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This study examines changes in productivity for seven countries including Japan and performs their decomposition into four factors from 1999 to 2019. For this purpose, this study measures total factor productivity using a combination of multiple inputs and outputs. We include a number of articles as an output, and a total amount of research and development costs as an input for production in order to incorporate innovation factors into the productivity measurement. Concretely, we measure the Hicks- Moorsteen-Bjurek (HMB) productivity index with a consideration of inefficiency by applying data envelopment analysis models. Further, the HMB productivity index is decomposed into four factors; technical change, efficiency change, scale change, and input and output mix effects components. The results indicate that Japan’s HMB productivity index for the period 1999-2019 is the third highest after Korea and Germany, which is mainly attributed to the higher technical change component that represents technological progress or frontier shift over the period.

This paper studies application of the PSO to the calculation of the period doubling bifurcation sets in a bifurcation neuron. The neuron is a simple neuron model that outputs spike-train by repeating integrate-and-fire behavior. Depending on the parameters, the neuron exhibits period doubling bifurcation phenomena. In order to search the bifurcation sets. We apply a PSO based algorithm to a return map from the neuron model. Performing basic numerical experiments, the algorithm efficiency is confirmed.

Article, 環境科学年報 43 : 37-41, (2021)

Guanylurea dinitramide which is usually called FOX-12 is typical dinitramide salts. To obtain better understanding of thermal decomposition characteristic of FOX-12, this paper focused on analysis of initial decomposition of FOX-12 using in situ measurement with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and sample observation or Raman spectrometry for understanding decomposition characteristic of FOX-12. We conducted Raman spectroscopic analysis and sample observation during thermal analysis at 1 and 8 C min-1. The experiment results found that thermal behavior of FOX-12 was different by heating rate and formed condensed phase before sharp exotherm at high heating rate. For DSC/Raman result indicated guanidium nitrate (GN) and cyanuric acid formed during thermal decomposition of FOX-12. From observation results, GN and cyanuric acid formed with solid phase reaction of initial decomposition. And the molten GN affects the precipitous exothermal reaction of FOX-12., 形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, 資料番号: AA2030016006, レポート番号: JAXA-RR-20-007

オーストラリア北東部の熱帯降雨林は多様な植物・動物の住み場所である。それらの生物はゴンドワナ大陸に起源を持ち、希少で絶滅の危機に瀕している。本稿ではオーストラリア熱帯降雨林の生物多様性を、植生と菌類に注目して紹介する。植物の分類学的な多様性と独自性、ならびに熱帯降雨林の進化史・保全における重要性を簡潔に記述し、熱帯降雨林の動態をサイクロンと病原菌が引き起こす撹乱の点から検討する。葉リターの分解に関与する菌類の生態と多様性に関する一連の研究を要約し、菌類多様性に関する今後の研究課題について議論する。, Wet tropics rainforests of north-eastern Australia are outstanding as a home for a wide range of plant and animal lineages and communities with ancient origins in Gondwana that are rare and threatened. This review introduces the biodiversity of tropical rainforests in Australia with special reference to vegetation and fungi. The taxonomic diversity and uniqueness of plants and the importance of tropical rainforests from the point of evolutionary history and conservation are briefly documented, and the dynamics of tropical rainforests is explored in terms of disturbances caused by cyclones and pathogens. Studies on the ecology and diversity of fungi associated with the decomposition of leaf litter are briefly summarized, and future research directions regarding the fungal diversity are discussed.

