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出生前診断でダウン症の確定診断を受けた人たちの妊娠の継続と中断の意思決定について、３つの文献（①対象は妊娠を継続した人たちのみ、②対象は妊娠を中断した人たちのみ、③対象は、妊娠を継続／中断／養子に出した人が混在）を紹介し比較した。その結果、（１）診断確定後に意思決定をする（未決定から継続へ）、あるいは決定を変える（継続から中断へ）場合があること（２）ダウン症の大人になってからの状態がさまざまであることをそのまま、例えば健康状態、日中活動、身辺自立などについて具体的なイメージが湧くように提示していくことが求められていること（３）意思決定のための要因はあるが、決定との間に強い相関関係が確立される可能性は低いことが見出された。, A total of three studies on the decision to continue or terminate pregnancy after a definitive prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome were presented and compared: one concerned only parents who continued the pregnancy, another only parents who terminated the pregnancies, and one in which both parents who continued and who terminated the pregnancy were included. The results revealed that 1) after the diagnosis, some previously undecided parents decided to continue the pregnancy while some changed their decision from continuing to terminating the pregnancy. 2)Parents wanted realistic information on adults with Down syndrome, including all the possibilities concerning such factors as their health, daytime activity, and personal autonomy, so that they could form a concrete image. 3) Although there are multiple factors involved in decision-making, the probability of establishing a strong correlation between these factors and the decision is low.

本研究の目的の１点目は，中学校社会科の歴史的分野における意思決定型授業の在り方を提起することである。これまで，中学校社会科において意思決定を促す授業構成は，公民的分野や地理的分野の内容に関するものなど，現代起きている諸課題に対して生徒はどう判断したり決定したりするかという内容に限定されていた。２点目は，授業構成の理論と再現可能な形で明示された授業案によって構成される中学校社会科歴史的分野の授業モデルを開発することである。 研究の成果の1点目としては，中学校社会科の歴史的分野における意思決定型授業の在り方を提起できたことである。今回の開発授業では，実際におきたできごとであっても実際にいた人物を仮想の人物に仮託して扱うことで，起きてしまった結果にとらわれることなく，生徒は選択・判断を行うことができた。また，意思決定型授業を行うことで，歴史的分野における社会認識形成を促すことが確認できた。２点目は，中学校社会科歴史的分野の授業モデルを開発できたことである。今回の実験授業では，中・近世移行期を生きた高山右近の立場を「選択の基準」に想起させながら，江戸幕府による禁教令にどのように対応するかについて討論させることを通して，中世から近世への移行期の特色を捉える授業構成を提起することができた。

The purpose of this study is to clarify the factors that influence the decision-making process in the acceptance and exclusion of offenders by the local community, and to examine measures to help offenders reintegrate into society. In general, offenders are not accepted into the local community in a favorable manner, and in many cases, there is a high tendency to exclude offenders from the community. Therefore, based on the dual process theory, one of the major theories of decision-making processes in social and cognitive psychology, this study attempts to clarify the background of the community’s reluctance to accept offenders in response to “society’s reluctance to accept offenders,” which is thought to be one of the factors contributing to the number of recidivisms. This study will attempt to elucidate the factors that influence the decision to accept or reject offenders from the perspective of dual process theory, which is one of the major theories of the decision-making process in social and cognitive psychology. This research aims to clarify the factors that influence the decision-making process in the acceptance or exclusion of offenders by the local community, and to examine measures to enable offenders to reintegrate into society. Specifically, （1）What factors influence residents’ acceptance or exclusion behavior toward offenders?（2）What measures can be taken to ensure that offenders are accepted by the local community? The following two points will be discussed. For this reason, this study attempts to elucidate how local residents’ feelings toward criminals influence their decision-making process, such as acceptance or exclusion of criminals, by conducting an interview survey of local residents’ attitudes toward criminals in Hamada City, Shimane Prefecture. Based on the results of interviews with residents, this study clarified the factors that influence the decision-making process in residents’ acceptance/exclusion behavior based on cognitive bias, heuristic, and dual process theory, and proposed the “Residents’ Decision-Making and Trust Relationship Model” as one strategy for local communities to change their behavior from trying to exclude offenders to accepting them based on these factors.

