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小児骨折は，不全骨折となることが多い．また多少の転位がある骨折においても骨のリモデリングに期待して，保存的治療を選択することが多い．小児の上腕骨近位部骨折は比較的まれな骨折であるため，転位の許容度など不明な点が少なくない．本研究では整形外科クリニックを受診した小児の上腕骨近位部骨折の保存的治療を紹介し，小児骨折における施術のあり方について検討する．本報告では骨片転位の大きさの違いによって仮骨の出現時期や骨硬化など治癒経過に差はあるものの，最終的に骨癒合が認められた．今後も小児骨折の特徴を把握しながら，自家矯正力の限界を見極め，慎重に対応していくことが必要だと考える．, Bones of children were consistently in the growing process. When they were broken, remodeling abilities were evident. Therefore, remodeling of the fractured bones could be in their healing processes even in the cases of some displaced fractures. Because of their incomplete fractures, we often chose conservative treatment. Since the proximal part of the fracture of the humerus was seldom occurred, the amplitude of the bone chip derangement might be unknown. Children who consulted with an orthopedic clinic for the fracture of the proximal part of the humerus were rare. This study introduced the case that paid its attention to the remodeling of bones. The conservative treatment was also examined with regard to the remodeling toward the prevention of the fractures of the pediatric population in the future. Synostosis was found although there was a difference in a healing process of the callus formation or osteosclerosis.In summary, prognosis of the children’s fracture was appreciable; it might be required to provide the careful intervention until the characteristics of the pediatric fractures were well understood. Further, the intervention might have to considered the limitations of the abilities that bones remodel and develop for the complete recovery.

プラスチックモデル制作において，完成度を向上させるために組立て説明書には記載されていないような改造を施す場合がある．そのための知識や技能を提供する手段として，書籍による解説や，イベント・コンテスト・SNS での制作者同士の交流などが一般的に行われてきた．しかし，そもそもどのようなプラスチックモデルを制作するかという改造案を新規に発想することを支援するための手段は無い．そこで本研究では，改造案を思いつくことができない制作者を対象に，プラスチックモデルの新規な改造案の創出を支援することを目的として，他の制作者（特に上級者）によるプラスチックモデルの制作過程で生じる不用物（主にキットに付属していたパーツ以外の素材）を提示し，これをヒントとして改造案の案出を支援する手法を提案する．架空の不用物を用いた予備実験にて，不用物のアイデア生成における有効性が示唆された．本実験においては，実際の制作において産出された不用物がアイデア生成に有効であるかを検証した結果，不用物は既存のメディアと併行して使われ，被験者独自の改造案を創出することを支援していることが示唆された． : In the making of plastic models, modifications that are not described in the assembly manual are applied to remodel completed version. Guidebooks, communication events for producers, contests, and SNS are common means to gain knowledge and skills for that purpose. However, there are no means to support the idea generation of a new remodeling plan of what kind of plastic model to create in the first place. Therefore, this research, aimed at assisting the creator who cannot come up with the original new remodeling plan of the plastic model. This paper proposes a method of presenting the waste (materials which are not built in output) generated by other creators (especially advanced users) as a hint to support the creation of a remodeling plan. Preliminary experiments by using fictitious waste suggested that the idea generation was effectively supported. In the experiment in actual context to verifying whether or not the unused materials are effective for generating ideas, it was suggested that the unused materials were utilized in parallel with the existing media to create a unique remodeling plan.

Supervisor: 西本 一志, 先端科学技術研究科, 修士（知識科学）

小児の鎖骨骨折は臨床的に診られる骨折である．多くは介達外力で発生する．不全骨折が多いが，完全に転位する例もある．小児の骨はリモデリングが旺盛である．そのため保存的治療が原則で，三角巾固定やクラビクルバンドの装着で対応することが多い．リモデリングが期待できるため徒手整復はほとんど必要ないとされている．本研究では小児鎖骨骨折の特徴や治療法を確認の上，診療で行われた保存的治療の症例を紹介し，今後の小児鎖骨骨折における施術のあり方について検討する．今回の症例では骨片転位の大きさの違いによって仮骨の出現時期や骨硬化など治癒経過に差はあるものの，最終的に骨癒合が認められた．今後も小児骨折の特徴を把握しながら，自家矯正力の限界や成長障害の可能性を見極め，慎重に対応していくことが必要だと考える．, Clavicle fracture is one of the most frequent fractures seen clinically, so we often choose conservative treatment. Most of clavicle fractures occur with indirect force resulting in many incomplete breaks. A triangular bandage and a clavicle band are used when the bone is fixed. Remodeling is expected, so, closed reduction operations are commonly not required. We confirm characteristics of conservative treatment for clavicle fracture of children in this study and refer to a case of the conservative treatment performed in practice. Then, we examine a method of the conservative treatment in the clavicle fracture of children for the future. Synostosis was found although there was a difference in a healing process. The results confirmed remodeling worked well in the first case. Generally, prognosis of child bone fracture was good. However, it is necessary to treat them carefully, being aware of the limit of remodeling potency and keeping a close watch for Dystosis.

