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A new paper sheet feeding mechanism using a friction force owing to electrostatic adhesion is proposed to realize long-term reliability and reduction in maintenance work. In this mechanism, friction force owing to electrostatic adhesion of an electrostatic pad acts as a resistance force to make paper sheets separate successively instead of a friction force of rubber parts used in the conventional feeding mechanism. The electrostatic pad with comb-type electrodes and whose upper surface is coated with an insulator with high wear resistance generates the resistance force. First, the width of the electrode and the spacing between electrodes of the electrostatic pad that generate a large electrostatic adhesion at the lowest possible voltage are determined from an experiment using the evaluation electrostatic pad. Then, the feed force acting on the first and the second paper sheets, and the resistance force owing to the electrostatic pad are measured by pulling the paper sheets in the separation mechanism. Furthermore, the performance of the paper sheet feeding mechanism is measured while changing the value of the voltage applied to the electrostatic pad. Consequently, it was found that the paper sheets could be accurately fed successively by adjusting the applied voltage to an appropriate value.

The paper tower was used to conduct a leadership development workshop. The workshop was conducted with participants who belonged to the engineering faculty and those who belonged to the liberal arts faculty. The results showed that the liberal arts students perceived the workshops more positively than the engineering students. However, a comparison of the Leadership Behavior Scale showed that the factors of "taking initiative," "accepting challenges," and "supporting result-oriented activities" tended to increase from pre- to post-workshop for participants in engineering programs than for those in liberal arts programs. This suggests that the workshop developed in this study can be expected to be more effective in capturing leadership behaviors among engineering students than liberal arts students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this global age, it is essential for researchers and physicians to carry out research, obtain data, and write papers in English. However, every researcher, physician, and supervisor has experienced the reality that data is available but has not been translated into English. I have authored, supervised, and published about 430 papers in English. However, many other potential papers remain unpublished. In this lecture, I would like to propose and explain 10 points for writing papers in English, and encourage young researchers to use the data they have to write papers in English: 1. Why should you write papers in English? 2. Is it better to translate a Japanese paper into English or write it in English from the start? 3. Have your English checked by a native speaker? 4. Conference presentations are a great opportunity to write papers in English: structured abstracts are mini papers 5. What are the basic skills and knowledge required for writing papers? 6. Make the title of your paper attractive: it should be informative 7. Start with the Materials and Methods and Results: including References, this will make up more than 50% of the paper 8. Gather and organize related papers on a regular basis 9. Revise articles promptly and faithfully in accordance with the reviewers' comments 10. Practicing English presentation by yourself: site translation, shadowing, Siri [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Science Policy & Research Management is the property of Japan Society for Research Policy & Innovation Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A task force on the management of PTMC in adults organized by the Japan Th yroid Association has published a position paper on how to handle papillary thyroid microcarcinomas （PTMC）, including active surveillance of low-risk PTMC in adults, to solve the problem of overdiagnosis in thyroid carcinoma. Th e task force conducted a systematic review on issues of clinical importance in the areas of epidemiology, surgical outcomes, diagnosis, and active surveillance. The position paper indicates evidence for the increased incidence of PTMC, favorable surgical outcomes for low-risk PTMC, recommended criteria for diagnosis using fi ne needle aspiration cytology, and evaluation of lymph node metastasis （LNM）, extrathyroidal extension （ETE） and distant metastasis. Active surveillance has also been reported with a low incidence of disease progression and no subsequent recurrence or adverse events on survival if conversion surgery was performed at a slightly advanced stage. Active surveillance is a safe and valid strategy for PTMC, because it might preserve physical quality of life and reduce 10-year medical costs. Th e position paper also included some points which should be noted when performing active surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to