目的：患者の地域での暮らしの希望と療養上の目標を中心に構造化した看護のプロセス”Nursing Care for Patient Goals”（NCPG）に患者の視点から示唆を得るため急性期医療を受ける患者が看護師に知ってほしい情報と療養の目標に対して求める看護を明らかにした． 方法：１特定機能病院において入院中または入院予定の20歳以上の患者を対象として質問紙調査を２回（2017年，2018年）に実施した．調査内容は基本属性，調査Ⅰ（2017年）は先行研究を基に抽出した患者情報23項目について看護師に知って欲しいと思う程度，最も大事と思う項目とその選択理由，調査Ⅱ（2018年）は自分の療養の目標について求める看護であった．統計分析は記述統計，因子分析，t 検定を用いた．自由記述によるデータは質的記述的分析を行った． 結果：調査Ⅰの有効回答数は448名で，看護師に知ってほしい自分の情報として【第１因子：社会的役割と環境】【第２因子：病気の理解・受け入れと心理】【第３因子：身体的状態と生活の仕方】【第４因子：暮らしの希望と自己決定】が抽出された．65歳未満と比較して65歳以上の対象者は第１因子が高い傾向にあった．また第４因子を最も大事と思う項目の選択理由について， “希望・目標がなきゃ生きていけない” という表現が特徴として出された．調査Ⅱの有効回答数は416名で，多数の対象者が自分の目標を医療者と共有することが重要だと感じており，受けたい看護として，傍にいて寄り添う看護，治療・症状への専門的な看護，地域での暮らしの自立への看護が抽出された． 結論：患者の視点から看護師に知ってほしい情報として４つの因子と自分の目標を分ってほしいとする対象者の願いは，希望と目標を基盤としたNCPG の考え方と一致しており，目標達成のために受けたい看護の３つの視点が示唆された．, Objective : This study aimed to identify information on care of patients receiving acute care for life in community from the patientsʼ perspective and to obtain suggestions for “Nursing Care for Patient Goals”（NCPG）. Method : The subjects were patients receiving acute care and aged 20 years and above. They were given self-administered questionnaires. Survey Ⅰ（2017）consisted of a questionnaire that was based on previously collected qualitative data and comprised 23 Likert-scale questions and free descriptive questions on the reasons for selecting the most important item. Survey Ⅱ（2018）consisted of questionnaire that was comprised of three Likert-scale questions on goals and a free descriptive question on care for the achievement of goals. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and t-test. Data from free-text descriptions were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. Results : Survey Ⅰ : data from 448 valid responses were subjected to factor analysis to determine the factor structure. The following factors were identified from the patientsʼ perspectives: 1） social role and environment, 2） understanding/acceptance and psychological state, 3） physical condition and life, and 4） hope and decision-making for life. In addition, a qualitative and inductive approach was employed to analyze participantsʼ descriptive responses about the reason for selecting the most important item. The characteristic description of why participants selected “hope and decision-making of life” was “I cannot live without hope.” Survey Ⅱ : data from 416 valid responses were analyzed. The majority of participants felt it was important to share their goals with their healthcare professionals. A qualitative and inductive approach was employed to analyze the participantsʼ descriptive responses to care for goals achievement. The care desired by participants was categorized as “being with”, “professional care”, and “self-care support”. Conclusion : The factors that patients wanted nurses to know were consistent with the components of “NCPG.” The care that patients desire to achieve their goals was clarified.

application/pdf, It has now been three years since the bill to legalise casinos in Japan was enacted. As many people in Japan are averse to casinos, promoters avoid using images of gambling as far as possible in their publicity campaigns. These promoters are relatively indifferent to the effects of the promotional activities in which they engage as part of their bid to enter the Japanese market successfully. This study examined the perceptions of those whose attitudes toward casinos are generally negative using a hypothetical human cognitive model. Data obtained via questionnaire survey from a total of 400 subjects were analysed. The studyʼs main objective was to explore peopleʼs perceptions of casinos, focusing on Japan in its East Asian context, by defining ʻparticipation in casinosʼ as participation in casino-based gambling activities, such as poker, blackjack and baccarat. To explore the subjectsʼ perceptions of casinos, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 400 subjects in total, and their responses were subjected to factor analysis with the aim of investigating East Asian residentsʼ attitudes toward casinos.

