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A questionnaire regarding management of patients with diabetes was mailed to 315 ophthalmologists. The status of ophthalmological management at the hospitals and clinics was investigated. The return rate of questionnaires was 73%. The problems at the clinics were 1. many cases have ophthalmological symptoms at the first ophthalmological examination (longer time from the onset of diabetes to the first ophthalmological examination), 2. appropriate cooperation between ophthalmology and internal medicine is lacking, 3. the collection of information on blood glucose control level is difficult, and 4. there is not enough consultation by appointment. The common problems to both hospitals and clinics were 1. satisfactory measures are not taken regarding dropout ophthalmology patients, and 2. a system of patient education does not exist. There is a pressing need for comprehensive measures to be taken by medical association leaders and medical administrators to settle these problems.

The incidence of endometrial cancer has been on the increase in Japan. To clarify the risk factors for endometrial cancer in Japanese women, we and our collaborators conducted a strictly controlled case study. A total of 19 Japanese medical centers participated in the study. Sexual abstinence, sterility, postmenopausal status and menstrual irregularity after the age of 30 years appear to be factors which significantly raise the relative risk for endometrial cancer. Conventionally, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and dietary habits have been emphasized as risk factors, however, these factors did not make a significant difference in our study. Accordingly, we suggest that examination for endometrial cancer should be performed on postmenopausal Japanese women and on women with menstrual irregularity who develop abnormal genital bleeding.

As the breast carcinoma has a tendency to increase lately, the mass screening for it is being undertaken on a national wide scale. Kanagawa prefecture obtaining cooperation from universities and many hospitals there, 144,000 women for five years have undertaken the mass screening since 1978. As a primary examination, many doctors are sent to each parts of Kanagawa prefecture. This mass screening enables to examine the women in the wide area economically and easily. Moreover, it can be a great opportunity for them to get knowledge for the detection of the early breast carcinoma. However, this kind of way needs so many doctors and limits the numbers of examinees. We got the conclusion comparing to the way of the mass screening adapted by Kawasaki city, that is the examinees should go to the public health centers.

A draft of guideline for phase III study of anticancer drugs was presented, and its objective problems in practical aspect was discussed. The anticipated of phase III study is to evaluate the clinical usefulness of anticancer drug in terms of effectiveness and toxicity. And the comparative study of new drugs with standard therapy is most important. The comparative study includes two trials: randomized controlled trial and the second non-randomized controlled trial. Considering the precision of study, the randomized controlled trial is most rational, but it includes some controversies in practical use and ethical aspect. On the other hand, non-randomized controlled trial includes some problems on comparability in relation to prognostic factors.

An analysis of 3,630 gastric cancer cases from 412 institutions who were treated with 6 randomly-assigned protocols was carried out to study the effect of daily PSK and Futraful administration and the adjuvant effect of PSK and/or Picibanil (OK 5 KE) combined with MMC and FT. Evaluation of immunochemotherapy was made on the basis of three-year survival rates and immunoparameters. The most positive results were found in survival rates favoring the combined therapy (FT + PSK) over single administration (FT) to relatively early-stage patients (30%, difference), PSK, MMC and FT combination (10%), and PSK, OK, MMC and FT (22%), over single chemotherapy alone. Serum alpha-2 globulin levels, indicative of immunosuppression, were lower in PSK-administered cases. The overall findings indicated that PSK and/or OK with MMC and FT are effective in prolonging the lives of post-operative patients.