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It is important for students to have sound understanding about 2D representations of 3D shapes because they are a means of representing various 3D solids as well as being useful in various everyday situations. However, it is reported that many students have difficulties in working with such representations. In order to gain insights to tackle students' difficulties, we conducted a survey among 1357 students in Grades 4-9, focusing on their understanding of 2D representations of cubes. We examined their answers and reasoning both quantitatively and qualitatively, in particular focusing on how they visualize shapes in the given diagrams and make use of‘ diagonals' and their relationships with angles and lengths to solve problems. We concluded that students' difficulties might come from their understanding of ‘diagonals' and suggest that students should be given more opportunities to consolidate their understanding of diagonals, manipulate and reason 3D shapes.

市町村単位の詳細なデータが 等で公表されるようになり，地域の特性や実態を把握することによって地方創生に活用できると期待される。しかしながら，データが膨大であることから，その活用には技術的困難が伴う。膨大な統計表データをウェブ上で のピボットテーブルのように自在に活用できるデータウェアハウスを構築したので，その概要を紹介するとともに，活用例を示す。, 2

本論では木製の立方体を描くことで発達段階に応じた描写の様子を把握し、絵画表現の見て描くことについて研究する。今回は調査対象として、熊本大学教育学部の協力校である熊本市立黒髪小学校の協力のもと小学生を対象とするものである。, This paper researchs a schoolchild's drawing and feeling. What is "drawing correctly?" Just as Albrecht Durer and Canaletto drew carefully detaied pictures, a schoolchild also tries to draw like a photograph. I requested cooperation from the Kurokami Elementary School, which is affiliated with the Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University. A first grader, fourth grader, and sixth grader drew the same motif. The time limit was 5 minutes, and the motif was a wooden cube. after drawing , I conducted a questionnaire survey consisting of the following three items: 1)Could you draw as seen? 2)Could you draw well? 3)Do you like drawing? Result: The schoolchild can draw a picture like a photograph. However, a schoolchild gradually loses confidence and drawing becomes disagreeable. Probably, it will become important to draw not for praise, but to feel the joy of drawing.

The purpose of this study is to develop a teaching material for town planning and to verify its utility.Firstly, among various rules, we developed a teaching materials that children could visually learn three rules, building coverage ratio, floor area ratio, and setback regulation. Secondly, we practiced a workshop of making a model of house.As a result, we verified that children could understand three rules and their interest toward architecture and towscape were possibly enhanced. Also, we clarified the possibility of this materials to raise creativity of children and to become teaching materials for adult. On the other hand, we clarified that some problems of workshop program may be handled by using the teaching materials effectively in town planning.

人間は自他を信頼あるいは不信で結ぴあう。信ー不信の重み（予期ポテンシャル）を「荷重（semioweight）」とよぶ。ソシオン（socion ; socio-neuron）は、荷重ネットワークの結ぴ目としての個人や集団を指す造語である。ソシオンは、0身体（オブレベル）、R表象（サブレペル）、S記号（メタレペル）の3つの階層をもつ。0→R→Sへの変換を「くり込み」、逆を「くり出し」変換と呼ぶ。ソシオンは、サプレベルで2者関係を制御する荷重変換ユニット（ダイオン）と3者関係を制御する変換ユニット（トリオン）を構成する。これらの変換ユニットは、一定の「予期ポテンシャル」を出力してソシオンの行為を誘導する。行為と予期（感情）の相互誘導によって、ネットワークは荷重布置を自己組織化する。トリオンによる免疫機能を備えた有界なネットワークをソシオス（socios）と呼ぶ。ソシオスは、トーテムや国家、教団、企業、組織体のように、中心に正あるいは負の荷重体をもつ共有結合のネットワークを構成する。ソシオスは外部に負の荷重（不信）を吐き出し、内部に正の荷重（信頼）を取り込む。複数のソシオスはしばしば相互に否定結合して超ソシオスを形成する。, "Socion"("social + neuron") is our term for a knot of social networks determined by trust or distrust. The strength of trust and distrust is learned by socions to create some form of order in the social network. Socion networks are composed of three layers; the first is the organism, the second is the representation and the third is the symbol. The dynamics of networks consist of mapping processes between these layers. There are two kinds of converter of trust and distrust. The one is a "dyon", the other is a "trion". A dyon is a dual unit, whereas a trion is a triadic unit. Trions with two negative and one positive relations are stable("balanced"). Stabe trions generate "expect-potential" whether to trust or not to trust. A "socios" is a network whose identity is protected by immune functions of trions. A socios keeps trust inside by projecting distrust to the outside, usually the other socios. Socioses tend to form a hyper network system characterized by "antagonistic interdendence."

