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This paper analyzes previous research on policy and practice in ethnic minority education in China. It finds that the policy underlying Chinese ethnic minority education, the “pluralistic unitary structure theory” is characterized as including multiple identities of “ethnic Chinese” and “autonomous” ethnic groups. The policy of ethnic Chinese minority education inhibited the formation of an identity as ethnic Mongolians over an encouragement of assimilation. Previous studies have analyzed policy, curriculum, and educational materials, but have not clarified the qualitative aspects of research such as an analysis of the actual classes and how the students perceive them. In studies that investigate the actual situation of minority education, issues that had not been addressed by local students and teachers are clarified. Furthermore, even though ethnic minorities living in Chinese society are expected to identify as Chinese as well as their own ethnic identity, no analysis has been conducted on the assumption that they have multiple identities. Rather than a polarized view of whether an ethnic minority identity is being nurtured or marginalized, research should be conducted with the assumption that one may have multiple identities.

In the 19th century, the flourish of western pictorials brought a revolutionary change to the model of cultural intersection between East and West. Through the newspaper illustrations, western readers formed their recognitions about East-Asian countries. China, it’s gigantic market drawn the most attention of western public after the First Opium War, and all kinds of Chinese illustrations undoubtingly helped forming the image of China in the 19th century western society. However, due to the different cultural cognition, the image of China was neither positive nor pleasant at the time. Many traditional customs were described as barbarous and backward. Chinese women’s pinched feet is certainly one of the most representative examples, blamed for the restriction and defection of human right. Travelers, reporters and priests described their own inspection on Chinese women and most of them noticed how pinched feet restrict women’s walking ability and freedom. Photo albums, newspaper illustrations showed the defection of Chinese women’s twitched feet and aroused wide sympathy in the west. The blame inevitably turned to the social and political system of China, even the teaching of Confucianism was blamed for the women contempt. Western distaste toward the pinched feet finally becomes the full inspection against the Chinese society, which somehow strengthen the barbarous image of China. Here, different notions on human body, family and society seemed clashed with each other, and certainly the illustrations played a crucial role in spreading the relating discourses. In this paper, by tracing the reports in western pictorials and memorials, I would like to reveal how the negative image of pinched-feet have been constructed and linked to the barbarous image of China. Chinese women’s twisted feet were taking as the evidence of showing the backwardness of Chinese culture. However, these so-called scientific and advanced views, deliberately omit the social and cultural functions of this seemly disgusting custom, and construct a defect discourse on Chinese women’s feet, which provide the validity to reform the political system of China. Close inspect on the visual discourses presented in the western pictorial, might help to clarify the crucial role of visual media in forming the general image of East Asia in the 19th century.

学術論文, Article, 本研究は、標準日本語の4 拍の名詞について、アクセントの逸脱が与える違和感の程度への影響を首都圏在住の標準日本語母語話者を対象に調査したものである。実験の結果、（1）1拍目と2拍目においてピッチが逆転する場合、本来頭高型ではないものを頭高型で生成すると違和感が大きいことがわかった。これは、語の1拍目と2拍目における高さの移動方向が逆になるため、違和感が大きくなったものと解釈できる。（2）尾高型が平板型になった場合の違和感に比べて平板型が尾高型になった場合において違和感が大きかった。これは、アクセント核を持つ語がアクセント核を失う場合よりも、アクセント核を持たない語がアクセント核を持つほうが相対的に違和感は大きいことを表す可能性がある。（3）中高型への入れ替えについては、中高型以外のアクセントが中高型になると不自然に感じるという結果であった。また、－2と－3の中高型のアクセントの入れ替えについては、本来－3の語が－2になると違和感があるが、本来－2の語が－3になると、アクセントによる影響は認められなかった。（4）1拍目と2拍目の両方が「低低」の場合、違和感が大きくなる。このことから、標準日本語話者が考える標準日本語らしいアクセントの判断には、下がり目だけでなく上がり目の情報も重要であることが示された。（5）アクセントに対する違和感は特殊拍を含むか否かという音節構造が関与しており、語内における特殊拍の位置によって違和感も変わる。（6）人名や地名については、馴染み度の影響については語によって異なり、今後さらなる検討が必要である。, This study investigated the effect of accent deviation on the degree of the perceived incongruity of four-mora nouns in standard Japanese on the native speakers of standard Japanese. The results of the experiment showed that (1) when the pitch is reversed in the first and second morae of a word, there is a greater sense of incongruity when a “head-high” type is produced for a word that is not originally a “head-high: HLLL (-4)” type. (2) The incongruity was more significant when the “flat: LHHH (0)” type became the “tail-high: LHHH (-1)” type than when the “tail-high” type became the “flat” type. (3) Regarding the transformations of accents into the “middlehigh: LHLL (-3)/ LHHL (-2)” type, the results showed that when accents other than the “middle-high” type were transformed into the “middle-high” type, the listeners felt unnatural. As for the swapping of accents between -2 and -3 of the “middle-high” type, when a word that was originally -3 became -2, it felt unnatural, however, no effect of accent was observed when a word that was originally -2 became -3. (4) When the first and second morae were “low-low,” then the sense of incongruity became more significant. (5) The syllable structure of the accent was related to whether the special mora was included, and the degree of incongruity changed depending on the position of the special mora within the word. (6) The effect of familiarity on the names of persons and places varied from word to word. Further study is needed on this point.

