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Numismatic data has always had a special place in archaeological studies. So, these documents can provide researchers with a wide range of information based on the focused point of research. The quality and quantity of elements used in coin metal can be restored by archaeometric studies. Some of these elements, such as silver, lead, copper and gold, indicate the monetary policies and metallurgy of their minting time. In this research, for the first time, 25 samples of coins in Ghajar periods were analyzed by the fast and non-destructive PIXE method with different minting techniques, and the percentage of main elements of these coins (silver, copper, lead, gold, iron, chlorine, calcium) were obtained. The results showed that silver is the mould element in this coinage and its amount is slightly different in hammering and milled coinages. Over time, the Qajars were able to gain more control over monetary policies. Also, the presence of small amounts of lead in most of the coins showed that the separation of elements has been done well by silver. And in this era, various sources have been used to supply the necessary silver for minting.

A big group of silver coins{35 coins} was discovered in Banawa excavation , Dhamar , season 2002, and now it is situated in Dhamar Regional Museum ,Yemen. They were covered with a thin grey and black corrosion layers that disfigured them and hid their figures and inscriptions , also Some coins miss parts and others lost their circular. The aims of this work are identified the metallic composition of the coins , investigate the nature of corrosion grown during the long-term burial and identify its products that will help us to understand the corrosive factors and the degradation mechanisms , cleaning the group of coins from the superficial dirt and the corrosion products in order to discover as much as possible the surface topography, and to reveal the surfaces details , finally to establish them against further deterioration .To achieve that samples from the coins were examined by Metallographic Microscope {ME} , Scanning Electron Microscope {SEM}, the corrosion products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction{XRD} , and X-ray fluorescence { XRF} was used to determine the coins metallic constituents. Chemical cleaning was chosen for treating the coins and they were isolated to preserve them against further attack. After treatment and conservation, the coins figures and inscriptions that could be identified showed that this group of coins dates back to Umayyad period , exactly the reign of caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan{ 65- 86 A.H}{685-705A.D} and his descendants till 106 A.H.

The article discusses problems in Assyrian historiography related to the use of silver as money in the Assyrian empire and the subtleties of the Akkadian word annaku. Among other topics addressed are the nature of sources documents under the various rulers of the Middle Akkadian period, anachronism of the modern concept of money when applies to ancient Assyrian coins, and the state of scholarship on the issue. The implications of the Akkadian word annaku on many such coins is addressed at length.

The article discusses the financial use of silver coins within the ancient Assyrian empire especially as attested in documents unearthed in the ancient city of Nuzi in what is now Iraq. Among other topics addressed are the nature and content of the documents found at the archaeological site of Nuzi in modern Iraq, the economic picture of the society described in those documents, and the development via ancient economy in Assyria of the idea on money in the modern sense of the word. Citations of Assyrian words and phrases occur throughout.

The article discusses the role of the metal silver in the form of coins and how it evolved in ancient Assyria into money in the modern sense of the word. Among other topics addressed are how silver as a metal which must be mined came into ancient Assyria in appreciable enough quantities to be used as money during that kingdom's archaic period, documents relating to the period and the rulers of the time, and more specifically the documents related to the ancient city of Kaniš in Cappadocia in what is now Turkey.

The article discusses the use of silver coins in ancient Assyrian money. Among other topics addressed are an outline of the periods of Assyrian history, the composition of ancient Assyrian government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and the international politics of the ancient Near Eastern world including relations of the Assyrian kingdom, in Mesopotamia, what is now Iraq, with ancient Egypt, Babylon, and the Hittite kingdom, roughly in the area of what is now Turkey and Syria.

The article presents abstracts of articles within the journal, and these discuss topics including the Italian industrial economy between the world wars, Genoese history in terms of financing of public debt, and the evolution of silver coins into money in the ancient Assyrian empire.