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(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2022 7(3), 1191-1209 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Potential for legislative differentiation: Space offered by the EU legislature. - II.1. Comparing the GDPR and the SAD. - II.2. Legislative contexts. - II.3. Zooming in: Identifying discretion. - III. Using the potential: Member States' implementation. - IV. Alternative to differentiated integration? - IV.1. Real decision-making authority or decisions on details? - IV.2. Political decision-making or fitting the directive into pre-existing structures? - V. Conclusions. | (Abstract) The "uniformity-based"-model of EU integration has lost considerable ground. It has become more and more considered as a model which takes too little account of national differences in economic, social, cultural and constitutional conditions and in political views. Differentiated integration (DI) raises issues, however. Equality of the Member States and the effectiveness of EU law and policy may be seriously impaired. This Article explores the potential of legislative differentiation as an alternative to more classic forms of DI. With legislative differentiation, we refer to the situation in which Member States are allowed to make substantive policy choices in the implementation of EU legislation and use such flexibility to customize EU legislation to their own domestic contexts. We explore this potential by assessing two case studies: the General Data Protection Regulation and the Child Sexual Abuse Directive. The analysis of these case studies shows that legislative differentiation is a multifaceted phenomenon that indeed has the potential to be an alternative to the classic forms of DI. Yet, in practice sub-optimal results have been found as well. Therefore, more consideration and a better incorporation of diversity in legislative processes is required to further enhance the potential of differentiated legislation.

When a literary theorist and a physician collaborate to research and write about opera, many disciplinary boundaries have to be negotiated. Looking at both personal experience and the scholarly literature, this article investigates the process of such interdisciplinary collaboration and explores its advantages as well as its dangers.

In an article published in this journal in 2010, Norbert Nebes argued that ʾbk wdm is an apotropaic formula, which can be translated, for instance in the case of RIÉ 9, as ‘und Waddum ist dein (göttlicher) Vater als Schutz vor einem Widersacher’ (wʾbk wdm [b]n ʿtkm). In contrast, it is proposed here that ʾbk wdm continues the previous list of deity names, as already suggested in 1976 by Roger Schneider. Key to this argument is the distribution of the concluding prepositional phrases bn kl mrʿm, ‘from everyone who is malicious’, and bn ʿtkm, ‘from an adversary’, which only occur in inscriptions that have b-s¹qt, ‘by the protection of’. Thus, the following formula is proposed: b-s¹qt DN(s) bn X, ‘by the protection of divine name(s) from X’.

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The antlions (Myrmeleontidae) of Cyprus have been poorly studied and only 13 species were known from this biogeographically interesting island. In light of new field research, we provide an updated checklist to the Cypriot antlions, including seven species reported for the first time from the island. Of these, the findings of the Middle Eastern species Distoleon laticollis and Cueta kasyi are particularly noteworthy. The Cypriot antlion fauna appears dominated by widespread Mediterranean elements, with relatively few Middle Eastern and endemic species.

Partendo principalmente dal confronto fra due contesti nazionali – Grecia e Italia – l’autore analizza ruoli e significati dell’artigiano. Mentre in Grecia l’artigiano non si distingue sempre con chiarezza dall’artista, in Italia, invece, l’uso variabile di questa distinzione in parte riflette una complessa gerarchia risalente alle strutture sociali del Medioevo, spesso considerato come punto di origine per le arti artigianali più prestigiose. Partendo dalla ricerca sul campo a Creta, l’autore mostra come gli artigiani greci trasmettano agli apprendisti atteggiamenti sociali che riflettono e rafforzano il senso profondo di marginalità cui pochi riescono a sottrarsi. D’altro canto, gli artigiani italiani, forti della tradizione medioevale e rinascimentale, godono di grande rispetto sociale. Ciò si evidenzia nel prestigio associato all’artigianalità di cui beneficia qualsiasi prodotto “fatto a mano”. Questo fenomeno viene strumentalizzato per far incrementare considerevolmente il valore di oggetti comuni o di poco conto. Si tratta di un meccanismo appartenente alla stessa logica economica che alimenta i processi di gentrificazione, e che fa lievitare il valore di interi quartieri popolari. Così anche gli artigiani spesso diventano vittime dello stesso processo economico. Cadono nelle mani di usurai, subiscono sfratti e sono costretti ad abbandonare abitazioni e botteghe perdendo così il vantaggio della tipicità geografica, componente essenziale del valore economico dei loro prodotti.

With the deep economic crisis we face since 2008 also the interest in Marxian theories increased worldwide. This was not really surprising: while in Marx’s economic theory crises play an important role, they are nearly neglected in mainstream economics. They appear there as mere accidents, which could be prohibited by flexible markets (this is the belief of neoclassical economists) or by an appropriate economic policy (the belief of the Keynesians). But talking about Marxian economic theory, we should always have in mind, that there is a certain development in Marx’s thinking as well as there are certain ambivalences in basic theoretical concepts. In traditional Marxism, which mostly tried to present Marxian theory as a complete and perfect building, especially such ambivalences were often negIected or even denied. In the following I will give a short overview about the main stages of Marx’s theoretical development, and then I will focus on the ambivalences of Marx’s mature theoretical work.

