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On heating, egg white proteins unfold, aggregate through intermolecular interactions of non-covalent and covalent bonds, and form networks to gel. Since the physical properties of egg white gel have a great influence on the texture of foods that use egg white, the control techniques and mechanisms have been extensively studied. In addition to conventionally known hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds, lanthionine and lysinoalanine bonds are deeply involved in the heat gelation of egg white. Recently, it was revealed that the covalent bonds are also involved in the formation of soluble aggregates on dry heat treatment of dried egg white. Controlling the formation of soluble egg white protein aggregates is considered a key factor in controlling the heat-induced gelation of egg whites. The aggregation and gelation properties have been studied using various methods, such as the Maillard reaction and electrochemical reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Folia Pharmacologica Japonica is the property of Japanese Pharmacological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent progress in topological polymer chemistry has been outlined. First, we focus on recent developments in an "electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF)" process in conjunction with effective linking/cleaving chemistry including a metathesis process and an alkyne-azide click reaction. A variety of novel cyclic polymers having specific functional groups and unprecedented multicyclic macromolecular topologies have been realized by combining intriguing synthetic protocols. By making use of these topological polymers, unprecedented opportunities have now been realized to provide new insights on fundamental polymer properties either in solution or bulk, in static or dynamic states, or in self-assemblies. Moreover, unusual properties and functions for polymer materials have now been revealed based on their cyclic topologies, i.e., topology effects, unattainable either by linear or branched counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]