小児骨折は，不全骨折となることが多い．また多少の転位がある骨折においても骨のリモデリングに期待して，保存療法を選択することが多い．中でも橈骨遠位端骨折は，臨床上多く見られる骨折の一つであり，もっともリモデリングが旺盛な骨折といわれている．今回は整形外科クリニックを受診した小児の橈骨遠位端骨折について，骨のリモデリングに着目した症例を紹介し，今後の小児骨折における施術のあり方について検討する．すべての症例において，転位した骨折部がリモデリングにより受傷前の状態に復する結果となった．転位の大きさの違いによって仮骨の出現時期や骨硬化など治癒経過に差はあるものの，最終的に屈曲転位は矯正された．今回の結果により，小児の自家矯正力の高さを証明することができた．小児骨折は予後が良好な場合が多いが，自家矯正力の限界や成長障害の可能性を見極め，慎重に対応していくことが必要だと考える．, Bones of a child have a high potential to remodel themselves when they are broken. So we can expect remodeling of fractured bones in their healing processes even in the cases of some displaced fracture. In addition, child bone fractures are sometimes incomplete. Therefore, we often choose conservative treatment for cases of children’s bone fractures. Above all, the fracture of the distal radius is one of the more frequent fractures clinical and remodeling is excellent in fact.In the fracture of the distal radius of the children who consulted a clinic, we introduce the case that paid its attention to the remodeling of bones. We also examine the conservative treatment with regards to the remodeling towards a prevention of future childhood fracture.The results confirmed remodeling worked well in all cases. There was the difference in a healing process, but the flexural derangement was completely corrected. With this results, we were able to prove high autologous correction ability of the bones of children. Generally, prognosis of child bone fracture is good. However, it is necessary to treat them carefully, being aware of the limit of remodeling potency and keeping a close watch of growth disturbance to the end.

小児骨折は，不全骨折となることが多く，また 多少の骨片転位があっても骨のリモデリングに期待し，保存療法を選択することが多い．柔道整復師が取り扱うことの多い骨折の一つであり，徒手整復を行うかどうかの判断を求められる骨折でもある．しかし小児骨折における徒手整復の実態を示した調査は少ない．今回は小児骨折の実態調査をもとに，徒手整復の現状を把握し，今後の小児骨折における徒手整復の必要性について検討したいと考える．対象は2009年から2014年までの5年間に整形外科クリニックを受診した15歳以下の骨折と診断された症例とした．5年間の骨折総数は227件であった．受傷年齢は10～13歳で全体の約50％を示した．受傷原因はスポーツが49.8％で，中でもサッカーが14.5％と最も高かった．部位別では手指骨が44.5％と最も高く，前腕骨30.0％，足趾骨11.5％の順となり，上肢骨折が全体の約80％であった．症例別では橈骨遠位端部骨折が28.6％で最も高かった．当院においては，約8割が徒手整復を行わず，小児の自家矯正力を期待して保存療法を行なっていることが分かった．小児骨折の予後は良好な場合が多いが，自家矯正力の限界や成長障害の可能性を見極め，慎重に対応していくことが必要だと考える．, Bones of a child have high potential to remodel themselves in a fracture. So we can expect successful remodeling of the fractured bones in the healing processes even in the cases with some fragment dislocations. In addition, child bone fractures are sometimes incomplete. Therefore, we often choose conservative treatment in children’s cases. A bone fracture in a child is one of the fractures with which Judo therapist often handles and for which Judo therapist plays an important role in determining the treatment using the closed reduction, i.e. reposition by hand. But only a few researches were reported. In this paper, we intended to understand the current status of the child bone fractures and its therapeutic techniques and then assess the necessity of the closed reduction. Subjects were patients with fractures under the age of 15-year-old that consulted our clinic during the five years from 2009 to 2014. The number of fractures was 227. As regards injury age, cases in the age from 10 to 13-year-old account for 50% of all. Concerning causes of the injuries, 49.8% occurred in some sports, especially soccer showed the highest rate，that is 14.5% of all. Finger fractures were the most frequent, which occupied 44.5%, forearm and toe fractures did 30.0% and 11.5%, respectively. Consequently about 80% of all were the upper limb bone fractures. In detail, distal radius fractures were the most common (28.6%). Then, in order, middle, proximal and distal phalanges fractures were 18.5%, 13.7% and 8.4%, respectively. Thus the cases with any phalanx fractures were 40.6% of all. The present study has revealed that, in our clinic, we had treated about 80% of all without the closed reduction counting on the remodeling potency of the children. The rate of the fractures in which the closed reduction treatment had been used was 23.8%. Generally, prognosis of child bone fracture is good. But it is necessary to treat them carefully, being aware of limiting remodeling potency and keeping a close watch for growth disturbance to the end.

