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The effects of studying abroad in Japan can be delineated into the effects on society, in both the sending and receiving countries, and the effects on international students themselves. In addition, there are both direct effects that can be demonstrated by concrete data and indirect effects that are difficult to capture empirically. However, many studies on the effects of studying in Japan have concentrated on direct effects on international students (personal income, promotion, etc.), while few studies have been conducted on the indirect effects of mobility at both the national levels and individual levels. In this study, the author focused on graduate students who enrolled during the Third Five-Year Plan of the Research Center for Japanese Studies (1995-1999), which was established as a model of cultural diplomacy. The study aimed to demonstrate the effects of this mobility in both Japan and China, as well as the long-term effects on the graduate students themselves. First, at the macro level, the author explains the impact on graduate students caused by Japan-China relations in the 1990s, economic reforms in China, and employment system reforms. Then, at the meso level, the author presents the characteristics of educational management at the center at that time. Lastly, through interviews conducted with graduates at the micro level, the author examines the characteristics of the times and the concrete impact of studying in Japan on individuals. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. Firstly, it is necessary to measure the indirect effects of studying abroad through qualitative research. At present, due to expectations of direct evidence, quantitative analysis of questionnaire surveys is increasingly common. This research is focused on researchers in the field of Japanese studies, and the effects of studying abroad in Japan can be summarized into three aspects: formation of a Japanese image, acquisition of research methods and objective research perspectives, and further network construction. For international students who are not working as researchers, the effects of studying in Japan could be very different. This will be an issue for future study. Secondly, the effects of studying in Japan vary greatly over the time. As shown in this study, the specific characteristics of the cohort, the changing circumstances in both Japan and China, as well as changing Sino-Japan relations have greatly influenced the purpose and effectiveness of Chinese students studying in Japan. Therefore, analysis by era is indispensable in future research., 本研究は，筆者が研究代表となる学術研究助成基金助成金基盤（C）「日本留学の長期効果に関する研究－北京日本学研究センターを事例にする－」（18K02388，2018年度～2020年度）研究の一部である。

In order to boost Japan’s global competitiveness and revitalize the economy, the Japanese government has promulgated a package of policies to attract highly skilled international students. International students are usually called as “highly skilled international talent,” or “globally minded human resources” in many official documents, despite a lack of evidence to show whether this definition is accurate or not. So-called “highly skilled international talent” is defined as “high quality talented [people] who are complementary to the domestic labor force.” They are expected to “bring about innovation to domestic industry, [and] improve efficiency of the labor market by exchanging views and experience with Japanese.” However, contrary to the government’s vision, most of Japanese employers are very negative towards foreign students’ recruitment. Many surveys show that only those who have a high level of Japanese language proficiency and fit well with Japan’s corporate culture can successfully land a job. Meanwhile, many foreign employees who choose to work in Japanese companies mainly do so for the purpose of acquiring life stability. Therefore, not only Japanese companies set low expectations about the innovation of foreign employees, but also the foreign employees are far from being the innovative labor force that the Japanese government had expected. Based on a survey on the recruitment of new graduates conducted in October, 2014, this study found out that new industries, large enterprises, companies which attach great attention to globalization, and companies with overseas offices tend to recruit international students. These fields that tend to recruit international students emphasize specialization as well as innovation. The Japanese government identified “skilled professionals,” including the “logical human capital” and “innovative human capital” as the ideal type of human capital that had expected to attract to stay at Japanese companies. The author found that while not necessarily international students, the ideal type of human capital is as follows: male, undergraduate student, or graduate students with master’s degree. Thus, it is important to re-evaluate the stereotyped images about international students and ideal human capital, and try to employ females, graduate students in humanities and post doctors etc., through a fairer evaluative process.

This article demonstrates the benefits of embedding learning assistance into first-year seminars which will collect information from the students to provide assistance that best meets their learning needs in Japan. Whereas American universities already have demographic and academic data on their students from grade school through high school, Japanese institutions are just beginning to collect this data. Data collected from former student surveys help us understand first-year students as a collective body. However, providing certain students with the specific assistance and support they need is still a challenge. To solve this problem, first the weekly journal entries of the students enrolled in the first-year seminar program at Shinshu University over the last four years were analyzed. Students’ needs were discovered and that they consistently change every three to four weeks throughout their first semester. This suggests that proactively providing assistance to meet students’ needs when they need it is a more preferable strategy than waiting for them to fail and ask for assistance voluntarily. Providing students incentives for utilizing assistance programs is also useful. Second, instructors of first-year seminars meet with all students individually to provide writing assistance. This gives instructors a better understanding of their students other challenges which need addressing, then instructors can direct students to appropriate campus resources. Often times students don’t know what their needs are until it’s too late, but this first-year seminar program helps students recognize their needs early and utilize appropriate assistance programs. At the same time, we can collect individual students’ information for institutional research., 本研究は，科研費（16K04463）の助成を受けて行われた。