常緑広葉樹林から生産される生葉の河川中、海中における分解過程と摂食生物を明らかにする実験を行った。実験地点は能登町九十九湾に流入する小河川内と岩礁海岸を選定した。研究材料はこの地域の代表的な常緑広葉樹であるタブノキ（ Machilus thunbergii ）とヤブツバキ（ Camellia japonica ）の生葉を用いた。この葉をメッシュサイズの異なる（粗、細）リターバッグに詰めて設置した結果、河川においては細メッシュより粗メッシュの分解率が有意に大きく、粗メッシュバック内に平均50個体のヨコエビ類が侵入しており、これらが分解者として重要な役割を果たしていた。一方、海中では粗メッシュと細メッシュの分解率の差が小さく、大型の破砕食者は見られなかった。また海中に設置したリター表面の細菌の個体数は河川中よりも多いことから、その分解には細菌が大きく寄与することが示唆された。, In order to clarify the influence of evergreen broad-leaved trees on coastal ecosystem, a field experiment using a litter bag was conducted in Tsukumo Bay, Noto Peninsula. We clarified the elution of chemical components from fresh leaves in water, the effects on litter decomposition by bacteria, and the use of litter by aquatic macro-invertebrates. A small stream that flow into Tsukumo Bay, and slope facing directly the same bay were selected as the experimental points. The research materials were fresh leaves of Tabu（ Machilus thunbergii ） and Tsubaki（ Camellia japonica ）, which are typical evergreen broad-leaved trees growing in this area. As a field experiment, a leaf litter decomposition experiment was conducted using litter bags with different mesh sizes（ coarse and fine）. As a result, the degradation rate of the coarse mesh was significantly larger than that of the fine mesh（ p

Previous studies on Sino‒Japanese-derived words have focused on the results of decomposition into the base identity and affix. However, the time course of lexical access has not yet been investigated. There is a possibility that, before the decomposition process occurs, lexical access is initiated through the use of clues from the initial characters. To investigate the time course of lexical access, we used a masked priming technique where we used a derived word as a prime to examine the reaction time upon presenting the base word as a target. Because the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was 240 ms, the early stage of lexical access could be investigated. The results revealed that a derived word is not necessarily decomposed. However, some derived words seem to be decomposed, and this depends on the word’s construction. This also suggests that the early stage of lexical access occurs with the priority of processing the initial character, not with the priority of processing the base identity.

1,4-Bis(piperidyl)naphthalene (1,4-BPN) was employed as a cross-linker for poly(n-butyl methacrylate) gels to generate soft materials that exhibit selective fluorescence quenching and photodegradation in 1,1,1-trichloromethyl-containing chloroalkanes. In chloroform and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,4-BPN is subject to efficient fluorescence quenching via the formation of exciplexes, which results in rapid photodegradation. Similarly, poly(n-butyl methacrylate) gels cross-linked with 1,4-BPN were highly fluorescent and stable in various organic solvents and chloroalkanes but exhibited less intense fluorescence and rapid photodegradation in 1,1,1-trichloromethyl-containing chloroalkanes. Upon swelling in 1,1,1-trichloroethane, these gels exhibited a steep drop in the storage modulus during first 10 s of photoirradiation (λ = 365 nm). Further photoirradiation for 10–30 min led to the decomposition of the gels. Thus, we propose that the 1,4-BPN-based cross-linker can be used for the facile preparation of diverse polymeric materials with synergistic fluorescence, detection, and photodecomposition properties toward unreactive and neutral analytes.

This experiment was carried out to examine the seasonal change of several kinds forage grass and wild grass of litter decomposition rate in subtropical native pasture on the grassland ecosystem.The litter of the above-ground used for the experiments is standing dead plants of Bidens pilosa, silver grass, pangolagrass, bahiagrass collected in the previous year. A standing dead plant as litter materials was divided lamina part and stem part, and used three grass species Bidens pilosa, silvergrass, pangolagrass. Litters that range from 4 to 7 grams of each grass put in the litter bag were set in grassland. Setting litter bags in grassland were picked up every other month. There was a significant difference on the average litter decomposition rate of three grasses which are Bidens pilosa, silver grass and pangolagrass though it showed the similar tendency in seasonal changes of the litter decomposition rate of the above-ground. It was quicker decomposition rate than litter decomposition rate of the above-ground of each grass species than that of the stem, though there was one exception in pangola grass species which lamina parts were low value than stem parts from July through September. Litter decomposition rate of the lamina parts of Bidens pilosa and silvergrass were significantly faster than that of stem parts, but was not significant litter decomposition rate between lamina and stem parts of pangolagrass. There was positively correlated with difference of litter decomposition rate between lamina part and the stem parts of which were Bidens pilosa, silvergrass and pangolagrass. There was positively correlated with difference of litter decomposition rate between digestability of used grasses. It is necessary to sufficiently consider for the decomposition rate of the litter, when it constructs the simulation model by carrying out systems analysis, since it significant change in the every season., 本実験では生態システムの中のリターの分解について亜熱帯野草地での数種イネ科牧草と野草の分解速度の季節的変化を調べるために行った．前年度に採取したセンダングサ，ススキ，パンゴラグラス，バヒアグラスの立ち枯れを地上部リターとし，センダングサ，ススキ，パンゴラグラスの3草種については葉身部と茎部の部位別リターとして分解試験に供試した．これらを4-7gリターバッグに詰めて放牧地に設置した．そして,1ケ月間隔で回収した．地上部リターの分解速度の季節的推移は3草種とも同様な傾向を示したが，それらの全ての草種平均値間には有意差(p