publish good research papers from Japan, it is necessary to conduct good (i.e., meaningful) research, obtain good (i.e., meaningful) results, and write good manuscripts that convey the significance of research. In particular, when aiming for publication in an English medical journal, the manuscript should be written in correct and accurate English, which is a major challenge for authors who are non-native speakers of English, such as those from Japan. At the same time, to ensure that the manuscript is a "good paper," attention should also be paid to elements other than language. To write a paper that will be accepted by reliable medical journals, including top-ranked ones, the content should be appropriately written according to the requirements based on international standards, such as the reporting guidelines endorsed by the EQUATOR Network and the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors; this is a common challenge not only for Japanese authors but for authors around the world. Medical writers are professionals who improve the quality of manuscripts and facilitate the publication of research. Based on my own expertise and experience as a medical writer for 20 years in supporting clinical research, I would like to describe the steps I think should be followed to produce good manuscripts. I would also like to focus on the importance of education and of collaboration with professionals in writing and publishing research papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho is the property of Japanese Society of Animal Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ultrafine bubbles (bulk nanobubbles), small bubbles less than 1 µm in diameter, have attracted academic and industrial attention because they have numerous advantages, including chemical-free nature and extraordinarily long lifetime. Since Brownian motion velocity is much higher than buoyancy, ultrafine bubble lifetime is more than several months. But stable mechanism is still unclear, even though their inside is highly pressured. They have several characteristics, such as pH-dependent surface charge and reduction in friction. Ultrafine bubbles are generated and removed by selecting the ultrasonic frequency. This review discusses the fundamental characteristics of ultrafine bubbles and their applications. Ultrafine bubbles effectively remove proteins, dyes, and inorganic salts from solid surfaces. Ultrafine bubbles promote adsorption, desorption and extraction. Gold nanoparticles, nanocomposites of CaCO3 and pulp fiber, and follow nanoparticles are synthesized using ultrafine bubbles. Thus, ultrafine bubbles have been shown to be powerful, environmentally friendly, safe, clean, simple, and inexpensive methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in the Japanese Language / Nihongo no Kenkyu (Fmly: Kokugogaku) is the property of Society for Japanese Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines an approach to create systematic maps of the Information and Systems in Education. As a project for the 50th anniversary of the Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education ( JSiSE), the author investigated the discussion of scholarly scopes in JSiSE and previous research about the visualization of science and technology knowledge. Furthermore, this paper analyzed the relationships between studies in the recent special issue of JSiSE to propose an idea for creating the maps. Although the investigation and analysis in this paper have several limitations, this study confirms the coherency of the scholarly scopes in JSiSE since this academic society was established and the potential of network analysis about studies in the JSiSE journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In der vorliegenden Rezension soll der 2020 im be.bra wissenschaft verlag, Berlin, erschienene Sammelband Sprachlich-literarische literarische »Aggregatzustände« im Japanischen: Europäische Japan-Diskurse 1998 – 2018 näher besprochen werden. Neben der Herausarbeitung der Hauptargumentationslinien einer Reihe von inhaltlich teils stark divergierender Beiträge, welche durch die Kernthemen Transmedialität, Freizeit und Literatur lose zusammengehalten werden, richtete ich mein Augenmerk auf die Frage, inwiefern es dem Herausgeber und den Autor*innen gelungen war, ihr selbstgestecktes Ziel, nicht nur ein akademisches, sondern auch ein interessiertes Laienpublikum anzusprechen, zu erreichen. Meiner Einschätzung nach konnte dieser Selbstanspruch zu weiten Teilen erfolgreich umgesetzt werden. Als entscheidende Faktoren identifiziere ich einerseits die Bitte des Herausgebers um einen zugänglichen, an der mündlichen Ausdrucksweise angelehnten Schreibstil und andererseits die Einarbeitung kurzer thematischer Einführungen in die meisten der eingereichten Aufsätze. Mit der vorliegenden Evaluierung dieses Projektes hoffe ich zur Ausarbeitung vertiefender Strategien beizutragen, die – auch jenseits der Populärwissenschaft – einer breitenwirksameren Verbreitung japanologischer Inhalte zuträglich sein werden.