The beneficial effects of edible mushrooms for improving chronic intractable diseases have been documented. However, the antiatherogenic activity of the new medicinal mushroom Grifola gargal is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated whether Grifola gargal can prevent or delay the progression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis was induced in ApoE lipoprotein- deficient mice by subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II. Grifola gargal extract (GGE) was prepared and intraperitoneally injected. The weight of heart and vessels, dilatation/atheroma formation of thoracic and abdominal aorta, the percentage of peripheral granulocytes, and the blood concentration of MCP-1/CCL2 were significantly reduced in mice treated with GGE compared to untreated mice. By contrast, the percentage of regulatory T cells and the plasma concentration of SDF-1/CXCL12 were significantly increased in mice treated with the mushroom extract compared to untreated mice. In vitro, GGE significantly increased the secretion of SDF-1/CXCL12, VEGF, and TGF-b1 from fibroblasts compared to control. This study demonstrated for the first time that Grifola gargal therapy can enhance regulatory T cells and ameliorate atherosclerosis in mice., 本文 / Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Iwade Research Institute of Mycology, 10p

The Hanoi 36 Streets is an Old Quarter in the capital of Vietnam. Its numerous town houses are inhabited by various types of residents. The many efforts to preserve the unique streetscape, traditional culture and historic industries of this district have not prevented many traditional town houses from being changed or demolished. The forces of economic development and social modernization have proven too powerful. Courtyards of traditional Hanoi town house have functioned to increase open space and to separate different kind of spaces. However, courtyards are among the first features of townhouses to be lost when more space is deemed necessary. The loss of courtyards has a variety of detrimental effects, including, in one case, the destruction of the street facade. Elimination of courtyards has caused spaces for drying clothes to be moved to the rooftops at the front of the houses, and this has caused traditional gable roofs to be replaced by flat roofs. In future efforts at conservation, efforts will need to be made to preserve not only the appearance of the streetscape, but also traditional composition of space within the townhouses including the courtyards. It will also be necessary to take into consideration residents' desire and need for the conveniences of modern life.

心臓では様々な刺激に対し,心筋細胞肥大,間質線維化,各種細胞のアポトーシス等のリモデリングが起こってくる.心臓に不利に働くリモデリングを抑制することは,不全心に対する治療となりうる.本研究ではSmall G蛋白のひとつであるRac1に注目し,その心臓リモデリングに対する役割について検討を行った.

The authors collected questionnaire data concerning conditions of multipurpose spaces set up in public elementary and junior high schools at the end of March 2006. The results showed that on average about 30% of all the schools had the multipurpose space though regionally the rate was different. And between the elementary schools and junior high schools, the rates of having the multipurpose space, size, and concepts of local administrations were different. We also saw that the number of the newly set up multipurpose spaces is decreasing reflecting the recent economic depression and the decrease of the number of pupils and students. Multipurpose space is indispensable for the teaching activities based on the new educational outlook. The activities can not be fully developed by only applying the excessive classrooms to the multipurpose spaces. To advance the set-up anew, promotion of remodeling as well as new extention and reconstruction of school buildings are needed, and therefore, the research into the mode of remodeling for the desirable multipurpose space will be a matter of importance.

教育現場において運動のもたらす効果について頻繁に論じられている。適度な運動は健康維持に不可欠であるが,過度の運動は健康にマイナスであること,成長に阻害的に働くことが分かっている。しかしながら運動によるその細胞分子レベルでの変化についてはいまだ未解明な部分が多い。本研究では,細胞レベルでの機械的ストレス応答を解析し,それが身体にどのように影響するか考察した。

教育現場において運動のもたらす効果について頻繁に論じられている。適度な運動は健康維持に不可欠であるが,過度の運動は健康にマイナスであること,成長に阻害的に働くことが分かっている。しかしながら運動によるその細胞分子レベルでの変化についてはいまだ未解明な部分が多い。本研究では,細胞レベルでの機械的ストレス応答を解析し,それが身体にどのように影響するか考察した。

Sustained mesangial cell-mediated abnormal mesangial extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is the central biologic feature of progressive glomerulonephritis (GN) leading to glomerular sclerosis. Therefore, elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in pathological mesangial remodeling is essential to understand the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis. Accumulating evidences indicate that β1 integrin family regulate physiological and pathological ECM remodeling (fibrosis) in various organs. This overview will focus on our recent understanding of pathophysiological role of β1 integrin family in the progression of GN. Finally, we discuss the strategies targeting the integrin-mediated signaling pathway that permit the development of new therapeutic methods for inhibition of pathological ECM remodeling in GN.