外国語としての日本語教育が果たす役割と成果と可能性を主張する。日本語学習者と教授者の観点から、期せずして日本語が必要になったウクライナ人学生に対する支援として、日本語教育を専攻とする日本語母語・非母語話者からなる大学院生チームによる日本語集中コースを事例として紹介する。筑波大学では、ウクライナ侵攻を受け、2022年12月までにウクライナ学生を30名以上の学生を受け入れている。7月から9月に渡日したウクライナ学生の日本語レベルは様々であり、複数レベルのクラス対応、また文化紹介のアクティビティも交えて行った内容、そして、学習者および教授者のアンケート回答と本コースの意義を報告する。, The role and possibilities for teaching Japanese as a foreign language will be discussed from the perspectives of learners and instructors. As a case study of support for learners who unexpectedly need Japanese language instruction, an intensive Japanese language course offered by a team of graduate students majoring in Japanese language education and composed of native and non-native speakers of Japanese will be presented. The University of Tsukuba will have accepted more than 30 Ukrainian students by December 2022 following the invasion of Ukraine. Since the Ukrainian students who entered Japan between July and September had various levels of Japanese, the course provided multi-level class support and activities to introduce the culture. The following is a report on the content and significance of the program, as well as the responses to a questionnaire by the students and instructors.

本稿では日本語・日本事情遠隔教育拠点の2022年夏までの主な活動について、1) 本拠点が提供する学習コンテンツの最新利用状況、2) 新規コンテンツおよび既存コンテンツへの追加機能の説明、3) 2021年度秋から2022年度夏までに開催したシンポジウムおよび講演会の情報の3つに整理して報告を行なう。 コンテンツの利用状況は、利用者数、ページビュー数、ダウンロード数に基づいてまとめ、新規コンテンツは「日本語マグネット」「にほんごアベニュー」「ALPS」を紹介した上で「SuMo Japan」グループ機能追加について述べる。また、本拠点が主催および共催したシンポジウムと講演会について報告する。, This report summarizes the activities by the Center for Distance Learning of Japanese and Japanese Issues until the summer of 2022. It is organized into the following three sections: 1) the latest usage status of learning contents, 2) a description of new contents and additional functions to existing content, and 3) information on symposiums and lecture meetings held from the fall of 2021 to the summer of 2022. Content usage is summarized based on the number of users, page-views, and downloads. New contents include "Japanese Language Magnet", "Nihongo Avenue", and "ALPS". The addition of group functions to "SuMo Japan" is also described. Symposiums and lectures organized and co-sponsored by the Center are also summarized.

原著論文

修士論文抄録

[特集]国際シンポジウム「アジアの社会におけるヘルスケアの現在:子どもから高齢期まで」, This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI, Grant Numbers 17K04128 and 20K02109.

In Japan, seven new inquiry subjects were established in senior high schools from the 2022 academic year. However, one of the major challenges in inquiry learning is for teachers to teach students how to formulate research questions as a source of inquiry. If teachers leave the formation of research questions to the experience of their students, they will fall into the same trap as the "yutori" education of the past. Therefore, we have presented a new inquiry model based on knowledge creation by knowledge inheritance, that is "KCKI". This KCKI model was implemented to 25 first- and second-year students attending one of the high level-high schools in Sapporo. The results showed that the program was useful in supporting research questioning. From the results of questionnaires, etc., it was found necessary to improve the cases handled in this program. In the future, we will review the three steps of logical reasoning to ensure the quality of the educational program.

