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島根大学, Shimane University, 本稿では，第二言語としての日本語の文章読解を語用論的観点から捉え，日本語学習者は，どのようにして書き手の意図に沿ったコンテクストを選び，書き手の意図した意味を理解しているのか，その際，どのような困難点があるのかについて検討を行った。具体的には，11名の中上級日本語学習者を対象に語用論的推論課題及びインタビュー調査を実施した。その結果，日本語学習者が推論を行う際に用いるコンテクストは，文章の主題や言語的コンテクストだけでなく，コンテクスト的含意や文章の構成，言語的知識，背景知識など幅広いことが確認された。また，推論を行う際，複数のコンテクストを想定して複数の解釈を得たり，それらの解釈を当該の文章に当てはめて妥当性を判断することや，初めに得た解釈に対して意味的なつながりが保てないような新たな情報が与えられた場合，解釈の修正を行うことが確認された。一方，誤った解釈を行った日本語学習者は，複数のコンテクストを想定することが困難であり，特定のコンテクストのみを想定した解釈を行うことや，初めに得た解釈を修正したり，再解釈を行うことが困難であることが確認された。また，推論の方向性が明示的に示されない自由拡充では，推論の必要性に気づくことが困難であり，誤った解釈を行う可能性が高いことが確認された。, This study was conducted to examine how learners of Japanese as a second language select appropriate contexts to understand the meaning intended by the writer and the difficulties they encounter in doing so. To examine the above research questions, a pragmatic inference task and an interview survey were conducted with 11 intermediate to advanced level learners of Japanese. The results revealed how they (a) use a variety of contexts when making pragmatic inferences; (b) assume multiple contexts, obtain multiple interpretations, and apply these interpretations to the text to determine their validity; and (c) reinterpret the text when their interpretation is doubtful. Further, we confirmed that those who make incorrect interpretations do not assume multiple contexts and restrict themselves to a single context, thus obtaining only one interpretation. We also found that it is difficult for them to rectify their incorrect interpretations, and that this is likely to be deeply related to their high degree of certainty about their interpretations and an inability to assume multiple contexts. Additionally, free enrichment is difficult for them because they fail to notice the direction of inference as it is not explicitly stated., application/pdf

論文 Articles

stract In general, we use the greeting expression Arigatou "Thank you" to convey gratitude to the other person. On the other hand, Arigatougozaimashita, the polite and past form of "Thank you" implies "the end of the conversation" at the end of the discourse.This expression appears as an adjacent pair in conversation, such as A:"Arigatougozaimashita"-B:"Arigatougozaimashita". In this case, it is unnatural to interpret the preceding "Thank you" as gratitude and use Douitashimashite "Welcome" in the response. We get this implicit interpretation "the end of conversation" through the development of pragmatic proficiency.In this study, the author hypothesized that in conversation between younger and elder people, the former is likely to interpret the latter’s utterance Arigatou as gratitude but give an unnatural response. Then, the author investigated what kind of utterance the former makes and what kind of strategy the latter uses to establish a smooth conversation.As the corpus, the author used scripted recordings of conversations on radio programs and described the actual situation from case studies. From the point of view of interpretation, it is considered that there is a standard conversational stage in the background due to the characteristics of the medium, and the younger people understand this as an implied premise. Also, there was a device in the utterance of the elders that made it possible to interpret it as gratitude., 一般に、挨拶表現の「ありがとう（ございます）」は、感謝の意を受信者に伝達する。一方、これが夕形となった「ありがとうございました」は、同様に謝意をあらわすと同時に、談話の結末部では、暗意としての「会話の終了」を示唆する。本稿では、ラジオ番組の音声資料をもとに、言語運用能力が未発達と思われる年少者と、年長者とのやりとりの観察から、子どもがどのように「会話の終了」との解釈を得るか、または年長者はその解釈を促すためどのような方略を用いるかについての考察を行った。