意思疎通困難で経口摂取困難な状態における人工的水分・栄養補給法に対する意見が，導入を想定する対象に よって，どのように異なるかを明らかにすることを目的に，療養型医療施設の職員および職員の家族を対象とし， 人工的水分・栄養補給法の導入対象別の希望，その理由，意思表明の状況を，質問紙によって調査した。その結 果，導入対象が自分自身の場合と家族の場合では希望が有意に異なっていた（p, 報告

意思疎通困難で経口摂取困難な状態における人工的水分・栄養補給法に対する意見が，導入を想定する対象に よって，どのように異なるかを明らかにすることを目的に，療養型医療施設の職員および職員の家族を対象とし， 人工的水分・栄養補給法の導入対象別の希望，その理由，意思表明の状況を，質問紙によって調査した。その結 果，導入対象が自分自身の場合と家族の場合では希望が有意に異なっていた（p, The purpose of this study is to assess different decision-making processes about artifi cial hydration and nutrition (AHN) for patients and their families at the end of life. We surveyed long-term care sanatorium stuff and their families to investigate the wishes, reasons, and advance decisions (living will) for AHN in a hypothetical situation in which the respondents themselves were at the end of life or which their families were at the end of life. This survey was conducted using a questionnaire with the medical long-term care sanatorium staff and their families. The survey showed signifi cant differences in wishes for AHN between the hypothetical patient and their families. Family members wished for tube feedings for the patient; on the other hand, the patients were more likely to decline tube feeding for themselves. Less than 1% of patients write advance directives. It is predicted by this study that it will not be easy for a patient’s family to make a decision about AHN that respects the patient’s wishes when the patient becomes unable to communicate for themselves., 報告

本研究の目的は,文献研究を通して,精神科病院に長期入院する患者とその家族等による退院に向けた意思決定および精神保健福祉士(PSW)による意思決定支援と今後の課題を明らかにすることである.学術情報検索サイトCiNii,J-STAGEを用いて,日本語であり閲覧可能なもの,本研究のテーマである精神科病院に長期入院する患者と家族等の意思決定,PSWによる意思決定支援についての文献検索を行った.その結果,39編が分析対象となり,長期入院患者は意思決定に対して満足感とともに困難さを感じ,家族等は患者に代わり行った意思決定に自信を持つことができずに葛藤を抱えていることが明らかになった.また,PSWは患者の生活全体を見渡し,患者や患者に代わり意思決定を行う家族等を支援することが明らかになった.今後の課題として,意思決定支援の過程でのPSWのかかわり,患者および家族等がPSWに求める支援,PSWによる家族等の負担を軽減する方法を明らかにすることが示唆された., The purpose of this study is to clarify the decision-making regarding discharge by patients and their families who have been hospitalized for a long term in a psychiatric hospital and their decision-making support by psychiatric social worker. We searched for literatures on the decision-making by patients and their families and their decision-making support by PSWs, the theme of this study, that were available in Japanese. As a result, 39 articles were analyzed, and it became clear that long-term hospitalized patients feel both satisfaction and difficulty in their decision-making, and that family members have conflicts because they cannot have confidence in the decisions made on behalf of the patients. In addition, PSWs were found to support patients and their family members who made decisions on behalf of the patients by looking at the patients' lives as a whole. It is suggested to clarify the involvement of PSWs in the decision-making support process, the support that patients and their families seek from PSWs, and how PSWs can reduce the burden on families.

Supervisor: 神田 陽治, 先端科学技術研究科, 修士(知識科学)

\nAdvance care planning (ACP) should be designed to respect a patient’s wishes and preferences about medical treatment and care at the end of life. This is one of the main issues of clinical ethics that focuses on how to support the decision-making of each patient. In 2017, a team of Western researchers, mainly Americans, conducted Delphi consensus studies to develop a definition of ACP and recommendations for its application, with the concept of patient autonomy as its core. In 2018, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare issued revised “Guidelines for the Decision-Making Processes in Medical and Long-Term Care in the End of Life,” recommending the practice of ACP and adopting concepts from Western practices of ACP. Meanwhile in 2019, the Japan Geriatrics Society published “Recommendations for the Promotion of ACP” for medical and long-term care professionals with the concept of relational autonomy in mind. This was in response to differences between Japan and English-speaking countries in family relationships and other socio-cultural characteristics that affect medical decision-making. So far, the Japan Geriatrics Society is the only medical society in the country that announced recommendations or proposals about ACP. ACP is a concept that has been developed mainly in the United States and some other English-speaking countries. However, there are cultural differences in how medical decisions are made; therefore, how to support medical decision-making is also unique to each culture. Understanding cultural perspective is indispensable to the practice of ACP in an ethically-appropriate manner. \n