建築構造物に加わる風圧特性を調べるために，接地境界層内に設置された立方体模型まわりの風速・風圧の多点同時計測を行った。得られた観測データをもとに接近流の気流性状および立方体模型に加わる風圧性状を明らかにした。接近流の気流性状に関しては，平均，分散，スペクトル，相関等，各種統計量を求め，乱流特性を明らかにした。さらに，接近流の風速変動と立方体模型に加わる風圧変動の相関を調べ，接近流が風圧変動に及ぼす影響について明らかにした。, This study presents the results of an experiment where a field measurement was arranged using a 2.4m cubelocated on the ground and a number of anemometers arrayed around it. The characteristics of approaching flowsare described and the velocity-pressure correlations are discussed .

感情のキューブモデルを､差異とその変化率で定義される相空間上の軌道として再構成する。主な改定点は、1）左側面の平等化する感情の位置が上下で入れ替わったこと、2）差異の解消するユートピアが、上部の頂点でも左の極端でもなくキューブの中心､つまり相空間の原点に定位することが判明したこと、の2点である。日常のコミュニケーションを説明するために､荷重差による8種類の笑いをキューブ上で表現した。キューブ右側で発生した荷重差を､外部から左側面を経由して無の原点へと回帰させる4本のユーモアの軌道が論じられる。ユーモアと祭りは､左右のイデオロギーを超えて人間を差異の呪縛から解放する重要な機能をもつ。ダイアッド･ループの荷重記憶がダイオン（2者関係の荷重変換子）に蓄積される、と仮定すると、人間関係における個人の行動特性のかなりの部分が､荷重入力に対する予期出力の選択的な投射から説明できる。あわせて､難しい性格や関係のいくつかが､特異的なダイオンの被誘導動作から説明される。, A revised version of Socion Cube model of social emotions is presented. There is no change for the categories and positions of 8 emotions in the cube, which are; 1-SPD (Pride), 2-SNE (Modesty), 3-OND (Despise), 4-OPE (Compassion) for the superior, and 5-OPD (Praise), 6-ONE (Envy), 7-SND(Humility), 8-SPE (Want) for the inferior. The main modification is made to the point of Zero. In the former model, the egalitarian utopia was put to the extremity of left side of the Cube, but in the revised model it is posited to the midst of the cube which is precisely the Zero point of the phase space of the network. Consequently the Socion Cube is reinterpreted as a graphic model of the phase space of the socion network determined by the differences of social evaluation, and the velocity/rate of the change of this differences. The dynamical system model is developed to explain the ideological movement of a society, either of the Left wing or of the Right wing. The realization of the Zero, the nothingness of the reified differences, will emancipate man from the cage of mundane Cube (Pandra's box) with the affluence of surplus semio-energy. The power of humor and laughter opens the door to the hidden Utopia of Zero point. The patterns and functions of the dyadic operation are discussed in terms of the immunity ("semio-types") of socions.

The flowfields around a front-step and a cubic shaped building model placed within the surface boundary layer were analyzed by using various k-ε models; namely standard k-ε, Durbin’s revised k-ε and revised k-ε with mixed time-scale concept. The calculated results are compared with those of wind tunnel experiment. Turbulent kinetic energy k around the windward corner is overestimated by the standard k-ε and the Ω type revised k-ε models, while it is improved by the S type model and the model proposed by Durbin. However, all revised k-ε models overestimate the reattachment length behind the building in comparison with the experimental data.

ソシオン（socion=socio-neuron）は，社会ネットワークの結び目としての人間あるいは集団をさす造語である。前号に引き続き， ソシオン理論のフレームの概略を提示する。本稿では，二者関係（ダイアッド）をサブレベルで制御する荷重変換ユニット（ダイオン dyon）のモデルを構成し，比較による感情の発生とシャドーの誕生を論じた。ダイオンの動作によって謙遜-憐憫，尊大-侮蔑，卑下-崇拝，貪欲-嫉妬の4対の感情が発生する。それらの状相を上下左右に分けてそれぞれ希望・恐怖・平等・差別に対応させてキューブに表現した。それらの感情を連結することで，社会的コミュニケーションのループが形成される。ループを循環する予期ポテンシャルをソシオトロン，その正負の別によってポジオン，ネクロンと命名し，それぞれの特質を明らかにした。キューブを差異とその変化率に注目した状相空間とみなすと， 自由と平等，希望と恐怖の力の場を運動する社会ネットワークの軌道を描くことができる。, An advanced model of Socion Cube is developed. 8 patterns of emotions ("compassion-want". "pride-praise". "despite-humility", "envy-modesty") are explained in terms of social communication. The "expect-potential" which is assumed to be exchanged is named "sociotron". The negative expect-potential such as the hatred is named "necron". and the positive one as the gratitude is named "posion". 4 types of communication loops of the sociotron ("posion-loop", "necron-loop", "equalization-loop" and "differentiation-loop") are described on the Cube model. These loops generate differnt social dynamics in the socion network, which result in the structural differentiation of "trust". The equalitarian and the discriminative phases are analyzed in terms of 8 emotions, and the dynamical flow of ideology is discussed. Meanwhile, "socion" is a new term denoting a person or a group as a functional nod (socio-neuron) of the social network system.