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Anterior ankle impingement is a frequent cause of chronic ankle pain and swelling. A pathological examination has been reclassified as “anterior ankle impingement syndrome.” Soft tissue impingement is prevalent in the anterolateral compartment of the ankle, while a bony spur often causes impingement in the anteromedial compartment. Although open surgery has yielded good outcomes historically, it is associated with several complications. On the other hand, the development of ankle arthroscopy has reduced these risks significantly and has been used effectively in numerous studies to treat impingements caused by anterior bony spurs or soft tissue. An accurate preoperative clinical diagnosis and diagnostic imaging are critical for surgical planning, particularly for identifying bony spurs in front of the ankle. Narrowing joint space, large bone fragments, and other factors can influence the surgical outcomes. Computed tomography scans precisely evaluate the bony spur size, while magnetic resonance imaging scans help assess soft tissue lesions. Therefore, understanding diagnosis and treatment is important, and an accurate understanding of patient prognostic factors, such as osteoarthritis and degenerative osteoarthritis, eventually affects patient outcomes. This paper discusses the clinical symptoms, causes, diagnosis, surgical method, and postoperative rehabilitation of anteromedial and anterolateral ankle impingement syndrome and reports the results of arthroscopic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischial bursitis is a relatively common cystic lesion that is palpable as a mass in the buttocks. On the other hand, hemorrhagic ischial bursitis accompanied by vascular injury is uncommon, and it can be challenging to diagnose clinically or radiologically. This paper reports a 74-year-old male patient with a cystic lesion in the right ischial tuberosity that occurred after a fall from a ladder 2 months earlier. The initial diagnosis of ischial bursitis was suggested, but conservative treatment did not lead to improvement. Subsequent follow-up showed that the condition was a hemorrhagic ischial bursitis with vascular damage involving a branch of the internal pudendal artery. The patient experienced improvement after undergoing percutaneous embolization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant cell tumors of bone are benign tumors that tend to be locally aggressive and occasionally cause hematogenous metastasis to the lung, accounting for approximately 6% of all primary bone tumors. The occurrences in the ankle joint are approximately 4%, and cases in the distal fibula are particularly rare. This paper presents a case of a 21-year-old female patient with a giant cell tumor who treated with a bone endoscopy, a minimally invasive surgical method, and the structure of the bone was preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease and is currently a global pandemic. The disease presents mainly with respiratory symptoms, but a broad spectrum of extrapulmonary complications have also been reported in the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Peripheral nerve injury associated with COVID-19 infections can be caused by direct viral invasion or secondary immune response to neural tissue with the same receptors as alveoli, but its clinical course is poorly understood. Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome is a pure motor neuropathy that causes paralysis of the flexor pollicis longus, the flexor digitorum profundus of the index finger, and the pronator quadratus muscles. The cause of this syndrome is not clearly understood, but may be related to viral infection, autoimmune response, or vaccination. This paper reported a case of partial recovery with conservative treatment in acute anterior interosseous nerve syndrome following COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronoid process of the ulna surrounds the distal humerus and plays a vital role in posterior dislocation and posterolateral rotational instability. Elbow stability may not be possible if there is a more than 50% loss. Anteromedial facet fractures can lead to instability, radioulnar synostosis. ulnohumeral arthrosis, severe stiffness. Therefore, surgical fixation is required to ensure adequate elbow stability and decrease the risk of posttraumatic ulnohumeral arthrosis. There are several approaches for the repair of coronoid process fractures. In most cases, the posterior approach was used to make a transosseous tunnel connecting the posterior aspect of the olecranon to fix the fracture site. During surgery, the additional dissection required to repair the coronoid might increase the infection risk, nerve injury, heterotopic ossification, and elbow stiffness. The author performed a modified suture lasso and plate fixation with good outcomes. This paper reports this case with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interlocking intramedullary nail is the most popular device for managing tibial shaft fractures. Interlocking screws should be inserted to prevent rotation at the fracture site, but inserting distal interlocking screws by free hand technique requires time and skill. The Brooker-Wills tibial nail was designed to stretch out distal metal fins after settling the nail in position. On the other hand, Brooker-Wills nails should be removed for reasons such as chronic osteomyelitis, and folding the distal metal fins is necessary. Nevertheless, many problems arise in this process. Usually, the removal of Brooker-Wills tibial nails is not attempted because of this trouble. The authors tried a new method and