a strongly problematic period for the brotherhood. The decision to take the side of the Ottoman Empire by the šayḫ al-kabīr Aḥmad al-Šarīf was not unanimously shared: his cousin (and future king of independent Libya) Muḥammad Idrīs inclined for an alliance with Great Britain. Inside the Sanūsī tribes, decimated by the war and its scourges, the question arose of the legitimacy of the supreme charge between the branch of direct descent from the founder (to which Idrīs belonged) and the collateral branch represented by Aḥmad al-Šarīf. In 1902 the latter had been chosen to direct the ṭarīqah due to the young age of Idrīs: some thought that Idrīs would have to take up the post that had been his father's when he became of age. This 'family affair', linked to the political and economic control of the country and to the ambitions of the leading members of the brotherhood, remains controversial, and had dramatic consequences even during the monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article briefly outlines the major aspects of Friedrich Naumann’s concept of Mitteleuropa and shows how his idea derived from the experience of the First World War. Although the plan is often viewed as an expression of annexionist war goals, Naumann actually argued for a rather informal German economic hegemony in Central Europe. The public reception of Mitteleuropa in Germany as well as in Allied countries is traced in detail by conducting a discourse analysis of newspaper coverage. Especially in Great Britain the Central European scheme was seen as a great menace and triggered discussions about alternative pan-European concepts. Although Mitteleuropa can be considered well-researched, this aspect has been surprisingly neglected by previous studies. The aim of the article is to link intellectual and cultural history by carving out the strong transnational interweavements that existed within the public debates on Europe during World War I: at a crucial moment in history Naumann’s idea promoted the articulation of European thinking in wider circles.

Celebrations for the 100th anniversary of First World War necessarily had to include a tribute to life and works of Cesare Battisti, an irredentist native from the Trentino area as well as prominent geographer. The need for a tribute was first addressed by the conference entitled Cesare Battisti geografo e cartografo di frontiera, which was held in Trento on October 27-29, 2016, thanks to the initiative of the Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia (Department of Letters and Philosophy) of the Trento University and the Centro Italiano di Studi Geografici (Italian Center for Geographic Studies) in Rome.

In 1916, the philosopher Dominique Parodi accomplished a mission in the Milanese satellite office of the Institut français de Florence : his involvment in propaganda for a close alliance between France and Italy against germanism is partially linked to the memory of his father, a franco-italian writer. In his lectures, notes for the Nouvelles internationales and articles on French political life for the Revue des nations latines, Parodi contributed to the promotion of latin fraternity, underlining its cultural and moral foundations and giving to latinity an idealistic and democratic definition.

In this essay, I will clarify the relationship between propaganda and film censorship in Italy and French during and after the First World War through veterans' experience. I analyzed those themes between 1915 and 1925.I propose to consider the films of Italian fiction on veterans' experience not in a unified way: after two years of war thesituation got worst. No film in this period had a happy end. In French the situation was inverse: during the war brutality and death was revealed. After armistice of Compiègne, films about war became less violent and the veteran status improved.

L’articolo presenta i risultati di un progetto di ricerca italo-francese triennale sui rapporti culturali intellettuali tra Francia e Italia dalla Prima guerra mondiale al Fascismo. I contributi raccolti nel dossier analizzano le politiche culturali francesi in Italia soprattutto a partire dall’Istituto francese di Firenze, il primo degli istituti culturali fondati dalla Francia all’estero, e dalle relazioni che Julien Luchaire, ideatore e fondatore dell’IFF, coltivò con gli intellettuali italiani durante la sua direzione. Attenzione particolare è riservata all’anno della neutralità dell’Italia, in cui gli interventi per promuovere la mobilitazione interventista a fianco della “sorella latina” furono particolarmente intensi. Sono inoltre osservati gli sviluppi avvenuti con la rottura sociale e politica che investì i due paesi nel 1917, quando in Francia si consumava la crisi dell’Union sacrée, mentre l’Italia era attraversata da proteste sociali e subiva la disfatta di Caporetto. Vengono infine considerate le trasformazioni innescate della Prima guerra mondiale negli anni di ricostruzione morale e civile del primo dopoguerra, una fase densa di conflitti, caratterizzata tanto dall’emergere di nuovi ideali e nuove utopie, quanto dal riesplodere di vecchie tensioni internazionali.

