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Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the temperature dependence of a scintillation survey meter with and without the temperature compensation function. Investigation of temperature dependence is important to make precise measurements in various environments., Method: The experiment was conducted using the NaI (Tl) scintillation survey meter with the temperature compensation function (TCS-1172) and the NaI (Tl) and CsI (Tl) scintillation survey meters without the temperature compensation function (TCS-171, PDR-111). In all, 1 cm dose equivalent rate (µSv/h) was measured by changing the room temperature from 10 to 40 degree Celsius., Result: The results showed that the scintillation survey meter with the temperature compensation function had almost no change in the measured values with changes in room temperature, whereas the 1 cm dose equivalent rate of the scintillation survey meter without the temperature compensation function changed by a maximum of -7.2 (%/10°C) as temperature increased., Conclusion: This study confirms that the scintillation survey meter with the temperature compensation function was less dependent on temperature, and stable measurement was possible. However, it was suggested that the scintillation survey meter without the temperature compensation function might cause a drop in the measured value as the temperature rises.

Purpose: Skin injury in patients due to radiation exposure has been a complication in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for a long time. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports comparing radiation dose by treatment area with diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) 2020, although the radiation dose varies by treatment area in PCI., Methods: In this study, the treatment areas were classified into four segments (i.e., AHA #1-3, AHA #4, AHA #5-10, and AHA #11-15), and each segment was compared with DRLs 2020. This retrospective study included 984 consecutive patients with single-vessel disease and non-chronic total occlusion. PCI was performed on a single device., Results: The median radiation dose was 1640.8 mGy, and the radiation dose for AHA #4 was 2732.0 mGy, which was significantly higher than the other treatment areas (p<0.001). In AHA #4, the radiation dose increased due to the heavy use of the left cranial view, and the patient background contributed to the increased lesion complexity. Therefore, it was challenging to evaluate AHA #4 and the other treatment areas with a uniform DRL value., Conclusion: Establishing a subdivided index for each treatment area is crucial if DRLs are used as a reference during procedures and as a guide for dose optimization.

Japan Network for Research and Information on Medical Exposures (J-RIME) released the primary diagnostic reference levels (DRLs 2015) to optimize/manage the radiation dose for interventional radiology (IVR) on June 7, 2015 in Japan. However, this DRLs 2015 has a wide range of selection bias for only certified IVR technologists' dates. Therefore, it is important to know the radiation dose including non-certified IVR technologists' facilities. In this study, we verified the fluoroscopy radiation dose rates for many IVR systems in the present situation. This study was conducted at 13 cardiac catheterization laboratories (18 X-ray systems) around Sendai. We measured the entrance doses at the patient entrance reference point (interventional reference point) using a 20-cm-thick acrylic plate and skin-dose monitor. Although the DRLs 2015 of IVR is 20 mGy/min, the result of a fluoroscopy radiation dose in 18 X-ray systems was median (inter quartile range: IQR), 24.4 (16.3, 35.5) mGy/min. The optimization/managing the radiation dose of IVR X-ray systems is an important issue. In addition, it is necessary to intensify the activities to raise awareness for DRLs 2015.

Objective: The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) reported that understanding the use and impact of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products is complicated by product diversity. Many different SLT products with different characteristics are used worldwide. ZERO STYLE STIX(TM) (sold by Japan Tobacco Inc.) is a brand of snuff, a type of smokeless tobacco. Our objective was to determine the constituents of the gas from SLT and analyze the ingredients in tobacco fillers., Methods: ZERO STYLE STIX smokeless tobacco was released in the Japanese market in 2010. Nicotine, menthol, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the smokeless tobacco fillers were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The gaseous compounds were collected by a smoking machine using two smoking protocols, i.e., the ISO and Health Canada Intense methods. Nicotine and menthol in the gas were determined by GC/MS., Results: Nicotine, menthol, and the total tobacco-specific nitrosamines were detected in the tobacco fillers. The level of menthol in the snuff was more than ten times that of nicotine. The determined levels of the two components of the gas from the snuff were higher when using the Health Canada Intense protocol than when using the ISO protocol. In addition, flavors other than menthol were emitted from the smokeless tobacco., Conclusion: The new type of snuff introduced in the Japanese market in 2010 contained added flavors, and was attractive smokeless tobacco. Flavors in tobacco products need to regulate on the basis of FCTC 9 and 10 in JAPAN.