人工知能産業は北京の十大ハイテク産業の一つであり、北京の産業構造最適化の発展、生産力全体の飛躍的向上、科学技術の飛躍的発展を促進する中核である。本稿では、科学技術資源、科学技術成果、企業革新、産業の将来性などの面から、北京市の人工知能産業の発展の現状に対して多次元分析を行う。また、特許分析により北京市人工知能分野の技術研究開発力と発展状況を明らかにし、北京市と他国との技術上の焦点や産業配置などの面における差異といくつかの問題点を提起する。最後に、最先端技術の突破、高価値特許、基礎研究、人材育成の環境整備、グローバルガバナンスへの参加などの角度から、北京市人工知能の今後の発展のために適切な対策を提案する。, As one of the “Top Ten High-end Industries” in Beijing, artificial intelligence (AI) becomes one key factor for optimal adjustment of industrial structure, rapid growth of productivity, and breakthrough development of science and technology. This paper first described the existing technical resources, R&D achievements, representative enterprise innovation, and industrial development status in Beijing for a fundamental understanding of local AI industry. Through AI patent data analysis and international comparison, the differences of hot areas of research and industrial layouts among various regions were found out. Moreover, the R&D strength, development trends, and some potential problems of AI in Beijing were also summarized. Finally, this paper provided Beijing government with some relevant recommendations for achieving more cutting-edge technological breakthroughs, creating higher value patents, conducting better basic research, establish a more suitable environment for talent development , and participate more proactively in international cooperation and governance in AI field.

Graduate School of Intercultural Studies, Kobe University, 会議名: 言語資源ワークショップ2022, 開催地: オンライン, 会期: 2022年8月30日-31日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 言語資源開発センター, 漢語動名詞は、単独で名詞として使用されるほか（例：勉強は大事だ）、「する」を付加することでサ変動詞の一部として使用されることもある（例：勉強する）。このとき、個々の漢語動名詞が主としていずれの品詞で多く使われるのかは必ずしも明確でない。そこで、本研究では、「現代日本語書き言葉均衡コーパス」と「日本語日常会話コーパス」のデータを用い、動詞性判定テストと名詞性判定テストによって、重要漢語動名詞200種の品詞用法別頻度調査を行った。その結果、漢語動名詞は、動詞的動詞・名詞的動詞・動詞的名詞・名詞的名詞の4種に区分でき、それぞれ、異なる統語特性と意味特性を有することが示された。得られた知見は日本語教育にも応用が可能であると思われる。

Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Liberal Arts division, Tokyo University of Social Welfare, School of Social Welfare, 会議名: 言語資源ワークショップ2022, 開催地: オンライン, 会期: 2022年8月30日-31日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 言語資源開発センター, 同じ音声的及び音響的特徴をもちながら、文化や気候風土によって変化する音声行動があり、無意識に行われているものが少なくない。その一つとして、/m,n/などの有声鼻音の音声特徴は自然発話としては一般的であり、それをさらに上咽頭に響かせる音の「ハミング」がある。日本語では「鼻歌」と呼ばれている。他言語が理解できなくても音声行動としては個別言語の域を超えて普遍的に発せられる声音である。日常の発声時行動様式が文化的・言語別にどのように呼ばれているか、またいつから使われているかを日・中・英・米語の各言語のコーパスを比較し、初めて使用された時期や当時の意味などから推移を分析する。

The paper is a part of the author’s recent relevant research achievement concerning “The Restoration of Hui E’s Manuscript on Bai Juyi’s Collected Works (Poetry)in Nanchan Temple”. Taking the Collected Works of Bai Juyi in Shaoxing of Southern Song Dynasty as the master copy, the author sorts out the annotates that were added to the titles of poems in the poetry collection (excluding the New Yuefu in Volume III and Volume IV) and presents them as a table for overall research and comprehensive analysis. The research shows that there exist many problems in these footnotes, such as the confusion between the poem title and its footnotes, the false notes by scholars of Song Dynasty, and the mixing between Bai Juyi’s poems and others’ poems. As these problems have not been probed, the confirmation of the total number of Bai Juyi’s poetry works and the chronological issues in previous researches deserve more effort to reexamine. In addition, due to the limited space, the paper will first attach the table of annotates that were added to the titles of poems in Bai Juyi’s poetry collection to the end, and then make a specific analysis of the confusion between the poem title and its footnotes, while other issues mentioned above will be left to be continued., 本稿屬於JSPS 科研費21K000327「慧萼鈔南禅院本『白氏文集（詩集）』の復元に関する文献的研究」研究成果。

