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In order to obtain knowledge of taxonomy about microorganisms habiting in Indonesian hot springs, the spring water samples from geothermal areas Kawah Domas and Gunung Pancar in western Java, Indonesia, were applied to enrichment cultivation and identification of microorganisms. Only archaea were detected in the enrichment cultures derived from Kawah Domas, and only bacteria were detected in the enrichment cultures derived from Gunung Pancar. Thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula and Thermoplasma acidophilum were detected as described species from Kawah Domas. In addition, novel species of the genus Sulfurisphaera which was thermoacidophilic archaeon was detected. Moreover, Archaeal Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganisms (ARMAN) and Miscellaneous Crenarchaeota Group (MCG) which were uncultured archaeal group were detected in enrichment cultures. On the other hand, Thermus brockianus, Thermus arciformis, Sulfurihydrogenibium subterraneum, and Geobacillus icigianus were detected as described bacterial species from Gunung Pancar hot spring. Additionally, a novel specie of the genus Thermus was detected. As described above, the detected microorganisms include two archaeal species, which are difficult to culture and highly novel, as well as multiple new species, and reaffirm the value of Indonesian hot springs as a research field of microbial taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]