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The aim of the present study is to analyse the impact of the regulation of new technologies inspired by the risk-based approach, and in particular to examine the role of trade unions in the identification, assessment, management and mitigation of risks to workers’ rights. Through the analysis of the regulation inspired by the risk-based approach (GDPR, IA Act and the proposal for a directive on the improvement of working conditions in platform work), the essay identifies a new trend towards the proceduralisation of risk management, functional to preserve the effectiveness and efficacy of traditional labour regulation.

The essay explores how the digital revolution has put the issue of risk and responsibility back at the center of labour law and analyses the tools through which the law can govern possible advantages and potential risks connected to digital technology applied to human work, as well as assign liability for damages. The new risk-based legal approaches are compared with traditional protection techniques and with other models of responsibility, in search of a new measure of the socially and ethically acceptable risks of AI.

Contrary to the fantasy of a virtual class of workers free from work, the flexibility of micro-task services, performed by all users of digital platforms, only benefits companies in the Silicon Valley.

The article examines the case of Toolbox Cgil of Bergamo, a territorial experience with which the confederal trade union experiments with new organizational and relationship methods to get in touch, directly or through technological tools, with workers of the new generations and digital workers. Starting from this case, the author observes that the confederal trade union - even in the light of past experiences - is potentially able to adapt its tools and strategies to the new scenario of the world of work determined by technological innovations and work through platforms, as well as to build forms of representation of digital workers.

Telling the work today, implies undeniably, to consider the relationship between production, science, technology and information society. In this context, How is the work told today? Who does it and how? This contribution attempts to answer these questions, narrowing the field of observation to the digital work of the Labor Platform, in relation to the ILO notion of decent work. It focuses, therefore, on the public discourse present in the scientific, political and information debate on digital work. In this context, the article, using Laclau’s interpretation on populism and in particular using his Theory of Speech, highlights as within what can be considered a distance between science, institutions and work can act a populist representation of the social identities of precarious work.

In the era of gig economy, the job performance is now influenced by the customer rating system. A new London’s Employment Tribunal judgment approaches the Uber London issue focusing also on customer feedback. Since drivers are qualified as workers, not self-employed, as the English Court ruled on, this article tooks a position about on-line feedback incidence on job relationship. Referring to customer’s opinion, the employer exercises control on services performed by each worker, whereas Italian Legal System bounds it, within the meaning of article 4 of Worker’s Statutory. On the other hand, the customer rating can be considered as a type of control on the business organization, in observance of limits established by the same article.Moreover, the paper’s purpose is to inquire about the feedback positive impact on workers: customer satisfaction could provide business bonus, or it could become an evidence against employer in a court case.

Telling the work today, implies undeniably, to consider the relationship between production, science, technology and information society. In this context, How is the work told today? Who does it and how? This contribution attempts to answer these questions, narrowing the field of observation to the digital work of the Labor Platform, in relation to the ILO notion of decent work. It focuses, therefore, on the public discourse present in the scientific, political and information debate on digital work. In this context, the article, using Laclau's interpretation on populism and in particular using his Theory of Speech, highlights as within what can be considered a distance between science, institutions and work can act a populist representation of the social identities of precarious work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is there work on web? Can we distinguish web-users between "workers"? What innovative ways takes digital activity? Is it possible to identify typical professional profiles and trades on web? Can the extreme accessibility and impersonality of the web create genuine employment relationships and support production processes? Is there a way to apply labour rules and protections to experiences that intentionally take advantage of extraterritoriality, autarky and polycentric dimension of Internet?The questions raised by the Author underline that the web, rather than simply providing means and support to the movement of information in advantage of the labour market traditional players (companies, workers, private agencies, public employment services), has instead developed autonomously its own potential. On one hand, the web has became a professional intermediary, using the capabilities of computing devices and search engine that offer global employment services 2.0; on the other hand, has caused the “dis-intermediation” towards institutional operators (public and private) through the dissemination of informal circuits, sites of social recruiting, and also civic networks aimed at intercepting interstitial job opportunities.Moreover, the web tends increasingly to exchange or combine the role of the intermediary and the one of the employer in the labour market, making available - at least potentially - a virtual, but global, space for outsourcing. The A. reflects, in particular, on legal characterization of digital work through crowdsourcing and on the application of rules of contracts and Agency work.Although work on web is difficult to recognize, measure and regulate in legal terms, it has been observed that the use of technological devices and digital services mark the rebirth of the "trade" - in its original, ancient meaning of the practice of an art or the expression of a talent - in contrast to the "profession" established in the high twentieth century through a bureaucratic public organization. The network is the means and the support of the "trade" professed by digital workers, but is both the object and purpose of the trade itself. Means and end often coincide.

This article deals with the creative activity of web workers and explores feasible forms of legal protection.Digital works, as long as characterized by a minimal creative content, are protected by copyright law as creative intellectual work. The rise of the web, however, has changed the scenario in which workers carry out their works, the economic model, the legal actors and the author himself. The subject defined in copyright law is very different from workers of the web who resemble more to authorial forms of different periods and cultures.In this context, the A. proposes a redefinition of legal framework and new forms of protection for digital creative contents through a rethinking of the relationship between author and work.

This article deals with the work carried through digital platforms of crowdsourcing.The web is now vector of production processes widespread and fragmented among network users: companies break up the activities and assign them to a digital infrastructure that commit the work to the crowd of users, sometimes through competitions for the selection of the best idea. The usual technique for contractual qualification does not directly apply to digital work on platform. The use of terms and conditions to regulate relations between the three parties involved (customer, platform and provider), in fact, shows the autonomy of these schemes compared to the regulative contribution of the employment contract.The A. also analyzes the socialization of production processes, especially in the culture industry, and the emerging user-worker, arranging his work through not transparent mechanisms governed by unilateral contractual clauses, far from the synallagma of the employment contract.The contractual and economical imbalance between digital platform and others operators characterizing web-outsourcing suggests the inclusion of crowdsourcing sites (and the ones oriented at collective production) among actors involved in the labour market. The paper finally suggests a common regulatory background for web-operators with the integration of measures that re-confirm the typical features of the worker, although user.