Copyright of Synthetic Anthropology is the property of Japan Assocciation of Synthetic Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes the author’s coaching practices at Shiga University, where he has coached the baseball team since 2017. The purpose of the paper is twofold: first, to provide an accurate picture of today’s sports coaching on Hikone Campus using the baseball team as an example, with the target readers being people who have been involved with Shiga University, an institution with a century-long history; and second, to deepen the author’s own understanding of the art of coaching through reflection on his own experiences as a coach. First, the paper begins by chronicling my coaching practices and the baseball team’s results over the past seven years as a case study. Next, the paper reflects on those coaching practices with the goal of revising my coaching philosophy. As a result, I was able to modify my coaching philosophy, which aims to promote the growth of student through working towards the team’s goals while enhancing their independence and ethical awareness, and to realize my own personal growth in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that, in a particular genre of the Japanese novels called Raitonoberu (‘light novels,’ ad verbum), the sentences containing the Japanese conjunctive particle “TO” (“when”), which I name cue-incorporated sentences, involve multiple points of view, much like free indirect speech in English, and, followed by the internal speech of a character, they have the function to draw the readers into the perspective of the characters. According to Maynard (2012), ‘light novels’ are intentionally written to bring readers closer to the characters than general novels, and therefore, there are many devices to try to make readers empathize with the feelings of the characters. It might be difficult for the readers to understand if the inner voice of a character abruptly appears in the main text, but, with the intervention of a cue-incorporated sentence, it is possible to gently shift the point of view, allowing the readers to naturally superimpose their own perspective on that of the character. This paper also stresses the significance of doing a contrastive study of ‘light novels’ and the comic book versions, since this could provide new insights into linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake in Japan, rock structures, including rock slopes and underground cavities, were required to be evaluated for seismic resistance. Understanding the dynamic deformation properties of hard rock is essential for performing dynamic response analysis of large deformations of rock structures. This paper discusses the effect of confining pressure on the strain level dependence of the Young's modulus and damping ratio of water-saturated sandstone based on the results of cyclic triaxial tests. The relationship between the axial strain and equivalent Young's modulus ratio is different for quasi-elastic deformation below 2,000 and elastoplastic deformation above 2,000 p,E and hence can be approximated by two logarithmic functions. The relationship at the quasi-elastic strain level can be approximated by the same function regardless of the confining pressure. However, at the elastoplastic strain level, the slope of the logarithmic function decreases with increasing confining pressure. Furthermore, the relationship between the axial strain and damping ratio is distributed on the same curve regardless of the confining pressure in the axial strain range below 4,000 p,e. However, when the axial strain exceeds 4,000 re, this relationship deviates from the curve and the damping ratio rapidly increases with decreasing confining pressure. The experimental results for water-saturated sandstone were compared with those for dry sandstone presented in a previous paper. At the quasi-elastic strain level, the relationship between the axial strain and equivalent Young's modulus ratio can be approximated by the same function regardless of the water content. However, at the elastoplastic strain level, the slope of the logarithmic function is greater for water-saturated sandstone than for dry sandstone. Meanwhile, the relationship between the axial strain and damping ratio, regardless of the water content, is distributed on the same curve in the range from quasi-elastic to elastoplastic strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses / Sen'i Seihin Shohi Kagaku is the property of Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses / Sen'i Seihin Shohi Kagaku and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Japan Society for Management Information / Keiei Joho Gakkaishi is the property of Japan Society for Management Information and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work-hardening phenomenon is one of the most well-known and utilized mechanical properties of crystalline materials. This paper overviews the history of the study of work hardening of face centered cubic (FCC) single crystals under monotonic and uniaxial loading and presents some of our work since the 1980s. Chapters 1 and 2 of this paper review the history of work hardening research beginning in the 19th century, and emphasize that the concept of dislocation was first presented by a Japanese researcher, Keiji Yamaguchi in 1929, prior to the work of Taylor, Orowan, and Polanyi. Progress of research in the mid-20th century, backed up by the invention of the transmission electron microscope is then briefly introduced. Chapter 3 discusses the most important question in the mechanism of work hardening, namely, what is the dislocation microstructure that causes work hardening? The role of deformation bands, i.e., kink bands and bands of secondary slip is accentuated from experimental approach. Chapter 