This experiment was carried out to examine the seasonal change of several kinds forage grass and wild grass of litter decomposition rate in subtropical native pasture on the grassland ecosystem.The litter of the above-ground used for the experiments is standing dead plants of Bidens pilosa, silver grass, pangolagrass, bahiagrass collected in the previous year. A standing dead plant as litter materials was divided lamina part and stem part, and used three grass species Bidens pilosa, silvergrass, pangolagrass. Litters that range from 4 to 7 grams of each grass put in the litter bag were set in grassland. Setting litter bags in grassland were picked up every other month. There was a significant difference on the average litter decomposition rate of three grasses which are Bidens pilosa, silver grass and pangolagrass though it showed the similar tendency in seasonal changes of the litter decomposition rate of the above-ground. It was quicker decomposition rate than litter decomposition rate of the above-ground of each grass species than that of the stem, though there was one exception in pangola grass species which lamina parts were low value than stem parts from July through September. Litter decomposition rate of the lamina parts of Bidens pilosa and silvergrass were significantly faster than that of stem parts, but was not significant litter decomposition rate between lamina and stem parts of pangolagrass. There was positively correlated with difference of litter decomposition rate between lamina part and the stem parts of which were Bidens pilosa, silvergrass and pangolagrass. There was positively correlated with difference of litter decomposition rate between digestability of used grasses. It is necessary to sufficiently consider for the decomposition rate of the litter, when it constructs the simulation model by carrying out systems analysis, since it significant change in the every season., 本実験では生態システムの中のリターの分解について亜熱帯野草地での数種イネ科牧草と野草の分解速度の季節的変化を調べるために行った．前年度に採取したセンダングサ，ススキ，パンゴラグラス，バヒアグラスの立ち枯れを地上部リターとし，センダングサ，ススキ，パンゴラグラスの3草種については葉身部と茎部の部位別リターとして分解試験に供試した．これらを4-7gリターバッグに詰めて放牧地に設置した．そして,1ケ月間隔で回収した．地上部リターの分解速度の季節的推移は3草種とも同様な傾向を示したが，それらの全ての草種平均値間には有意差(p, 紀要論文

Coarse woody debris (CWD) include large woody litter such as boles, snags, and stumps and are major components of organic carbon in forest ecosystems, accounting for more than 40% of the aboveground biomass in some forests. In the present study, we develop a new method using radiocarbon dating to estimate the dead year and decomposition rates of CWD. The method merits the estimation of dead year for bulk CWD samples that are either drilled or excised as a disk. We establish mathematical models that incorporate the diameter of sample, allometric relationship between diameter and tree age, and background values of atmospheric 14CO2 concentration to construct reference curves for the estimated 14C values of bulk CWD sample with respect to the dead year. We verified the accuracy of this method by measuring Δ14C values for five CWD samples (diameter of 20-23 cm, dead year known or unknown) collected in a subalpine forest in central Japan and comparing the estimated values of dead years and decomposition rates with those previously observed., 第23回名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム平成22(2010)年度報告