Some commonly used Japanese expressions exhibit what the author callsadvertisement-like nuances. These expressions often leave an impression ofexaggeration because they are used in such a way that they are expected to conveysomething more than their lexical meanings. These expressions have undergone acommercialization-process which gives them the functions of advertisement,exaggeration, and situation shift in the author's terms.In this paper, the author attempts to describe the characteristics of theseadvertisement-like expressions through the analysis of the expression -naito son, or‘There will be a loss if you don’t…,’ and gozonji, or ‘You know’ as they appear in thetitles of magazine articles. For this purpose, the magazine article database Web-OYAand the analysis tool KH Corder were used. And as the qualitative investigation, theauthor analyzed individual examples by a method of critical discourse analysis fromthe view of Relevance Theory.The results of the analysis suggest that meanings resulting from commercializationare present in the use of the expression -naito son in the titles of magazine articles,especially in message of "disadvantages with unknown" or "disadvantages associatedwith not acquiring". On the other hand, it became clear that gozonji in the titles ofmagazine articles can be divided into "question type" and "obviousness type". Inaddition, it became clear that what is known as gozonji has diversity., メディアに流通する文言の中には、宣伝・広告であることを明示せずとも特定の語句を伴う文脈より受信側が事実上の宣伝・広告として解釈する場合がある。当該解釈は語彙的意味以上に語用論的意味に基づく記述的説明が有効である。本稿では筆者による過去の先行研究（特に「ご存じ」「～ないと損」を伴う雑誌記事見出しを対象とした検討結果）の再検討を基軸に、発信側による商用的な説得意図を踏まえた解釈可能性に対し、関連性理論の知見を援用し特徴的な側面からの分類を試みた。

論文 Articles

Dissatisfaction with lawyers’ advertising is increasing. This seems to be caused by restraint on creativity in advertising and by self-imposed controls of the lawyers’ businesses which have been shaped by tradition in the lawyers’ community.In order to improve the present conditions of lawyers’ advertisements, this article will utilize the relevance theory, which is an inferential communication model, and propose a model for measurement of the advertising communication effects.After examining the preceding studies, this paper will suggest an original model in advertising communications to evaluate effectiveness, a model which applies the relevance theory to the marketing field. Finally, this paper will measure the advertising communication effects by using this model focusing on the lawyers’ poster advertisements on subway trains.This article will conclude that as a result of self-imposed controls to advertising creativity, there is an abundance of similar advertisements, so that the persuasive power of current lawyers’ advertising is quite weak, although the advertising target is clear.

マーケティング研究では、近年、製品あるいはサービスが消費される消費者特有のコンテクスト(文脈) において認知されるとする｢文脈価値(value-in-context)｣に関心が寄せられている｡消費活動は、ダイナミックな環境において行われ、したがって、コンテクストに埋め込まれた様々な要素が、こうした価値の形成に大きな影響を与えていることは想像に易い｡しかし、消費主体がこうした価値の形成に寄与するコンテクストを、どのように理解するのか明らかにされていないことは、文脈価値という概念のもつ意義と重要性に関する理解を妨げている｡本稿では、こうした問題を、人間の認知行為を説明する分散認知に基づき、これまで表象の出来事として考えられてきた人間の欲求や価値観を、環境との相互作用の産物としてみることを提起する｡次に、現代語用論として知られる関連性理論に基づいて、人間の認知は、最小の処理労力で、より大きな認知効果を得ようとすること、すなわち関連性を最大にするように働く性格を有していることを確認する｡消費主体が文脈価値を認知する場合も、この原理に依拠するものと考えられる｡こうした考究に基づいて,文脈価値にいうコンテクストは、決して無限に広がっている捉えがたいものではなく、消費に適用される知識・スキルによってもたらされるベネフィットのなかから、より強い関連性をもつベネフィットとして選択されることが示唆される｡本稿は、以上のように、S-D ロジックにおける｢文脈価値｣概念の重要性を確認しつつ、消費主体が、コンテクストに依存する価値をいかに認識するかをより踏み込んで理解できるよう、理論の精緻化を試みたものである｡In recent years, research in marketing has been focusing on the so-called SD Logic, which proposed the concept of "value-in-context". This suggests that the value of products and services is recognized in a context that is unique to each consumer. Consumer activities are conducted in a dynamic environment. Thus, various aspects embedded in the context greatly influence the value that the consumer recognizes. However, the fact that it is not clear how the consumer understands the context which assists the development of such values obstructs the understanding of the meaning and importance of value-in-context. Based on the concept of distributed cognitions, which defines that human cognitions are embedded in the environment or context, this paper proposes a perspective that human desires and values, which were formerly considered as an outcome of representation, are the product of interactions with the environment. Then, based on the concept of relevance theory, which is known as modern pragmatics, this paper verifies that human cognition tries to gain a larger cognitive effect from minimal processing effort, meaning that human cognition tries to maximize relevance. It should be underlined that the way in which the consumer recognizes the value-in-context depends on this principle.Based on these observations, it is suggested that the "context" in the concept of value-in-context is not necessarily an intangible matter with unlimited possibilities but is selected as a benefit with stronger relevance out of the benefits obtained through the process of exchanging "knowledge and skills."