4 describes the modeling and numerical approach to the work-hardening. Tensile deformation of numerical models for single crystals with initial inhomogeneities show subtle activity of secondary slip superimposed on the primary one and the formation of deformation bands. The important role of the mean free path of dislocations is emphasized. Finally, directions for future research on work-hardening behavior in face-centered cubic metals are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly Journal of Marketing is the property of Japan Marketing Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quarterly Journal of Marketing is the property of Japan Marketing Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quarterly Journal of Marketing is the property of Japan Marketing Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Medical Practitioners Act, Article 19 (1), establishes the duty of medical practitioners to provide medical care when requested to do so by a potential patient. Medical practitioners or medical institutes can refuse a request only when they have “adequate reason(s).” Thus a detailed interpretation of “adequate reason(s)” provides the standards for medical practitioners or medical institutes to decide whether or not to accept a patient, both in case of an emergency and in a normal situation. In December 2019, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare issued a notification on this matter to clarify “adequate reason(s).” This notification is the latest interpretation of Article 19 (1) by an administrative body. This paper examines the interpretation of “adequate reason(s)” given in this notification from the viewpoint of not only legal accuracy but also practicality as a standard of conduct for medical practitioners. There are several court decisions on civil liability that discuss the legitimacy of refusal of request for medical care. There are also academic controversies over whether or not the Medical Practitioners Act, Article 19 (1), provides a basis for civil liability, why and when medical practitioners or medical institutes incur civil liability for a potential patient, and how the administrative interpretation affects the framework of civil liability. I will discuss these topics in another paper in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes facts of two communities: Hidaka Village in northern Hyogo Pref. and Obonai Village in eastern Akita Pref., which enjoyed temporary prosperity with the arrival of big business, namely the Suzuki & Co, Ltd., but later faced repercussions and internal struggles following the company's retreat as the business projects collapsed during the Taisho era. To meet the soaring transport demands for their reg ional commodities, particularly Hidaka's agalmatolite and Obonai's raw lumber, the t wo leaders also simultaneously promoted various political and economic activities to boost the regional economies. The mayor of Hidaka, Toshiro Fujimoto, directed the Tajima Light Railway project, the outline of which is described in vol. 435 of Hikone Ronso. The new study of the project has uncovered two facts: (1) The construction company to which Tajima Light Railway owed outstanding debts filed a creditor's petition and because Fujimoto failed to appear in court, the railway company lost the lawsuit; and (2) A document exists in which Fujimoto's colleagues and company officers hold him and his cohorts responsible for not informing the railway company and its shareholders of the legal action. This paper also discovered a letter written by a former politician who, seeing through Fujimoto's conceited nature and brazen appetite for big titles, ordered him removed from the founding members of a connecting railway. An overview of the regional development initiatives envisioned by Hironari Tashiro, mayor of Obonai, is published in vol. 431. Our new study has uncovered how the rights and interests of the Tashiro Family were gradually dispersed and transferred to the former Semboku Bank and two other creditors as a result of the decline and collapse of the company that started business in the area. The new study also revealed that Tashiro had conceived a plan which was later realized by a hot springs land development company financed by Tokyo investors. These newly discovered facts support to a certain extent the assumptions presented in the author's papers published in vol.s 431 and 435. The history book of Hidaka glorifies Mayor Fujimoto's efforts to build railway and praises him as a local hero. In contrast, Obonai's records fail to mention the contributions of Tashiro in setting up transport services on the heels of new businesses operating, or the fact that, he fostered a vision for tourism development, although his plans failed to b e implemented. Finally, this paper has led to a new theory that has attracted scant attention locally, that the national forestry railway built along Sendatsu River in 1929 by Akita Forestry Office may have partially used some of the private tracks laid by a Suzuki affiliate in around 1917. It is possible that Tashiro had created a cooperativelike organization to manage the railway's operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While various biomechanical factors should be considered to ensure favorable bone union between the fibular and mandibular bones following mandibular reconstruction using a fibula free flap, few studies have elucidated these factors. We performed biomechanical bone remodeling analysis at the bone union area of the reconstructed mandible using clinical follow-up computed tomography (CT) images of a patient who underwent mandibular reconstruction using a fibular free flap following mandibular resection and finite element analysis (FEA) based on the patientʼs CT data. This paper