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the purpose or nature of accounting and that the nature of accounting is accountability rather than decision-making. In order to achieve of this purpose, following matters are described. First, accountability theory and decision-making theory as accounting purpose are explained in accordance with Ijiri's view. He emphasizes accountability theory. Second, accounting axiom and double entry bookkeeping in accountability theory are discussed. Third, in order to prove it, language act theory of Austin is explained and clarified the relation between language act and accountability. Finally, accountability in the true sense is elucidated by extending the accountability concept and accounting measurement deserved the true accountability is discussed., 創刊第100巻記念号 Essays in Commemoration of the 100th Volume, 経営と経済, 100(4), pp.67-102; 2021

本稿では、事業構想の実践知として、まず新規事業開発の難しさを指摘し、この困難をどう打破するか、「新規事業領域の特定・発見の難しさ」「新規事業インキュベーションの組織マネジメント」「意思決定」の三つの観点からソリューションの提言・解決策を提示することを試みる。とりわけ、施策の中でも大きな比重を占めるのが第三の「意思決定」である。

This study aims to examine the influence of the Behavioral Inhibition System（BIS）and the BehavioralActivation System（BAS）on framing effect in decision-making. The experiment participants included 293students from a private university in Tokyo. They responded to the Japanese Version of BIS/BAS Scales（Takahashi et al.,2007）and answered two framing questions. These framing questions included the Asiandisease problem（Tversky & Kahneman, 1981）and the monetary gamble problem（Kahneman, 2001）, witheach being composed of positive framing conditions and negative framing conditions, giving a total of fourproblems. There were two choices for each condition, and these choices were semantically equivalent,were different for each frame, and consisted of risk aversion and risk taking. The participants chose oneoption out of the two. For analysis, a logistic regression analysis was conducted with risk aversion, risktaking, and preference reversal as the response variables and the four factors of BIS, BAS（drive）, BAS（reward responsiveness）, and BAS（fun seeking）as the explanatory variables. As a result, the followingitems were identified:（ 1）in the positive frame conditions, risk taking was observed the higher the BAS（drive）,（ 2）in the negative frame conditions, risk taking was observed the lower the BIS,（ 3）in preferencereversal, in the Asian disease problem, preference reversal occurred the lower the BAS（drive）, and in themonetary gamble problem, preference reversal occurred the lower the BIS. The above results were discussedbased on prospect theory.

application/pdf, 人工呼吸器装着の意思決定には患者と家族の双方が関わる．そこで， 意思決定に関わるALS患者と家族の心情について明らかにし， 今後の意思決定の支援の基礎資料とすることを目的として文献の検討を行った．検索対象年は1980年から2018年で，対象とした文献は9件であった．, ALS患者の心情は，【生かされた状態で生きることへの拒否感】，【家族との意見の相違による苦悩】，【死の恐怖から生じる生存欲求】，【生死を決断することへの躊躇】，【呼吸器装着後の自己に対する嫌悪感・抵抗感】，【介護者である家族への配慮と決定権の移譲】，【現在の状況を受け止め生きていく覚悟】であった．, ALS患者の家族の心情は，【患者の生存を渇望する気持ち】，【やむを得ない状況で決断を迫られる苦悩】，【多大な介護負担と延命後の患者の人生への問いから生じる懸念】，【予想外の状況に対する衝撃と後悔】，【患者の意思と自らの意思の間に生じた葛藤】，【患者に専心したことへの肯定的感情】であった．, 今後は，患者と家族に早期から介入し，悔いのない意思決定に向けて，合意形成を促進する支援が必要である．, Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) must sometimes make a difficult decision regarding whether to begin using artificial ventilation, such as tracheostomy positive-pressure ventilation (TPPV). Here we investigated the emotions experienced by ALS patients and their family members at such times, by reviewing the relevant literature. We also discuss ways that nurses can support this decision-making. We searched the Ichushi database (1980–2018) and identified nine studies, which revealed that the emotions of the ALS patients during the decision-making are as follows., Refusal to be kept alive; distress due to disagreement with family members; desire to survive based on a fear of death; hesitation to make a life-or-death decision; self-disgust and resistance to wearing a respirator; consideration to caregivers and transfer of self-determination rights; a strong desire to stay alive. The emotions experienced by family members of ALS patients are: hope for the patient's survival; struggling with the obligation to make a decision in unavoidable circumstances; concern about the extension of the patient's life; concern about the impact of the burden of care; regret about the unexpected situation; conflicts about differing opinions; positive feelings towards the patient. In light of these results, it is necessary to intervene at an early stage for ALS patients and their families, and to support the formation of their agreement about ventilation decisions that will not be regretted later.

