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We conducted a questionnaire survey among 414 parents of 4- and 5-year-old children about the bed-time routine with respect to co-sleeping. By means of a text-mining method, we conducted a detailed analysis of free descriptions about the bed-time routine emerged: the children want to sleep in their favorite bedding items: the children go to sleep with a favorite stuffed animals close by where they sleep; the parents say the words of affection or read a picture book to the children; or the children obtain a sense of security through contact with their parent’s body. In terms of gender differences, it was evident that for boys, having an object such as a stuffed toy was as important as proximity to a parent; girls prefer eliminating anxiety or preparing for sleep than to spend a good time before they go to bed. Our results underlined the importance to the child’s sense of security in having the mother co-sleep throughout the night. We found that even if children co-sleep with the mother every evening, the children try to eliminate anxiety by thumb-sucking if they belive that the mother will leave the bed after they have fallen asleep.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between goal orientations of childcare and causal attribution of behavior in childcare on parents. Participants were 326 parents who are taking care of children. They were examined the consciousness of goal orientations of childcare and the causal attribution of behavior in childcare. A factor analysis revealed three factors for the goal orientations of childcare: "performance-approach goal orientations", "performance-avoidance goal orientations", and "learning goal orientations", and did three factors causal attribution of behavior in childcare: "the controllability", "supports from surroundings", and "the matters happening by accidents". We investigated the relations between their factors. As a result that the parents with performance-approach goal orientations were easy to attribute the controllability as a causal of succeeding behavior in childcare, and to do the supports from surroundings as a causal of failing behavior in childcare. On the other hand, the parents with performance-avoidance goal orientations were easy to attribute the supports from surroundings as a causal of succeeding behavior in childcare, and to do the controllability as a causal of failing behavior in childcare. the parents with learning goal orientations were easy to attribute the controllability as a causal of succeeding behavior in childcare It was suggested in this study that the child care support which parents need is different by the difference of their goal orientations of childcare.

The aim of this study was to examine the structures of parental "skinship" toward their young children (Study 1) and to reveal the relationship between parental "skinship" and attitude (Study 2). In Study 1, questionnaires on "skinship" toward their children were done to the fathers and mothers in 99 families. They were asked to answer independently. In Study 2, questionnaires on "skinship" and attitude (acceptance, rejection) were done to the fathers and mothers in 148 families. The main results were as follows : (1) Factor analysis of parental "skinship" data revealed 2 domains, that is, calm contact and active contact. (2) Fathers did more active contact than mothers did. Mothers did more calm contact than fathers did. (3) The mothers whose husbands did much calm contact toward their children showed more acceptance and less rejection toward the children. These results suggest that parental "skinship" toward young children have influence not only on children but also on the extent of their partners' "skinship" and attitude toward children.

著者(英)誤記: KUZE Toshihiko, "KUZE Toshihiko" -- T.p., 資料番号: AA0047420000, レポート番号: JAXA-RM-03-025