summarizes our newly-developed approach to estimating patient-specific masticatory muscle forces for performing highly accurate FEA; we also present a method for developing patient-specific bone remodeling algorithms based on computer-aided engineering simulation using clinical data and FEA results. In addition, this paper introduces various studies investigating the biomechanical factors that affect bone remodeling at the bone union site, such as the magnitude of occlusal force and optimal fixation conditions of the titanium plates, by using constructed patient-specific bone remodeling algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the semantic variations of the Lao aspectual marker kamláŋ. The study focuses on how the meaning of kamláŋ is correlated with the lexical semantics of the verb. Specifically, when kamláŋ co-occurs with dynamic verbs, it primarily denotes the continuation of an action, indicating the progressive aspect. In contrast, when kamláŋ co-occurs with static verbs, it predominantly conveys a temporary state. By examining the semantic distinctions of kamláŋ in different verb contexts, this paper aims to enrich the existing knowledge of Lao language's aspectual system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kansai Sociological Review is the property of Kansai Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of East Asian Studies is the property of Japan Society of East Asian Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quarterly Journal of Marketing is the property of Japan Marketing Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wilfred Cantwell Smith is known for his pioneering study that critically examines the concept of religion, The Meaning and End of Religion (1963), a major work on the methodology of religious studies. Smith argues that the concept of religion was established in the modern West and that no concepts with the same content or corresponding reality existed in the West before then, nor did they or do they exist in any other cultures or regions of the world, past or present. According to Smith, this concept acquired strong "intellectualistic" and "nonpersonal" characteristics, as it was heavily influenced by the Enlightenment during its formation in the modern West, and had a few repercussions immediately afterward. These repercussions are particularly noteworthy in 19th century German thought, which, according to Smith, played an important role in forcing intellectuals to revise their concept of religion by adding "nonintellectual" and "personal" elements to it. He explains that this trend was evident in Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher's first work, On Religion (1799), and in the Romantic movement as a whole, and that its "adumbration" can already be observed in Immanuel Kant. This raises questions regarding the sense in which Smith regards Kant's philosophy as an "adumbration" of the process in which "nonintellectual" and "personal" elements were introduced into the concept of religion (Religion) and of how he understands Kant's concept of religion (Religion). In the aforementioned book, Smith discusses Kant's concept of religion (Religion) only briefly in a footnote. In a later work, Belief and History (1977), he addresses this issue in greater detail in relation to Kant's concept of belief (Glauben) seen in Critique of Pure Reason (1781 1, 1787 2). Thus, this paper first discusses Smith's understanding of Kant as an "adumbration" based on Smith's argument regarding belief (Glauben, not religion (Religion) per se), and then examines whether this understanding has any merit. The paper then points out the following regarding Smith's understanding of Kant: (1) While Smith attempts to find the "nonintellectual" and "personal" elements within Kant's concept of belief (Glauben) in general, including pragmatic belief (pragmatischer Glauben), Kant himself understands "person (Person)" exclusively in relation to moral law in Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785) and his subsequent works; (2) in Logic (1800), a collection of Kant's lectures compiled by G. B. Jäsche at Kant's request, Kant clearly distinguishes the concept of belief (Glauben) in general from moral belief (Glauben), that is, religious belief (Glauben), and argues that only the latter should properly be called "belief (Glauben)." This paper argues, in light of the above points, that Smith's attempts may be inadequate in that they limit his discussion of Kant's concept of belief (Glauben) to the Transcendental Doctrine of the Method of Critique of Pure Reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 2023, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) published the General Safety Guide GSG-17 on application of the concept of exemption to provide the guidance necessary for the Member States to implement the safety requirements set out in the International Basic Safety Standards (GSR Part 3). GSG-17 is developed to revise the Safety Guide RS-G-1.7 on application of the concepts of exclusion, exemption and clearance published in 2004, reflecting the experience of the Member States for almost 20 years. This review paper provides an overview of the technical information provided at GSG-17 on international trends in exemption, application of the concepts of generic exemption and specific exemption in planned exposure situations, and decision-making using screening values in existing exposure situations. Recent developments in the preparation of the IAEA's new safety report on international trade in non-food commodities are also introduced in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Science Policy & Research Management is the property of Japan Society for Research Policy & Innovation Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)