Supervisor：内平 直志, 先端科学技術研究科, 修士（知識科学）

Building projects need many decision-making, and clients cooperate to decide with architects, supervisors, general contractors and other consultants in projects. Especially in Japan, because the project members trust each other and the ability of Japanese general contractors is excellent, clients often make a decision in construction phase. However, the laws in Japan don't define client's decision in construction phase clearly, and that often makes some kinds of risk (e.g., design change, delay of projects, and high cost). This paper aims to clarify factors and influence of client's decision-making in construction phase in Japan. There are three main laws related construction projects in Japan, Building Standards Act, Act on Architects and Building Engineers, and Construction Business Act. In addition, there are several standard specifications of construction work and standard forms of contract in Japan. These three laws and some standards define client's decision-making as follows. [1] if they find some mistakes in drawings in construction phase, clients must make architects correct it. [2] by agreement with the project member, clients can change drawings in construction phase. [3] if the design change affects structure, clients must perform structural calculation and obtain the application of building confirmation. [4] In case that it is reasonable to select in construction phase such as color, material and equipment, clients can select them in construction phase after clarifying in drawings. Therefore, we took the questionnaire about current status of client's decision-making involved in reinforcement work, steel work, exterior work, and equipment work. Questionnaire was an open-ended question method and composed of three questions as below. [1] what kind of client's decision-making is there? [2] what factors of decision-making are there? [3] what influence of decision-making is there? The sample was restricted to people in construction project and the respondents were belonged to clients, developers, architects, and general contractors. A total of 78 questionnaires were distributed by e-mail and 14 samples were collected. The results of survey revealed the difference of client's behavior between 4 works. In reinforcement work and steel work, clients do not decide and instruct the number of reinforcement and performance of a steel member directly. However, clients affect these works indirectly. In design phase, sometimes, clients do not decide certain use of space because they want to follow a trend or they have not decided tenant yet. In this case, clients decide these things in construction phase and that makes change the position of partition and piping sleeve in reinforcement work and steel work. In exterior work, it is reasonable to decide color and material of exterior in construction phase because clients cannot judge from only drawings whether the design is good. General contractors make mock-up for clients to check the design and clients decide or change the design detail directly. In equipment work, clients affect it in two ways. In case that it is reasonable to decide it in construction phase, clients decide the position, number, and performance of equipment directly. On other hand, in the case that clients decide use of space in construction phase, the use and size of the room determine the required position, number and performance of equipment. Finally, in order to analyze factors of client's decision-making, we applied the fishbone diagram analysis. Fishbone diagram is the tool for identifying the root causes of problem, which was “Client's decision-making in construction phase” in this paper. This diagram has 3 main causes (project member, building type, building element) and 42 secondary causes. In addition, it was modeled how client's decision-making in construction phase affects the post-process of four works.

がん合併妊娠患者と家族の，がんの治療方針に関する意思決定を巡る看護師の役割を明らかにすることを目的に，がん合併妊娠患者の意思決定を支援した経験のあるがん看護専門看護師2 名，乳がん看護認定看護師2 名，計4 名の看護師を対象にインタビューガイドを用いた半構成的面接を実施した．その結果，がん合併妊娠患者および家族のがんの治療方針に関わる意思決定支援における看護師の役割として，【現状認識し，手探りで対応する】【患者・家族の反応を探る】【患者・家族との信頼関係を構築する】【多職種での検討内容・思いを把握する】【患者・家族へ情報を提供する】【患者・家族間の調整の必要性を認識する】【患者・家族の意思を引き出す】【患者・家族と医療者の間をつなぐ】【葛藤しながら意思を再確認する】【意思決定が継続できるよう支援する】の10 のカテゴリーが明らかになった．看護師は，不確かな状況での意思決定支援，多職種が関わる状況での意思決定支援を，葛藤を抱えながら行っていることが明らかになり，調整役として非常に重要な役割を担っていることが分かった．