With the entrance of the Romanian Kingdom in the First World War as Entente's ally and with the fail of the campaign of Romanian Army in Transylvania, the Austro-Hungarian authorities have implemented some repressive rules that were focused on the supervising, imprisonment and deportation of the Romanian national and political leaders, but also the establishment of a ,,cultural border" across the Carpatian arch, by putting the Romanian schools under the authority of Austro- Hungarian state. Arested at 15th of August 1916, together with other Romanian intelectuals from Sebeş, Sebastian Stanca was deported in Western Hungary, in Rust village and later in Şopron, where he stood until the spring of 1917. The notes of Sebastian Stanca are presenting us, in a detailed manner, starting from the imprisonment moment and continuing with the separation from the family, his road to the Western Hungary, his first meetings there and his exile life. From the information provided by Sebastian Stanca, there can be easily observed the way how the experience of ,,the cultural border" have deeply influenced him, together with the fact of being far away from the house, the missing of family and the separation of the social, cultural and political enviroment frequented, that have generated in his life a real drama. Reading the notes of the priest Sebastian Stanca, we can observe an ingenious way of mashing his own experience with the description of the events that have led to it or with the description of the internal situation from the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. All of them are presented in a pleasent and accessible way that is extremly emotional for the reader and highlight the exceptional personality of the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecclesiastical formation of Giacomo Della Chiesa took place mainly within the Curia of Leo XIII, that is to say in an exceptional phase for the central government of the Church, deprived of temporal power from 1870. Della Chiesa became the witness and the protagonist of the profound transformation that the Roman Curia saw in these circumstances, when men and strategies alternated. Thus it was with the wealth of experience gained in these years that from 1914, as Pope Benedict XV, he had to face the crisis of the Great War. The historical perspective allows us today to gather the consistency of the decisions taken by Benedict XV and to appraise the strategies used to commit the Curia to realization of his own program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay intends to analyse the relations between the Council Presidency and the Monarchy during liberal Italy. In doing so, it was decided to privilege the study of such relationships within a particularly dramatic phase for the country, as was the First World War, focusing on the period 1914-1916 that goes from the proclamation of neutrality to the first Government of war, leaded by Antonio Salandra. The choice of this periodization depended on the awareness that the First World War was an effective test to verify the interaction between the powers of the State and to clarify whether or not the Parliamentarisation of the liberal political system was achieved. The events of the Salandra Government, in which the political confrontation between the powers of the State reached levels never reached during the conflict, testifies well the limits of this Parliamentarisation and the observation of how the liberal political system was a fundamentally hybrid system, in which Monarchy's powers of intervention were always very broad and, at times, straining to dissolve the unresolved nodes of the system itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The essay focuses on the theoretical reflection of Massimo Bonntempelli, in which the Great War has a direct role: it marks the passage from a nineteenth-century culture, that is still behind, and a modern and innovative one, also the result of the destruction promoted by the avant-gardes, above all Futurism. In the second part of the essay, a short Bontempellian story, entitled Mio zio non era futurista, is interpreted: it clearly reflects the author's ideas about the First World War as a cultural event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to focus on some less known aspects of the double negotiations led by Italy with the Central Powers and the Entente from the beginning of the First World War till the final decision to enter in the war on the side of the Entente in May 1915. The author has examined the existent historiography (mainly the Italian historiography due to the fact being the one that mostly considered this aspect), the Italian Diplomatic Documents and the primary sources conserved by the same Archive. Particular attention has been paid to the less known archival funds or parts of funds. This research work has permitted to underline three subjects of further analysis: the Italian concern about a premature end of the confl ict; some less know aspects of the Italian-Austrian relations; some informative reports about the situation in the Venezia Giulia region during the winter 1914-1915. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the essay is an interpretation on Italian foreign policy in the months between the beginning of First World War and the Italian military intervention. We wish to underline the external variables and constrictions (Italy's geopolitical weak position in the Mediterranean sea, the economic dependence from Great Britain, the possible Anglo-French military menace) that pushed Italy to take a "difficult decision", i.e. to abandon the pluri-decennial alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary and to side with the Triple Entente. In the final part of the text we analyze some of the political goals the Italian leadership tried to achieve in the negotiations which led to the London treaty of April 26 1915. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the conditions and working processes of the Department of Military Cemeteries established at the Headquarters of the Imperial and Royal Army of Austria in Cracow, 1916-1918. Particular attention is paid to the designs prepared by the architect Dušan Jurkovič (1868-1947). The domain of commemorative architecture represented a novel task to the architect, formerly renowned for his emphatic style synthesizing vernacular architecture and Art Nouveau. Leaning on his close acquaintance with the traditions of Carpathian wooden architecture, he thoroughly studied the language of classical monumental architecture and developed a distinctive and poetic style for his sepulchral ensembles. This paper elucidates the architect’s development, his considerations, and the typology of his cemeteries and monuments, explaining also the significance of Jurkovič’s Galician experience for his later career.