Objective: Some Japanese smokers imported Japanese cigarette brands from other Asian countries for personal use because of the increase in tobacco tax in 2010, which meant that privately importing the cigarettes was cheaper than purchasing them in Japan. We assumed that the health hazards of locally made cigarettes were different from those of privately imported cigarettes, despite the brands being the same. In this study, we carried out a comparative toxicological analysis of domestic and privately imported cigarettes., Methods: Privately imported cigarettes of five brands and domestic cigarettes of the brand named "MILD SEVEN ORIGINAL" were selected for the study. The level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mainstream smoke was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection. The mutagenicity of mainstream smoke was assessed using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA98, and YG1024 with the metabolic activation system (S9mix) by preincubation assay. The levels of heavy metals in cigarette fillers were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry., Results: The level of PAH in the mainstream smoke from the privately imported cigarettes was higher than that in the smoke from the domestic cigarettes. However, the mutagenic activity of the mainstream smoke from the privately imported cigarettes was equivalent to that from the domestic cigarettes. The levels of nickel and cadmium in the fillers of the privately imported cigarettes were higher than those in the domestic cigarettes., Conclusion: The levels of constituents in the fillers and mainstream smoke from the privately imported cigarettes were higher than those in the fillers and mainstream smoke from the domestic cigarettes. The majority of Japanese smokers are unaware of these findings. The guidelines regulating tobacco products recommend that articles 9 and 10 of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should be fully implemented in Japan.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) requires member countries to implement measures aimed at reducing the demand for tobacco products. FCTC article 11 describes the important forms of health communication and packaging regulations. And this article recommends on large pictorial health warnings and encourages more effective forms of disclosure on constituents and emissions. Furthermore, article 11 recognizes the importance of the package as a promotional vehicle for tobacco companies and requires the removal of potentially misleading packaging information, including the terms "light" and "mild." The Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted guidelines for implementation of article 11 on "Packaging and labelling of Tobacco Products". Some countries, such as Canada, the U.S.A., Australia, EU countries etc. positively promoted tobacco control by implementing countermeasures such as the graphic health warning labels and plain packages. These countermeasures showed the significant effects of decreasing smoking rate and preventing smoking initiation in young people. Furthermore, these warning labels were effective for the literally challenged. However, the Japanese government has not implemented these countermeasures, and only limited texts are shown on Japanese tobacco packaging. Therefore, Japan should emulate approaches taken by other countries, and promote the tobacco control policy in accordance with FCTC.

In Japan, ultralow-nicotine cigarette brands with ventilation holes on the cigarette filters have been widely marketed to smokers. The use of these cigarette brands leads to compensation smoking. Menthol cigarette brands that have a cooling and numbing effect are also sold. In 2013, smokeless tobacco products similar to the Swedish snus, which is banned for sale in the European Union except in Sweden, were released in Japanese markets. These tobacco products have "toxicity," have a "ventilation filter," are "attractive," and promote "dependence." Tobacco smoke and smokeless tobacco are classified into "Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The purpose of Articles 9 and 10 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is to regulate the contents of tobacco products as well as to regulate tobacco product disclosures. The implementation of some other articles has gradually advanced in Japan. However, that of Articles 9 and 10 is late. Japanese governmental authorities are being urged to immediately implement Articles 9 and 10.