In our research group, multi-gas ICP (inductively coupled plasma) source was developed for industrial plasma processing and traced elemental analysis. With the multi-gas ICP source, not only Ar but He, O2, N2, CO2, air and their mixture gas plasmas can be stably generated in atmospheric pressure. In this study, the plasma source was applied for decomposition of anesthetic gas which effect on global warming as involving N2O. N2O/air mixture gas plasma was generated by the plasma source then the composition of treated gas was measured. Effect of the RF input power on decomposition rate of N2O was investigated. As a result, 99.98 % of decomposition rate 99.98 % of decomposition rate and 117 g/kWh of energy efficiency were achieved at 800 W of the RF input power and 1 % of NO2 was generated as a by-product.

[要旨]グラフ理論において、グラフの分解問題は主要な研究テーマである。C_4、C_8を4点、8点を通るサイクルとする。1点を共有する辺素な2個のC_4、C_8からなるグラフを(C_4,C_8)-Bowtieという。本研究では、完全多重グラフλK_nを均衡的に(C_4,C_8)-Bowtie部分グラフに分解する組合せデザインについて述べる。 [Abstract]In graph theory, the decomposition problem of graphs is a very important topic. Various type of decompositions of many graphs can be seen in the literature of graph theory. This paper gives a balanced (C_4,C_8)-bowtie decomposition of the complete multi-graph λK_n., Copyright (c) 2009 一般社団法人情報処理学会, コンテンツの利用については著作権法に規定されている私的使用や引用などの範囲内に限ります, rights: 本文データは学協会の許諾に基づきCiNiiから複製したものである, relation: isVersionOf: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007338643/

[Abstract] To elucidate detail distribution of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) in the ocean, simultaneous decomposition method of DON and DOP was investgated. Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na_2B_4O_7) and potassium peroxodisulfate (K_2S_2O_8) were used as a oxidizing regent for the decomposition of DON and DOP. The concentration of K_2S_2O_8, the removal of chlorine gas, decomposition temperature and time, the ratio of Na_2B_4O_7/K_2S_2O_8 to sample solution were investigated. The recommended decomposition procedure was established. The recommended procedure was applied to the determination of DON and DOP in seawater samples which were collected from the eastern North Pacific., 本文データはCiNiiから複製したものである。

Eight bacterial strains that can decompose a ferric chelate of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA) were isolated among 885 bacterial strains collected from various marine environments. Among them, the strain denoted as H6-2-4 and isolated from a sediment sample collected from Off-Izu Islands around Japan had the highest ability to decompose Fe-EDTA. The percentage of degradation of Fe-EDTA was approximately 30% in a seawater culture medium containing 1000 ppm Fe-EDTA. It was revealed that the intact cells of this strain can also decompose various metal-EDTA complexes such as Ca, Cu, and Mg. Based on results of 1H-NMR spectral analysis, it is suggested that Fe-EDTA is converted to glycine via iminodiacetic acid. The strain was found to be a Gram-negative motile rod with polar flagella and is catalase- and oxidase-positive. It failed to grow in distilled water medium, confirming its marine origin. The strain was identified as Pseudoalteromonas atlantica based on the results of various taxonomical studies.

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To elucidate the mechanisms of bacterial attack of organic matter in a intertidal sandy beach, bacterial distribution, in situ decomposing activities and several environmental factors were investigated in Uranouchi Bay, Kochi Prefecture, Japan. In the beach viable bacteria were more abundant at the surface and decreased with increasing core depth, but seasonal variation of bacterial numbers was not clear. The same distribution pattern described above was observed for proteolytic and amylolytic groups of bacteria but in situ proteolytic and amylolytic activities in the beach are declined markedly with increasing depth and toward winter. Electron transport system (ETS) activity was also low in winter. In addition, low COD values and low ratios of total amino acids to total carbohydrates in the beach sands were observed. These facts strongly suggested that the biodegradation of particulate matter on and in the sand occurs in the early stage after deposition and controlled by ambient temperature rather than by microbial biomass．