could fold the fins successfully in a 30-year-old Brooker-Wills tibial nail, which had to be removed to cure a chronic osteomyelitis around the nail. This paper reports the case of a 72-year-old male with a review of the relevant literature to suggest a useful method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modified Phemister technique, which fixes the acromioclavicular joint with a k-wire and fixes the coronoid process and clavicle with a sling, has often been used as surgical treatment for dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. This technique has the advantage of allowing early rehabilitation exercises with accurate anatomical reduction and firm fixation. On the other hand, some complications have been reported, such as infection, deformation recurrence, fixation complications, erosion of the distal clavicle or fracture of the sling, and secondary arthritis. This study presents a patient who experienced shoulder pain and functional impairment after conservative treatment for a sling area insufficiency fracture that arose from using the modified Phemister technique. Locking screw plate fixation with tricortical iliac bone grafting and matchstick-shaped cancellous bone grafting were used, and successful outcomes were achieved. This paper reports this case with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intramedullary nail is the standard surgical treatment for atypical femoral fractures. On the other hand, atypical femoral fractures usually have severe bowing of the femur and a narrow intramedullary canal, making surgery difficult. Although the bone union rate is relatively high at 85%–98%, the healing period is longer than typical femoral fractures. Atypical femoral fracture has higher functional recovery after surgery than proximal femoral fragility fractures because it occurs in a relatively active elderly population. Recently, periprosthetic atypical femoral fractures have also been reported, but the outcomes of surgical treatment are yet to be satisfactory. Complications after surgery include nonunion, peri-implant fractures, and contralateral atypical femoral fractures. To prevent these complications, a stable implant should be used to fix the entire length from the femoral head to the lower part of the femur, accurate fracture reduction should be obtained, and the correction of lower extremity alignment can be helpful if there is severe anterolateral bowing. In addition, periodic follow-up is necessary to consider the possibility of contralateral atypical femoral fracture. The authors of this paper aim to analyze the results, complications, and reoperations after the surgical treatment of atypical femoral fractures based on previously published studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An osteochondral lesion of the talus is a disease that occurs at the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the ankle joint. Osteochondral lesions are common in children and adolescents. The osteochondral lesion is closely associated with sports injury. The epidemiological characteristics of medial and lateral lesions are different. The authors present a special case with concomitant medial and lateral osteochondral lesions of the talus. This paper reports this case with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a disease that leads to neurological symptoms such as neurogenic claudication, lumbosacral pain, and lower extremity radiating pain and is caused by mechanical compression, ischemia, and chemical stimulation of the spinal canal due to degenerative changes in the structures around the spinal canal. In addition to the main symptoms listed above, additional symptoms, such as motor weakness, sensory changes, and difficult urination, may occur. Approximately 32 cases of penile erection accompanied by symptoms of spinal canal stenosis have been reported worldwide so far, and none have been reported in Korea. This paper reports the case of a patient with spinal canal stenosis who had an erection accompanied by symptoms of lumbosacral pain and lower extremity radiating pain, which was treated by posterior decompression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is increasingly being used in the medical field. It is most actively used in the production of customized guides and implants, especially in orthopedics. Trauma, including traffic accidents, osteomyelitis, bone tumors, and congenital malformations can cause huge intractable bone defects that require customized bone reconstruction. In patients with malignant bone tumors, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can be continued even after bone reconstruction. As local recurrence of tumors is possible, more careful surgical planning is needed. In 3D-printed implants, “patient customization” does not mean just anatomical reconstruction by printing out the design to address the bone defect. Based on the surrounding bone and soft tissue conditions, some parts should be further reinforced or removed, and the mechanical axis should be adjusted as necessary to ensure stable and functional reconstruction. Efforts are also needed to reduce the weight and amount of metal while minimizing complications of skin and soft tissue that could be caused by metal irritation. In the event of metal damage, fractures of adjacent bones, arthritis, and infection, a 3D printing design is required to be made taking into account the possibility of secondary surgery in the future. In this paper, we would like to describe important issues while sharing the experience of using 3D-printed implants in various parts of the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hook plate is commonly used