Objectives: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a major concern, because people on average spend the vast majority of their time indoors and they are repeatedly exposed to indoor air pollutants. In this study, to assess indoor air quality in Chiba City, gaseous chemical compounds were surveyed using four types of diffusive sampler., Methods: Gaseous chemical compounds such as carbonyls, volatile organic compounds (VOC), acid gases, basic gases, and ozone were measured in indoor and outdoor air of 50 houses throughout Chiba City in winter and summer. Four types of diffusive sampler were used in this study: DSD-BPE/DNPH packed with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine and trans-1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene-coated silica for ozone and carbonyls; VOC-SD packed with Carboxen 564 particles for volatile organic compounds; DSD-TEA packed with triethanolamine-impregnated silica for acid gases; and DSD-NH3 packed with phosphoric acid-impregnated silica for basic gases., Results: Almost all compounds in indoor air were detected at higher concentrations in summer than in winter. However, the nitrogen dioxide concentration in indoor air particularly increased only in winter, which well correlated with the formic acid concentration (correlation coefficient=0.974). The compound with the highest concentrations in indoor air was p-dichlorobenzene, with recorded levels of 13,000 μg m(-3) in summer and 1,100 μg m(-3) in winter in indoor air., Conclusions: p-Dichlorobenzene in summer and nitrogen dioxide in winter are detected at markedly high concentrations. Pollution control and continuous monitoring of IAQ are indispensable for human health.

Objective: The tobacco tax in Japan was increased in October, 2010. Subsequently, the quantity of sales of domestic cigarette products decreased temporarily. However, smokers could import cigarettes directly through the internet. Because of the high value of the yen and the low price of foreign cigarettes, an individual could import cigarettes easily; however, the contents and emissions from privately imported cigarettes have not been investigated yet. In this study, we carried out a comparative analysis of domestic and privately imported cigarettes., Methods: Privately imported cigarettes from five brands and domestic cigarettes from the brand "Mild Seven" were selected for the study. For the fillers of the cigarettes, the levels of nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) were determined by methods that are usually used for cigarette products. For the mainstream smoke, the levels of tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and TSNAs were also determined by the methods used for cigarettes., Results: The average nicotine and TSNA levels in the fillers of the domestic cigarettes were 15.1 ± 0.19 mg/g and 1,920 ± 85.1 ng/g, respectively. The amounts of nicotine and tar in the mainstream smoke from the privately imported cigarettes were lower than those from the domestic cigarettes. However, the levels of TSNAs in the mainstream smoke from the privately imported cigarettes were higher than those from the domestic cigarettes., Conclusions: The amounts of TSNAs in the fillers of and mainstream smoke from the privately imported cigarettes were higher than those from the domestic cigarettes. Japanese smokers should be careful about consuming privately imported cigarettes because there is a variation in the amount of hazardous constituents in these cigarettes, even when they are from the same brand.

Objective: To determine constituents of fillers and mainstream smoke from Neo Cedar., Methods: Neo Cedar is a second-class over-the-counter (OTC) drug and similar to cigarettes in a number of ways. In particular, the design and usage are very similar to those of cigarettes. For the fillers of the drug, the levels of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), and heavy metals, and mutagenicity were determined using the methods for cigarette products. For the mainstream smoke, the levels of tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide (CO), TSNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and carbonyl compounds were also determined using the methods for cigarettes. The mainstream smoke from the drug were collected with a smoking machine using two smoking protocols (ISO and Health Canada Intense methods)., Results: The nicotine and total TSNA levels in the fillers of the drug averaged 2.86 mg/g and 185 ng/g, respectively. The nine species of heavy metals were also detected in the fillers of the drug. The levels of nicotine, tar, CO, TSNA, PAH, and carbonyl compounds of mainstream smoke from the drug were higher when determined using the HCI regime than when using the ISO regime. The mutagenicity of the mainstream smoke determined using the HCI regime was also higher than that determined using the ISO regime., Conclusion: In this study, all constituents of Neo Cedar were determined by methods for cigarette products. The drug had a ventilation hole on its filter. Thus, its constituents are different from those determined by the smoking protocols. Neo Cedar users should be careful of higher exposure to the hazardous gases owing to smoking patterns.