The purpose of this paper is, first, to provide a brief sketch map of a comparative nature of some linked, formative appropriations in Germany and elsewhere in the early part of this century of the Swiss jurist and archaeologist Johann Jakob Bachofen (1815-1887), famous for his influential but controversial theory of the precedence of primitive matriarchy over patriarchy in the Mediterranean and elsewhere.

Il 24 gennaio del 2003 agli abitanti di Pom Mahakan (Mahakan Fort) è stato intimato di abbandonare le proprie case entro tre mesi al massimo. La loro comunità si cela dietro il perimetro fortificato delle mura all’incrocio tra Rajadamnoen Avenue e Mahachai Street a ridosso del tempio di Golden Mount e di fronte al molo e al ponte di Paan Fa, importante da un punto di vista storico, luogo che, forse in relazione significativa con quanto segue, delimita l’area superiore dove esplosero le imponenti violenze nella primavera del 1992 (Klima2002, p. 118).

The Scottish essayist Thomas Carlyle might be considered a surprising influence on the Young Ireland movement of the 1840s and its most militant leader, John Mitchel. Carlyle has become notorious for his anti-Irish sentiments, expressed most forcefully in his Reminiscences of my Irish journey in 1849. Yet his critique of the Benthamite and liberal Zeitgeist was a significant influence on Mitchel. This article examines what it was in Carlyle’s thought that appealed to Mitchel. Carlyle’s antagonism to liberal conceptions of progress informed Mitchel’s intellectual development and prompted specific political perspectives that can in some measure be viewed as a Carlylean response to Ireland’s crisis in the 1840s. Mitchel made many of the same historic and philosophical assumptions as Carlyle, legitimising the present struggle for Irish nationality via a critique of contemporary laissez-faire doctrine. Thus, Swift’s saeva indignatio was inflected in Mitchel by his encounter with Carlyle’s work, shaping Mitchel’s anger in terms of the spiritual-material polarity at the heart of Carlyle’s Signs of the Times (1829). This ‘sacred wrath’ helps explain why Mitchel is often seen as someone who hated England more than he loved Ireland.

This article traces some aspects of Nietzsche's presence in Australian culture and literature, following its evolving, ambiguous influence through different texts, from dubious vulgarizations full of misogyny, xenophobia and racism - like John Fearn's This Love Business - to masterpieces of Australian literature like Patrick White's Voss.

Este artigo trata da “comunicologia”, ciência da mí­dia e da comunicação, de Vilém Flusser, um dos pioneiros dessa área no Brasil, criador do primeiro curso da comunicação em São Paulo na década de 60. Apresenta a sua história biográfica e institucional, as linhas de influência intelectual assim como um panorama teórico e caracterí­sticas da sua obra, sendo estas cunhadas pela semiótica, fenomenologia e cibernética. Palavras-chave teoria da comunicação, comunicologia, Vilém Flusser Abstract This article is about the so-called “communicology”, science of media and communication, as developed by Vilém Flusser, one of the pioneers of this area in Brazil, who also founded the first course in communications in São Paulo in the 1960s. After presenting his biographical and institutional history, the lines of intellectual influence are sketched and an overview of his theory as well as characteristics of his work are presented, these being coined by semiotics, phenomenology and cybernetics. Key words communication theory, communicology, Vilém Flusser

This paper presents an approach for combining web-based learning (WBL) with problem-based learning (PBL), aiming at computer aided learning (CAL) support for introductory lectures to Computational Linguistics. Contrary to most current learning paradigms, we neither follow the "platform + content"-approach of current learning management systems used for distance learning, nor focus on the collaborative aspects of PBL. Instead we propose a text-centred concept for individual learning featuring problem-based interactive learning applications (TIP).

Dans la théorie de la valence, telle qu'elle a d'abord été conçue par Tesnière (1959), le verbe constitue le centre organisateur de la phrase. Les specifications lexicales d'un verbe donné sont traduites par ses possibilités combinatoires, c'est-à-dire par les membres nominaux et/ou prépositionnels avec lesquels il se combine: toute comprehénsion d'un verbe tel que envoyer, par exemple, prend son point de départ dans le fait que ce verbe dénote une situation comportant trois participants qui sont dénotés par les trois membres de phrase avec lesquels se combine ce verbe. De ce fait, la notion de valence n'offre pas seulement une façon simple de classifier les verbes d'une langue donnée, mais aussi une hypothèse sur la structure des phrases de la langue: si c'est le verbe qui détermine la structure de la phrase, la théorie de la valence doit être construite de telle sorte qu'elle permette l'élaboration d'une typologie de phrases en même temps qu'une analyse et une classification des verbes. Ce qu'il faut exiger d'une théorie de la valence, c'est done qu'elle formule une hypothèse sur la structure des phrases - les schémas canoniques - c'est-à-dire qu'elle prédise quels types de phrase existent et quels types sont exclus par principe. On n' atteint pas ce but si on se contente de l'inventaire flou et aléatoire des fonctions syntaxiques de la grammaire traditionnelle pour en faire un principe de classification des verbes: avec un tel point de départ, on formulera en réalité l'hypothese qu'il existe des phrases comportant jusqu'a sept ou huit actants, et on se trouvera devant des lacunes distributionnelles inexplicables comme par exemple l'absence d'une fonction "attribut de l'objet indirect", lacune d'autant plus mystérieuse qu'on dit le plus souvent que l'objet indirect n'est qu'une variante prépositionnelle de l'objet direct, qui, lui, a son attribut.