to treat distal clavicle fractures or acromioclavicular joint dislocations with good clinical results. On the other hand, several complications related to the structural characteristics of the plate or the surgical procedure can occur. Several studies have reported problems with the distal part of the hook plate, such as acromion fracture or rotator cuff tear. Proximal problems, such as clavicle shaft fractures, are increasing owing to the increase in the elderly population with osteoporosis. In these two cases, after surgery using a hook plate, clavicle shaft fractures occurred proximal to the plate. Bone union and good clinical results were obtained through conservative treatment. This paper reports two cases of periprosthetic clavicle shaft fractures after surgery for type V distal clavicle fractures using a hook plate with a review of the relevant literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a secondary psoas abscess, it is essential to find the primary lesion and treat them together. Any delay in diagnosis and treatment for the primary lesion has a risk of increased morbidity and mortality. This paper reports a case in which a secondary psoas abscess occurred due to pyelonephritis of the residual kidney combined with a fistula of the ureter and duodenum in a patient who underwent partial nephrectomy 10 years earlier, but the diagnosis and treatment of the primary lesion were delayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint can occur in contact sports or injuries from falling. Surgical treatment is required when the dislocation is severe in a young and active patient, but there is no accumulated surgical method yet. Recently, many surgical techniques using arthroscopy have been introduced due to the development of arthroscopic technology. Therefore, this paper examined the methods, results, and complications for the arthroscopic treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although osteochondral lesions are prevalent in the knee or ankle joints, lesions at the subtalar joint are exceptionally rare. This paper reports the case of a 21-year-old man who complained of chronic pain in the medial side of the left ankle, which was diagnosed as an osteochondral lesion of the calcaneus involving the subtalar joint. This lesion should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic medial side ankle pain after trauma, and the diagnosis should be made initially through a close physical examination and radiographic evaluation. Conservative treatment methods are prioritized, but various surgical treatment methods may be considered if the symptoms worsen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium wear particle-induced osteolysis occurs mainly after hip arthroplasty. In rare cases, however, it can be associated with internal fixation implants used to treat fractures. This paper reports a case of osteolysis around the distal locking screw in a 74-year-old man, nine years after a proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) insertion for the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) type 31A1 intertrochanteric fracture fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal subdural hematoma is a rare disease with high morbidity to significant neurological disorders and a high mortality rate. This paper reports a case of subdural hematoma in a patient who visited the clinic with sudden lumbar back pain, and urinary and fecal dysfunction, without trauma and bleeding tendency. The patient was at first misdiagnosed as a T12 epidural hematoma accompanied by a facet cyst. However, the patient was finally confirmed as having a subdural hematoma during surgery and was treated successfully. The objective of this case report was to demonstrate the image findings of this case and highlight the difference between an epidural hematoma and a subdural hematoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most causes of carpal tunnel syndrome are idiopathic, but aberrant structures can sometimes be responsible for the etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel release was performed after a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome in a 65-year-old female patient who complained of median neurology in the right hand. During surgery, the flexor digitorum superficialis brevis muscle of the fifth finger was observed compressing the median nerve. After surgery, the neurological symptoms improved immediately, but independent flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint no longer occurred. Carpal tunnel syndrome associated with flexor digitorum superficialis brevis has not been reported in Korea. This paper reports the case with a literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (BPNSTs) are relatively common neurogenic tumors that arise from nerve sheath cells. Some nerve sheath tumors are treated with surgery, particularly in patients with intolerable pain or neurological dysfunction. Most studies on BPNSTs focus on surgical treatment of the condition. Few studies on the progress of clinically and radiographically diagnosed BPNST patients have been reported. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies on the factors that influence the decision for the surgical treatment of the patient. This paper aimed at conducting a retrospective analysis of BPNST patients visiting our hospital to understand the best approach for the treatment of BPNST patients. Materials and Methods The medical records of 236 patients who were clinically and radiographically diagnosed with BPNSTs from January 2010 to April 2020 were reviewed. In the conservative group, the progress was analyzed by comparing the tumor size and clinical symptoms at the initial visit and the 1-year follow-up. In the surgical patient’s (surgery) group, the progress was analyzed by assessing the clinical symptoms and tumor recurrence 1 year after surgery. The clinical and radiological characteristics of the conservative and the surgery groups were compared at the time of diagnosis. Results During follow-up, 154 patients (65.3%) continued conservative treatment and 82 patients (34.7%) underwent surgical treatment. The conservative group showed no significant differences in tumor size and clinical symptoms between the initial diagnosis and the one-year follow-up. Most of the patients who underwent surgery returned to daily life with recovery from their existing symptoms, and recurrence was confirmed in one case. The surgery group showed a higher severity and frequency in all the clinical symptoms except for local swelling. Conclusion Neurological deficits and severe neurological pain were important factors when considering the surgical management of BPNST. Excellent clinical and oncological outcomes were seen with surgical treatment, and it could thus be a good option to reduce the frequency of follow-up visits and concerns about malignant transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleeve fractures of the superior pole of the patella are rare but usually occurs in adolescents with an immature skeletal system. This paper reports a 15-year-old male who complained of knee pain after a bicycle accident. The initial radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging showed a bony bruise of the patella with signal change on the medial meniscus. After conservative treatment with immobilization for four weeks, he slipped down, and eccentric forced flexion of the knee was applied. This second injury caused a sleeve fracture of the superior pole of the patella. After splint immobilization for five weeks, the patient showed adequate function of the quadriceps and range of motion. Among the cases collected, some patients showed a similar history of sleeve fracture of the superior pole of the patella after serial knee injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A retained surgical drain in the operation site is a rare complication that may cause clinical problems and result in medical disputes. The discovery of a retained drain is most often reported after abdominal and pelvis surgery but drain migration in the prevertebral space after anterior cervical spine surgery has not been reported. This paper reports a case of drain retained and migrated into the thorax level following anterior cervical spine surgery with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilateral asymmetric fracture dislocation of a shoulder joint is a rare subtype of shoulder dislocation and refers to the simultaneous fracture-dislocations of the glenohumeral joints in opposite directions. This paper reports a case of a 43-year-old male patient with a bilateral asymmetric fracture dislocation of the shoulder joints following a hypoglycemic shock who was treated with arthroscopic Bankart repair and the arthroscopic modified McLaughlin procedure. To our knowledge, this case is the first in domestic literature, and therefore the authors report this case with the treatment outcome and a literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a case of a patient aged 63 years who developed a delayed pneumothorax after thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB). TPVB is a non-invasive procedure that is known to be relatively safe. A 63-year-old female was admitted with back pain. TPVB T9–10 left was then performed. Two days after the procedure, she complained of dyspnea in the emergency room. X-ray showed a pneumothorax in her left side with partial left lung collapse. The pneumothorax was managed by surgical intervention, and an intercostal tube was inserted. The post-procedural X-ray showed a fully expanded lung. A chest tube was taken out after 72 hours. A delayed pneumothorax can occur after TPVB. Therefore, careful observation is required after this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patellar tendon has a crucial-role in the extension mechanism of the knee joint. If the patellar tendon is injured, it should be diagnosed and treated promptly by surgery. On the other hand, treatment can be very challenging depending on the date of injury and the degree of rupture because an additional reconstruction may be required. Thus, chronic rupture of the patellar tendon is rare, and there are no standard guidelines for the surgical technique. This paper reports a case of the chronic rupture of the patellar tendon that was treated by a reconstruction using the ipsilateral hamstring tendon. Although the patient’s patellar tendon was almost replaced with fibrotic scar tissue, the symptoms resolved completely after primary repair and reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common complications after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty include infection, aseptic loosening, polyethylene wear, and progression of another compartmental arthritis. Complications caused by extruded cement and loose cement body are very rare, and have not been reported in Korea. This paper reports a case of femoral cartilage injury of the lateral compartment caused by a loose cement body after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. The loose cement body was removed successfully by arthroscopic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is an effective surgical method for rotator cuff tear arthropathy, irreparable cuff tear, complex fracture of the proximal humerus, and revision after anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty. As the scope of application and the number of trials have increased recently, there have been reports of scapular notching, glenoid loosening, infection or peri-scapular fractures. On the other hand, there are no reports of concomitant fractures of the coracoid and acromion after RTSA. The authors experienced two cases with concomitant fractures of the coracoid and acromion after RTSA. This paper reports these cases with a literature review and discusses the causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the ethical issues of advanced regenerative medicine and recent domestic and international regulatory changes. Advanced regenerative medicine is a field where the expectation of solving unmet medical needs and the unknown and unpredictable risks coexist. In advanced regenerative medicine, various ethical issues are being discussed in terms of bioethics. These include the protection of research participants, safety issues, privacy, equal access to advanced regenerative medicine, restrictions on medical advertising and medical tourism, and ELSI (Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications). Many countries, including Korea, seek ways to maximize their potential while stably responding to these ethical issues. Korea recently enacted and implemented the Act on the Safety and Support for Advanced Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Biological Products. In accordance with this Act, a system for securing the safety of clinical research in advanced regenerative medicine has been established. In 2021, the International Society for Stem Cell Research and the World Health Organization announced important guidelines for stem cell research and genome editing, respectively. The development of advanced regenerative medicine is impossible without understanding and considering these ethical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerative medicine (RM) aims to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish the normal function. RM comprises cells, biomaterials for scaffolds, and growth factors. The cells play an important role in regenerative medicine. Biomaterials can form tissue and transmit biological activity signals and promote cell adhesion. The biological growth factor is a signal transmitter necessary to regenerate tissues and organs. Bioprinting as a powerful tool for building tissue and organ structures in the field of tissue engineering has attracted enormous attention as a fabrication methodology for producing 3-dimensional structures. Bioprinting technology will be needed to treat musculoskeletal diseases. This paper will provide information that can be used as a regenerative medicine treatment for musculoskeletal diseases. It will enable the regeneration of the musculoskeletal system consisting of bones, joints, muscles, and nerves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synovial hemangioma is a vascular malformation that usually involves the knee. This paper presents the diagnostic ultrasound findings of a synovial hemangioma that could be mistaken for a medial meniscus cyst in a 37-year-old man and report the clinical result of the meniscal repair after an open excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone marrow edema syndrome of the foot and ankle in adolescents is extremely rare. The correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment are often delayed because of the nonspecific clinical signs. This paper reports two cases of bone marrow edema syndrome of the foot and ankle in adolescents with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease is deposited mainly in the knee joint or the cartilage of the wrist joint and rarely in the spine, but the transverse ligament invasion of the atlas is most common. A patient with gait disturbance showed spinal cord compression caused by thickening of the yellow ligament of the subaxial cervical spine. This paper reported two cases of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease associated with Crown dens syndrome on a computed tomography scan of the atlantoaxial joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary healing potential of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has been reported to be extremely poor in clinical and experimental studies. Most authors believe that the ACL does not heal spontaneously after rupture. In 1998, Kurosaka et al. reported two cases of a spontaneously healed torn ACL after non-surgical treatment; only a few cases have been reported. There are some reports of the spontaneously healed ACL or good clinical results after an ACL rupture in a conservative treatment group, but most studies were done by follow-up MRI or the clinical scores. This study experienced a case of spontaneous healing of a ruptured ACL confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy. This paper reports a case with a review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bilateral facet dislocation after anterior cervical fusion with a plate in distraction-flexion injury without significant instability in plain radiography is very rare. This paper reports a case with a confirmed injury status (C6–7 and C7–T1) by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography with no visible fractures or displacement on plain radiography. Anterior cervical fusion (C6–T1) was performed with a cage and plate. On the other hand, three days later, C6–7 bilateral facet dislocation developed with severe neck and radiating pain, and posterior decompression and fusion were performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondrolipoma is a rare benign mesenchymoma containing mature cartilage and adipose tissues. Chondrolipoma has been encountered mainly in the oral cavity and breast; however, this type of mesenchymoma occurs extremely rarely in the knee area. This paper reports a case of a 60-year-old woman who presented with a two-year history of a palpable mass lesion at the anterior side of the left knee. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass lesion adjacent to the medial side of the patellar tendon. The mass had a heterogenous nature, consisting of fat components and calcification. Surgical excision was performed. The size of the excised mass was approximately 4.5 cm×3 cm×4 cm, and it had a round shape and was encapsulated. The posterior part of the mass had a mixed pattern comprised of fat and cartilage tissues. A pathological examination showed that the chondrolipoma was composed of mature adipose and hyaline cartilage tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts to lower rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection have led to the adoption of chlorhexidine-coated central venous catheters (CVCs) in several orthopedic surgeries. On the other hand, there is still some controversy regarding the advantage of reducing catheterrelated infections. This paper reports a case of severe anaphylaxis to chlorhexidine-coated CVCs when used in spine surgery. Before exposing the patients to chlorhexidine-coated CVCs, the risk of complications including anaphylaxis should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Locked-lateral” calcaneal fracture-dislocations are very rare. This paper reviewed the helpful radiographic and diagnostic characteristics. A 52-year-old male was treated with reduction and fixation using the sinus tarsi approach. The author reports this case with a review of the related literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brace treatment is a well-documented conservative treatment method for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. On the other hand, previous studies reported skin problems, decreased lung capacity, and chest wall deformity as complications. This paper reports a case of spontaneous rib fracture during brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, a complication in a 14-year-old female who eventually underwent surgical correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 82-year-old man visited with fever and severe pain in the right knee. Septic arthritis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and joint fluid analysis, and the patient underwent arthroscopic synovectomy and received empirical antibiotic therapy. One day later, motor weakness of contralateral upper and lower limbs developed. Brain MRI confirmed embolic infarction and transthoracic echocardiography confirmed mitral valve infective endocarditis. This paper reports a case of motor weakness after arthroscopic synovectomy for septic arthritis of the knee and provides a review of relevant literature regarding infective endocarditis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleeve fractures are an unusual type of patella fracture that usually occurs in children or skeletally immature adolescents. Most sleeve fractures occur at the inferior pole of the patella, whereas sleeve fractures of the superior pole are quite rare. Only a few cases have been reported thus far. Operative treatment is recommended for sleeve fractures of the patella due to the poor clinical outcome of conservative treatment. Stable fixation is difficult because of the thin sleeve fragment. Because of its rarity, the choice of operative method is based mainly on the surgeon’s preference. This paper reports a rare case of sleeve fracture of the patella superior pole and describes an operative technique using a modified transosseous vertical suture technique combined with a suture bridging technique to achieve stable fixation of the sleeve fragment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a pathologic condition of the subchondral bone which involves the articular cartilage. Unstable OCD can be fixed with various implants, including bioabsorbable materials. Bioabsorbable materials have several advantages. Removal of the implant is not required, and they have low interference on imaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This paper reports a case of surgical treatment using bioabsorbable pins for OCD lesion. MRI showed a displaced osteochondral lesion at medial femoral condyle. Arthroscopic reduction and fixation were attempted initially, but additional mini-open incision was needed to reduce the fibrotic fragment. The fragment was trimmed and fixed with two bioabsorbable pins. Union was achieved at the follow-up without complications. The use of bioabsorbable pins for OCD treatment may be one of successful treatment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transverse fracture is the most common type of displaced patella fracture requiring surgery. These fractures are commonly fixed with parallel Kirschner wires or screws that cross the fracture line, often with an additional tension band. Nevertheless, conventional fixation methods of patella fractures have prevalent complications caused by the protrusion of wires or pins. These complications necessitate additional surgery for hardware removal, increase medical cost, and can limit the function of the knee joint. This paper reports cases treated with a minimally invasive load-sharing percutaneous suture of the patella tendon. The procedure provides reliable fixation for transverse patella fractures, minimizes soft tissue injuries, preserves blood flow, and reduces postoperative pain. In addition, the procedure