Supervisor:日高 昇平, 先端科学技術研究科, 修士（知識科学）

本稿は，日本の看護実践におけるクリティカルシンキングの動向を文献検討から明らかにし，今後の研究上の課題や実践での実用可能性を論考する．日本におけるクリティカルシンキングの研究は教育学や心理学において発展し，それらの学問領域ではクリティカルシンキングの志向性の育成に向けて，日常的な場面での思考に注目した“社会的”といった概念を取り入れた尺度の開発と，その教授法の吟味が進められている．看護学では，他の学問領域で開発された尺度の活用や，看護独自の尺度開発などが進められ，看護基礎教育での教育評価や，実践における特有の看護場面の判断とその評価の検証に活用されている．今後は，看護基礎教育ではクリティカルシンキングのスキル獲得のための教材化が，看護実践ではリスク回避や意思決定支援などの臨床判断の育成に向けて，その方略開発と実用可能性の検証が課題となる．

P(論文), A small CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) system was constructed, based on Microsoft's OneNote software's notebook sharing function, in order to facilitate students' participation to discussion and decision-making process in classroom seminars. Operational experiments were conducted in the author's sophomore seminar classes twice in 2013, using mostly the same equipment as last year's experimentation. Due to some resource limitations, "one PC for one student" situation was not realized again this year, but students' active participations were generally greatly facilitated, with the same pretty positive user-responses obtained after the experiments. To repeat, the author's point is that in some social settings like undergraduate level seminars where everyone knows every other, certain anonymous situation is rather suitable for accelerating careful and self-and-other-oriented student's participation into discussion, because it can reduce social pressure that accompanies saying something in front of the acquaintance. In this operational experimentation too, certain facilitation of discussion among students was clearly observed, with active interchanges among members, although no definite conclusion or decision-making was achieved in this limited time period (one session for 30 or 40 minutes). Further operational experimentation seems needed for more detailed examination of conditions that can lead to decision-making among participants in classroom discussions.

患者を多角的に分析できるJonsen 4分割表を用いた同種造血幹細胞移植(移植)の意思決定期カンファレンスが,意思決定を支援する看護師に与えた影響について検討した.看護師8名にカンファレンスが意思決定を支援する看護師の思いやケアに与えた影響について半構成的面接を行い,質的記述的にデータ分析した.≪意思決定の過程を理解する重要性の認識≫≪意思を支援するケアへの変化≫≪意思決定に関わることで得る達成感≫≪高リスクな治療であることの再認識≫のカテゴリーが抽出された.カンファレンスは,看護師の意思決定を支援する上でのゆらぎを解消することはできなかったが,Jonsen 4分割表を用いることは,患者の意思決定過程について,患者の意向やQOLなどをバランス良く熟考するきっかけになっていた.看護師は,病気を治したいという患者の希望を知ることで,前向きな気持ちで意思決定を支えられるようになる可能性がある.

We examined the effects of attitudinal ambivalence on information seeking. Attitudinal ambivalence reflects the extent to which one simultaneously has positive and negative evaluations toward the attitude object. While some studies report that ambivalent attitudes do not predict behavior, other studies claim that ambivalence promotes the processing of attitude-related information. In this study, we assumed the behavioral decision-making process in which attitudinal ambivalence would drive information seeking and then lead to behavior. In particular, we examined the effects of attitudinal ambivalence on the intentions to seek information and on the actual information seeking behavior. Female undergraduates (n = 240) participated in a longitudinal survey regarding cervical cancer screening. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of structural ambivalence, subjective ambivalence, overall attitudes, intentions to seek information, behavioral intentions (Time 1), and information seeking behavior (Time 2) with respect to undergoing a screening. Correlational analyses revealed that structural ambivalence did not associate with either intentions to seek information or actual information seeking. In contrast, subjective ambivalence predicted intentions to seek and information seeking. We also discussed the underlying mechanisms and further research directions with regard to attitudinal ambivalence and social networks.

The purpose of this research was to investigate whether game performance of 6th grader students who learned the “three circle ball” had a positive influence on handball games. The handball games were modified for students in elementary school. As a method of research, the 6-hour “three circle ball” was performed, and a handball game was carried out before and after the “three circle ball”. Both the “three circle ball” and the handball game performance were analyzed. The main results were as follows. With the learning “off the ball movement” in the “three circle ball,” game performance in handball games was improved. However, only the decision-making in shot area was not improved. From the results, to learn the “three circle ball” was great influence to handball. In addition, students should learn the decision-making in shot area.