Osteoporosis is the one of the major concerns in Japan, because decreased bone mass and deterioration of the bone structure result in fracture and bedridden states in osteoporotic patients. The number of the osteoprogenitor cells is decreasing and adipocytes volume is increasing in ilium with advancing age. These suggest that decreased bone formation is related to increased adipocytitic differentiation in osteoporosis.

金沢大学医学部医学科

骨は歯の組織とともに硬く、ヒトの体を支えたり持ち上げたりする役目を持つ。本総説では、次の４点を中心に説明しながら、骨を物質科学および材料科学、生体力学の観点から解説する。(1)どうして骨は金属のように強靭なのか。(2)どうして大腿骨、脛骨などの長管骨は中が空洞の円柱構造をしているのか。(3)どうしてヒトは腰痛になりやすいのか。(4)骨は地球と対話している。さらに、このような骨の科学的理解から、ヒトの健康や病気についての一つの考えを提案する。Bone as well as tooth is a rigid tissue, which mainly consists of collagen and hydroxyapatide. In this article bone properties are discussed from a point of view of material science and biomechanics. The four following points are explained. （1）Why is bone comparable to steel in strength? （2）Why is long bone, such as the femur and neck bone, approximated by a hollow cylinder? （3）Why does mankind catch easily lumbagos? （4）There is an interaction between bone and earth. We propose an hypothesis about health and disease, which is derived through the bone science described here.

This paper is concerned with the formulation of a methematical model to describe mechanical bone remodeling process. Firstly, mechanical stimulus is defined as a function of the rate-of-deformation power per unit mass. Physiological signal transmission processes of remodeling from the mechanical stimulus to change of bone density are described by n+1 sequential evolution equations with n+1 macroscopic internal state variables. The evolution equations are established on the basis of the experimental results in a literature. The value of the internal variable in the last step specifies the balance level of bone density, which is the target of the current bone density. The comparison of the predicted results with the corresponding experimental ones shows that this model can quantitatively describe a time-dependent process of bone remodeling.

Hypertension is known to cause cardiovascular damage, and can lead to heart, kidney or brain failure. The final goal for the treatment of hypertension is to prevent. such organ failure. On the other hand, recent advances in the fields of molecular and vascular biology are unraveling the mysteries of cardiovascular remodeling that leads to arteriosclerosis and cardiac hypertrophy. These conditions are formed by physiologically active substances (such as tissue renin-angiotensin, endothelin, natriuretic peptide, NO, etc.) which are secreted as autocrine or paracrine. Once the remodeling mechanism is fully understood, the clinician will be able to select the most effective drugs to treat hypertension.

Quantitative histomorphometric analyses of iliac bone were performed after tetracycline double bone labeling in 59 females with postmenopausal or senile osteoporosis and in 36 healthy males and females. Ten static and dynamic parameters of iliac cancellous bone area were measured with semi-automatic image analyzer. Furthermore, the number and degree of spinal compression fracture were evaluated with X-ray films of spine. The osteoporotic patients were divided into three groups according to their age (i.e. 50-65 y.o. into group A, 66-74 y.o. into group B, over 75 y.o. into group C). Healthy young females (14-47 y.o.) out of 36 healthy males and females were selected as a control group (group N). In comparison of osteoporotic groups (group A, B and C) with group N, cancellous bone volume (BV/TV), mineral apposition rate (MAR), wall thickness (W. Th), trabecular thickness (Tb. Th) and bone formation rate per unit volume of tissue (BFR/TV) were significantly decreased and trabecular separation (Tb. Sp) was significantly increased in the osteoporotic groups. However, the difference in these parameters was not significant between three osteoporotic groups. In group C, consisted of senile osteoporosis, total resorption surface (ES/BS) was significantly increased and relative osteoid surface (OS/BS) and fractional double-labeled surface (dLS/BS) tended to decrease in comparison with group A, consisted of postmenopausal osteoporosis. These results were interpreted as suggesting that senile osteoporosis was more markedly associated with the uncoupling between bone resorption and formation. No significant correlation was proved between cancellous bone volume (BV/TV) and the number or degree of spinal compression fracture.