記事種別: 論説

Irony is understood by utilizing contextual information, but the relation between the different kinds of contextual information and their effects has not been examined thoroughly. This study proposed a model from the Relevance Theory view that the utilization of contextual information promotes the understanding of irony. Three kinds of contextual information, that is, positive norm, the explicit preceding utterance of the hearer, and controllability of the hearer, were studied to examine their effects on the appropriateness and attitudes implicit in the understanding of irony. Thirty-one college women were asked to respond to a questionnaire which included the presentation of the story. The results showed that the contextual information types of explicit preceding the utterance and controllability specifically promoted the understanding of negative attitudes. These are types of contextual information which are concerned with the responsibility of the hearer. Thus the hearer becomes the victim of irony, and negative attitudes are emphasized. These effects were salient in positive irony, which implicates negative attitudes. In order to clarify the way contextual information is used in the understanding of irony, it is necessary to investigate the different kinds and features of contextual information.

自分の発話を柔軟に言い換えるという能力は我々がコミュニケーションを行う際に必要不可欠である。学習者のコミュニケーション能力を向上させるためには言い換えのメカニズムを明らかにしなくてはならない。本論文の目的は，母語話者が自然な発話場面でどのように言い換えを用いているかについて考察を加えることである。分析のための理論的枠組みとして関連性理論（Relevance theory）を利用する。

The presupposition that surface and deep anaphora involve different modes of anaphoric processing has been widely accepted. However, the question of why some examples of surface anaphora are pragmatically controlled and of what pragmatic factors determine the choice of either linguistic or nonlinguistic context have not yet been properly examined, except for ad hoc explanations. This paper deals with these problems by focusing on the assumptions the hearers use in utterance interpretation. In any case of anaphoric processing, both linguistic and nonlinguistic context can be used to recover antecedents. If linguistic context is available, antecedents can be recovered on the basis of syntactic clues. If not, antecedents are recovered in the assumption the hearers can access with least effort. Such an anaphoric processing is consistent with the principle of relevance proposed by Sperber and Wilson (1986/1995).

The purpose of this study is examination of metaphor understanding. According to Relevance theory, verbal communication is carried out by selecting in most relevance context. When the context is not presented, the more context product, the more understanding promote. In research 1, I defined property abstruction and context situation production as context production ability. I examined to how this ability effect on understanding of metaphor. As the result, ability of context production is specially important in unfamiliarity metaphor. In research 2, judging from ambiguity tolerance as feature of obsessive compulsive personality who is taken a view of personality to have low appetency of metaphor. I examined to how they are apt to make a context production in a double meaning language. As the result, the more they denial ambiguity, the more they make context production literally. When we make a process of metaphor understanding clear, we examine not only presented context, but also process of audience's relevance achievement. And we need to examine personal property to have a effect on achievement of relevance.

テクストの首尾一貫性(coherence)は英語教育におけるリーディングやライティングの研究・指導上基本的概念ではあるが、関連領域の複雑性や概念の曖昧さの為、なかなかその実体が捉にくい概念でもある。本稿では、理論研究および文献研究の形をとり、首尾一貫性について3つのアプローチ、すなわちテクストに基礎をおく研究・読み手の心的表象に基礎をおく研究・関連性理論に基づく研究から諸特徴を浮かび上がらせ、首尾一貫性の全体像を捉えることを目的とする。, The purpose of this paper is to sharpen the amorphous concept of textual coherence.l The notion of coherence should be given more significance in reading and writing instruction because of its fundamental concept in comprehending and producing a text. The paper discusses aspects of coherence from three theoretical perspectives,namely,from (1) a text-based approach, (2) a reader-based approach, and (3) a relevance theoretic approach. In the second ,the author shows the school which regards coherence as a mental phenomenon rather than a property of the written text. In the last,the author discusses coherence from a relevance theoretic perspective. The paper proposes how these well-balanced approaches may lead to a better understanding of textual coherence.

In spoken Japanese, sentence elements are often placed in postverbal position against the canonical SOV word order of Japanese. Previous studies cited here have investigated the postposing constructiens in terms of the informational status of postposed elements, the speaker's cognitive status and so on. Unfortunately, however, there is a type of postposing construction which has fallen outside the scope of investigation of those studies. The present study argues that the postposing constructien can justifiably be classified into three subtypes. According to this analysis, the first two subtypes are uttered under the restriction of time and without an elaborate consideration of how to organize the text, the postposed element being added as an afterthought. In contrast, the third subtype exemplifies the picture of utterance in which the speaker purposefully reverses the word order to draw the hearer's attention to the postposed element, which no longer serves as an afterthought. It is also shown in this paper that some properties peculiar to this construction can be accounted for within the framework of Relevance Theory.