Objective: To measure the nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) contents in whole tobacco from a variety of Japanese domestic cigarette brands and to determine mutagencity., Methods: The test cigarettes were the top ten best selling cigarette brands in Japan in 2006. The nicotine content in whole tobacco was measured by a modified version of the CORESTA Recommended method. The level of TSNA was measured by a modified version of the Health Canada method. Mutagenicity was assessed using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA98 and YG1024 with the metabolic activation system (S9mix) by preincubation assays., Results: The nicotine content in the test cigarettes averaged 15.7±1.2 mg/g, and was in the range between 13.7 and 17.2 mg/g. The level of TSNA averaged 1,750 ng/g, and was in the range between 931 and 2,490 ng/g. Mutagenicity was pseudopositive in several samples of the YG1024 tester strain with and without S9mix., Conclusion: The cigarettes brands were categorized into four groups (Ultra-low, Low, Medium, and High) based on the nominal nicotine yield figures printed on the cigarette packets. The nicotine content in whole tobacco of the High group was the highest. However, the level of TSNA of the high group was the lowest. The analyses of hazardous chemical compounds in whole tobacco can contribute to the reduction and regulation of the toxicity of tobacco products.

Objectives: Mainstream smoke from cigarettes contains tobacco-specific N'-nitrosamines (TSNAs) listed as Group 1 and 3 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Herein, we report on a method of measuring the concentrations of TSNAs in mainstream smoke from the ten top-selling Japanese cigarette brands using an ISO regime by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and HCI regime of Health Canada., Methods: Tar in mainstream smoke was collected on a Cambridge filter pad using a smoking machine. The filter pad was immersed in 40 mL of ammonium acetate (pH 6.8) and shaken for 30 min. The extract was then loaded into a C18 column. After washing with 5 mL of 10% methanol and eluting with 5 mL of 70% methanol, the eluate was concentrated to 1 mL for LC-MS/MS analysis., Results: The concentrations of TSNAs in all cigarette brands were higher when determined using the HCI regime than when determined using the ISO regime. Furthermore, the concentrations of TSNAs measured using both the ISO and HCI regimes showed negligible correlation to the tar and nicotine concentrations indicated on package labels. The cigarette samples used in the study were categorized into four classes: ultralow-, low-, medium-, and high-yield brands, which corresponded to 1, 3-6, 8-10, and 14 mg tar/cigarette, respectively. The concentration of TSNAs in ultralow-yield cigarettes was 210 ng/cigarette, as measured using the HCI regime, which was nearly equal to that in high-yield cigarettes (180 ng/cigarette)., Conclusions: Exposure to TSNAs from mainstream smoke from ultralow-yield cigarettes is comparable to that from high-yield cigarettes. To properly evaluate the risk of smoking, not only the concentrations of tar and nicotine but also those of other chemicals, including TSNAs, should be printed on package labels.

There are many gaseous air pollutants found in indoor air. It is very important to precisely measure the concentration of these compounds in order to evaluate the risk to human health and to reduce their concentrations. A diffusive sampling device is suitable for measurement of indoor air, because these are small, light, and can be used without a power supply for the pump. In this study, representative gaseous air pollutants in winter indoor and outdoor air were measured using diffusive sampling devices. Furthermore, the relationship between gaseous air pollutants, secondary formation mechanism, and the outbreak source were examined. The indoor concentrations of aldehydes, nitrogen dioxide and ammonia were higher than outdoor concentrations. By contrast, indoor concentrations of ozone were lower than outdoor concentrations. The indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in 43% houses exceeded the maximum limit stated by environmental law (60 ppb). It was suggested that the main emission sources of nitrogen dioxide are kerosene and gas stoves. In addition, it was suggested that carbonyl compounds are formed by interactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ozone from outdoor air. Formic acid was estimated to be formed by the oxidation of formaldehyde with ozone, because a positive correlation between formaldehyde and formic acid, and an inverse correlation between formaldehyde and ozone, were observed in indoor air.