早大学位記番号:新8738

Using a Pull-and-Push Model, this paper presents a case study of Chinese students studying in Japan to illustrate the mobility of international students. Firstly, a cost-and-benefit model was used to analyze the decision-making process of studying in a foreign country, to point out that this model is a static analysis, and to note that the content of cost and benefit are different over time due to environmental characteristics in sending countries and receiving countries. Consequently, a dynamic analysis is needed. The Push-and-Pull model was lead into the research, pointed out that more than two forces were acting simultaneously, and their resultant forces could determine which direction to move towards. The choice of which country they go to study is made by their consideration of multiple factors, such as the comparison between their home country and prospective host country. Which country is chosen as a destination country is decided after they make a comprehensively comparative study of various factors concerning their home countries and several possibilities for overseas study. Therefore, based on the Push-and-Pull model, this research focused on the relationship between the sending country, the receiving country and the foreign students, as well as influences from other countries. Meanwhile, the cost and benefit of studying in Japan of each period are also taken into consideration. The Chinese students studying in Japan were divided into three periods. With the changing of time, the factors that influenced decision-making to study in Japan have diversified. However, there has always been the same purpose for seeking advanced education and abundant employment opportunity throughout all these periods. These characteristics are particularly prominent in Period I and II. Since Period III, more and more students have gone abroad for the purpose of acquiring foreign experiences. With the advancement of globalization, it has become much easier for Chinese students to study abroad. They have more options for destination countries than before. Along with rapid economic development, there have emerged more employment opportunities than previously, and domestic income has increased rapidly. All of these have decreased the effect of pull because of the increase of opportunity cost.

This paper aims to find out whether there are mismatches between Japan’s policies on international students and the realities of attracting these students. Firstly, this paper studied the policy approaches on international students both on the receiving and sending side. As for the receiving side, there are four discernable rationales for receiving international students at a policy level: promoting mutual understanding, or skilled migration, generating revenue, and building capacity. As for the sending side, the motivation for study abroad is extraordinarily complicated due to the fact that most international students pay their own expenses. They must weigh the cost of studying abroad against the benefit in terms of learning from a foreign experience before they make the decision. Secondly, this paper analyzed the policies on international students in Japan. There are two such important policies. The first is the “Plan for accepting 100,000 international students” in 1983, which emphasizes the quantity of international students. The second is the “Plan for accepting 300,000 international students”, which emphasizes the acceptance of international students with high quality. Thirdly, by analyzing national data about the international students in Japan and interviewing Chinese students at Hiroshima University, we identify mismatches between the policies on international students and the realities of attracting these students. The main purpose of current policy on international students is to attract persons of talent. However, because of the expensive opportunity cost of studying in Japan, the scholarships provided by the Japanese government become less attractive to international students. At the same time, Japan hopes to accept students in Science and Engineering fields, but most of the international students are studying in the field of Humanities. Another purpose of accepting international students is to offset the decline in Japan’s birthrate recruiting a skilled workforce: however, most of the Chinese students are only children and thus have a strong desire to return home, or move to western countries. Consequently, there are mismatches between the sending country and receiving county in the case of Chinese students studying in Japan.

This paper studies the changes in the process of job seeking by university graduates in China through comparison of the data of two graduate employment surveys in Shanghai in 1999 and 2004. The dramatic expansion of higher education in 1999 is an important turning point in Chinese higher education history. The environment for university student's employment also changed and since 1999 the supply of university graduates has exceeded demand; accordingly, low employment for university graduates became an object of public concern. At the same time, along with deregulation of job seeking, graduates obtained more and more freedom to seek employment. Based on an analysis of the two surveys, the author has examined: 1) the time of starting job seeking; 2) the period of job seeking; 3) the number of the resumes sent and the number of informal assurances of employment received; and 4) the route for job seeking and the regulated factor about which route to choose. This study's brief conclusions are as follows. 1) With the expansion of higher education, a graduate labor market has been established. Especially in the years since 1999, the development of online recruitment has led to great changes in job seeking and recruitment. 2) Compared to 1999, graduates now start their job seeking earlier, and they need to send many more resumes to obtain an assurance of employment. This can perhaps be interpreted as an evidence of job scarcity. However, the influence of online recruitment should be taken into account. This change in the way of job seeking has made it possible for students to start their job seeking at an early stage and continue it for a longer period. 3) The graduate labor market has differentiated into two parts: a university-based internal market and social external market. Which labor market students choose is strongly determined by the university's rank and the students' major. Generally speaking, graduates from high ranking universities tend to use the university internal market, while others tend to begin their job seeking in the external social market: especially for graduates of low ranking universities, the personal network is the most effective way to find a job. Meanwhile, graduates whose majors provide high specialization tend to find jobs through campus recruitment, since they can meet the employee's needs well. Thus, functional differentiation can be found between the university internal market and the external social market. The information quality in the former market is high, but in the latter market lacks guarantees, despite the enormous quantity of recruitment information.

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application/pdf, 学術雑誌論文, In Chinese society under economic reform, higher education has had an enormous impact on social mobility. As the demand for higher education continues to increase, in particular after China officially implemented the reform plan for the "expansion of the university enrollment" in 1999, the scale of higher education has grown rapidly. However, the reform plan has brought about two problems: educational inequality and low employment for some college graduates. Does the latter problem result from social stratum? More specifically, do students from lower income families suffer from a vicious cycle of inequity in both the educational and employment market? This paper looks at the effect of college undergraduates' social class, professional backgrond and performance on their future development after graduation. Adopting the methodology of logistic regression, this study analyzes data-1,040 samples from eight high schools in Shanghai, China-collected by the author from May to June 2004. In brief, the study reaches the following conclusions: (1) The factor of social class significantly affects not only a student's colle\ ge attainment but also his/her future development, such as advanced studies, overseas studies, or employment. In other words, a higher income family offers greater possibilities to an undergraduate to access better education or jobs. (2) The factor of school ranking has less relevance while individual performance has a greater effect in determining future development. Inequity hinders social mobility. An undergraduate with a lower class background needs to make more efforts to receive a superior education at an elite school. As the new educational reform is implemented, it will lead to less social mobility for those from lower social strata.

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