also reduces the irritation and pain caused by the internal fixture, thereby reducing the risk of restricted knee joint movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor rarely affects the bilateral knee joint compared to the diffuse form. Only a few cases can be found in the literature, and there is no case report of the bilateral localized form of giant cell tumor causing patellofemoral pain syndrome in Korea. This study experienced a case of bilateral localized giant cell tumor, causing patellofemoral pain syndrome. The tumor was excised arthroscopically and confirmed pathologically. This paper reports this case with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increased development of patch graft, the number of repair using patch graft in massive rotator cuff tear has increased. Understanding characteristics of various patch graft might be helpful for selection of type of patch, and to improve the outcomes for the treatment of massive rotator cuff tears using patch grafts. Therefore, this paper reviews various studies dealing with clinical outcomes of rotator cuff repair using diverse patch grafts in massive rotator cuff tears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In advanced gout, monosodium urate crystals are deposited in the joints and surrounding tissues, resulting in gouty tophi. A 45-year-old man was admitted to hospital due to pain and a limited range of motion in his right knee. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass, and arthroscopic surgery and biopsy were then performed. Gouty tophi invading the anterior horns of the medial and lateral menisci were identified and surgically removed. To the best of the author's knowledge, there is no case report of intrameniscal gouty tophi invading both the medial and lateral menisci. This paper presents this case along with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty procedures has been performed since its introduction to South Korea in 2007. This review discusses the biomechanical rationale behind the development of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and its outcomes over time. In addition, this paper mentions ways to minimize the risk of complications that may occur and how to manage those complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetic resonance imaging test was performed on a 56-year-old male patient, who visited with a one-month history of painless swelling at the popliteal area of the left knee. A popliteal cyst and non-calcified loose body in the cyst were identified. Synovial chondromatosis was diagnosed from a histology examination by excision and biopsy. This paper reports this case of extra-articular synovial chondromatosis of the knee with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of postoperative ileus (POI) after colonic and abdominal surgery is high. On the other hand, the reported incidence after lower extremity reconstruction ranges from 0.3% to 4.0%. This paper reports an 81-year-old woman who expired due to POI at six days after primary total knee arthroplasty. The risk factors, diagnosis, preventive methods, and treatment of POI were also investigated through literature reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ankylosing spondylitis causes ankylosis of the spine due to ossification of the articular cartilage and ligaments around the vertebral body as well as the sacroiliac joint. This pathophysiology limits joint movement and, in many cases, causes pain and deformity of the spine. If this disease is left untreated, it ultimately causes ankylosis and ossification of the whole-body joints. The symptoms generally develop before age 30 years, and the gradual progression of the disease adversely affects the physical function, professional ability, and quality of life. This increases the likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders, such as depression. The authors are aware of this severity and introduce recent trends and studies to prevent surgical treatment with various medications before systemic ossification. This paper presents various surgical treatments and complications in patients who were unable to prevent progression and underwent surgical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis associated with pregnancy and lactation is a rare disease that can cause osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF). Patients usually complain of severe back pain, which is easily mistaken for pain due to pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation, making a rapid diagnosis and treatment difficult. The authors diagnosed OVCF related to pregnancy and lactation through a physical examination, simple radiography, whole-body bone scan, magnetic resonance image, bone marrow density, and blood tests in a 29-year-old female patient and a 31-year-old female patient who presented with low back pain. This paper reports two cases of symptom improvement through a teriparatide injection, wearing thoracic lumbar sacral orthosis and taking calcium and vitamin D with a review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diagnosis of gout is often straightforward because gout has well known clinical presentations, laboratory analyses, and radiologic features. On the other hand, gout can mimic other diseases by showing a range of atypical clinical manifestations. This paper reports a 35-year-old male with no prior history of gout who developed tophaceous gout at his previously repaired Achilles tendon 11 years after surgery. He was initially misdiagnosed with cellulitis because of his atypical clinical features. This case is presented with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]