China has been struggling with waste classification for decades, even after the mandatory implementation of relevant policy in 2017. However, the causes of the failing performance of waste classification in developing countries attract little scholarly attention. A recent literature review also identified a failure to classify waste in developing countries, noting that its causes have attracted little scholarly interest. In this paper, we would like to examine the current situation and issues of policies for classifying household waste in China's urban sector. In this paper, we conducted a questionnaire survey of residents in Changsha City, Hunan Province, examined their awareness of waste classification, classifying behavior, and their awareness of paying for waste reduction, elucidated the factors that affect them, and estimated the amount of willing to pay (WTP) for waste reduction. In this paper, endogenous factors are more significant influencing behaviors than exogenous factors.

Taiwan has not yet been singed the “Convention on Nuclear Safety; CNS” that was adopted by the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA） in 1994. However, if these international activities help promote nuclear safety, Taiwan must participate in it and fulfill its related obligations. Therefore, despite Taiwan being a non-member state to the CNS, it is required by the Convention to act as a member state to meet all the requirements addressed in the CNS. Ensuring the public trust of nuclear safety regulations in the most important policy issue for the location, operation, waste disposal and off-commissioning of nuclear power plants, etc. As part of an international comparison of nuclear safety regulatory bodies in the East Asian region, this note organizes and evaluates the independence and transparency of Taiwan’s regulatory bodies.

After financial crisis, regulatory reforms which empower institution investors shareholders to participate in corporate governance have been adopted in UK and US. This shareholder empowerment trend originates from Anglo-American corporate governance system characterized by shareholder primacy and soon spreads to Japan since 2013. This article examines whether shareholder empowerment is suitable for Japanese companies and Japanese corporate governance system which is generally known as a stakeholder-focused type. By historically exploring the nearly 100-years change of Japanese corporate governance system and corporate law, this article finds that after banking crisis and the collapse of the bubble economy in 1990s, today’s Japanese system is by no means same as the typical one as above, but more like a middle ground between typical Japanese system and Anglo-American system. Still, we need to recognize that today’s Japanese system is not enough for shareholder empowerment and its related regulations to be effectively conducted. However, by analyzing the Growth Strategy and Ito review, this article further illustrates that the real task for today’s Japanese companies is to build a shareholder-focused corporate governance system in order to attract capital from aboard, and at the same time to avoid the short-termism which have already occurred in shareholder value-focused Angle-American system. Shareholder empowerment and its related regulations is believed to contribute to the task in Japanese companies.

同盟国の兵力を多く駐留させると抑止力は高まるのだろうか。同盟による拡大抑止が配備兵力の規模によって強化されるかどうかはこれまで実証的に検証されていなかった。この研究は駐留米軍の規模が大きくなると紛争に巻き込まれるリスクが低下するのかを定量的なデータを用いて分析した。米国の同盟国を比較した統計分析の結果，配備兵力が多い国ほど紛争のターゲットになるリスクが減少するという明確な証拠は見つからなかった。また，イラク戦争時には多くの同盟国で駐留兵力の削減がされたにもかかわらず紛争リスクが高まった傾向も特に見られず，米軍の大規模兵力を駐留させることと紛争リスクに明確な関係があるとは言えなかった。分析結果は，通常戦力の大規模部隊を配備したからといって必ずしも拡大抑止が強化されるとは限らないということを示唆している。今後こうした実証研究を積み重ねて沖縄など米軍基地政策も再考していく必要があるだろう。

SWATモデルは，大規模で複雑な流域の水文学的プロセスをシミュレートする物理的メカニズムを持ち，水の動き，土砂輸送，作物の成長や栄養物質の循環などの物理的なプロセスを，物理方程式を用いて計算することで，流量や他の観測データが欠測している流域にも適用することができ，水資源，土砂生産，水汚染などの流域プロセスに対する気候，管理方法，土地利用などの影響を予測する分布型水文学モデルである。しかし，このモデルは山地小流域（10k㎡未満）での研究例が少ない。本研究では，長期流出特性の解明を目的として，東京大学生態水文学研究所白坂流域の流出にこのモデル（SWAT）を適用した。校正期間は2011－2012年，検証期間は2013年とした。校正期間ではNSEが0.716と0.704，R2が0.733と0.727；検証期間ではNSEが0.802，R^2が0.809という結果が得られた。