The analysis of Cleft Sentences has been, so far, mainly made based on the structure of information found in English discourse. However, there are inconsistencies in that approach that become problematic when it is used to explain the semantic or pragmatic structure of Cleft Sentences. In this thesis, we propose that Cleft Sentences should be treated within the framework of Relevance Theory. This theory emphasizes the inferential processes of speakers and hearers in the production of Cleft Sentences. It is within this framework that we can solve some of the above-mentioned problems that occur with the information structure approach.

本稿は，談話におけるwh分裂文の機能について，Declerck（1984，1988）で提案された談話の話題（discoursetopic）に基づく「話題継続の原則」の不備を指摘し，代案として関連性理論の観点から，Wh分裂文に関する談話上の制約を提案するものである。この際，Wh分裂文のwh節の内容は先行文脈と最適な関連性を持つ必要があることを結束性（cohesion），意味論，語用論の立場から明らかにした。さらに，この制約はDeclerck（1984）の「話題継続の原則」では説明できない例をも的確にとらえることができることを示し，談話におけるwh分裂文の適格性の微妙な相違にも対応することができる妥当性の高い制約であることを例証した。, This article is concerned with the functional properties and the principles of Wh-clefts that govern the use of Wh-clefts in discourse. The main points argued are (i) that "the principle of theme continuity" proposed in Declerck (1984,1988) not only runs into theoretical inadequacies but also empirical ones, and (ii) that what is expressed in the Wh-clause of Wh-clefts should be relevant to the information directly or indirectly available in the prior linguistic or non-linguistic context, and (iii) that what is expressed in the focus clause should be relevant to the information necessary for the specification of the Wh-clause. These two requirements for the appropriate use of Wh-clefts in discourse are formalized in the framework of Relevance Theory developed by Sperber and Wilson (1986, 1995).

本稿では，英語の法助動詞の意味に関する問題点を関連性理論の枠組みを用いて分析したGroefsema（1995），および文文法で扱うのは困難である「橋渡し指示（bridging reference）」を関連性理論の枠組みで分析したMatsui（1993）の論考を取り上げ，情報伝達と認知に関する理論である関連性理論が言語現象の分析にどれほどの射程を持つのか明らかにする。, The purpose of this study is to investigate the theoretical implications of Relevance Theory proposed in Sperber and Wilson (1986). I have examined two topics discussed in the framework of Relevance Theory: the core meanings of English modal auxiliaries developed in Groefsema (1995) and bridging reference analyzed in Matsui (1993). Although there still remain a few defects in the concepts proposed in both articles, I have concluded that Groefsema's analysis throws a fresh light on the disputes between the polysemy view and the core meaning analysis of English modal auxiliaries, and that I have argued for Matsui's approach to bridging refernce assignment. I further argue hat Relevance Theory, which is a theory of communication and cognition, has further applications to linguistic research, regardless of the division of sentence grammar and pragmatics.

副題に示した川端茅舎の俳句について，（a）「カワセミは飛翔している」，（b）「カワセミは静止している」という2つの解釈が行われている。また，（a）と（b）を併用する解釈も見られる。本稿では，Sperber＆Wilson（1986a）の関連性理論の枠組みで，この句の解釈になぜ不確定性が生じるのかを，次の点から語用論的に分析し，考察を加える。（1）この句についての従来の句評には，どのような解釈上の問題点が内包されているか。（2）「こんこんと」という副詞によって，どのような曖昧性がもたらされているのか。（3）「翡翠」への指示対象付与の問題と，この句の解釈とはどのように連関しているのか。（4）一見相反するように見える2つの解釈が多重に併存できる理由は何か。, Some critics have pointed out that this haiku has at least two possible readings as follows: (a) this kingfisher is flying in the air. (b) this kingfisher is settling on a bough or a stake. But, why does this ambiguity occur? Can we determine which reading is more suitable or sufficient for this haiku? To answer these questions, using the framework of 'Relevance Theory’(Sperber and Wilson 1986a), I analyze this haiku text and describe following issues from the viewpoint of linguistic pragmatics. (1) the interpretive indeterminacy in which the critics have been involved. (2) the interpretive ambiguity which the adverb 'konkonto' may bring in. (3) the interpretive effects of the reference assignment for the noun 'kawasemi'. (4) the interpretive interaction between two inconsistent readings as mentioned above.