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This paper aims to benchmark the United States’ LRIP, the country’s initial production policy, and provide a Korean version of such policy which reflects the circumstances of the country’s weapon system research & development(R&D) and acquisition procedures. The research suggests measures to improve the country’s initial production policy in a direction that the policy could execute two stage continuously: (1) employment test & evaluation(OT&E), conducted on prototypes during the development stage, and (2) field employment tests(FT), conducted on initial products during the production stage. In addition, the research provides an equation calculating the optimal number of initial test products to be produced, applying statistical theories of t-distribution. The research aims to be used a reference to calculate the optimal number of initial products to be produced for testing in order to improve future national defense acquisition systems and the stable R&D of weapons systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 9·11 terror attack in 2001, the Maritime Logistics Security System has been strengthened and required X-ray image for every imported cargos from manufacturing countries to United States. For scanning cargos, the container inspection systems use high energy X-rays for examination of contents of a container to check the nuclear, explosive, dangerous and illegal materials. Nowadays, the X-ray cargo scanners are established and used by global technologies for inspection of suspected cargos in the customs agency but these technologies have not been localized and developed sufficiently. In this paper, we propose the X-ray array detector system which is a core component of the container scanning system. For implementation of X-ray array detector, the analog and digital signal processing units are fabricated with integrated hardware, FPGA logics and GUI software for real-time X-ray images. The implemented system is superior in terms of resolution and power consumption compared to the existing products currently used in ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines medical research and sanitary orders of the United States in Europe during World War I. It aims to analyze the relationships between public health and war in terms of epidemics and military interests of the United States. To cope with Serbian typhus fever in 1915, the United States, which had not been directly involved in war, delegated a sanitary commission organized by private agencies. As the characters of typhus fever had been well known at that time, the sanitary commission aimed at curing patients and hindering additional cases by improving hygienic conditions. After the United States determined to enter the war and dispatched troops in 1917, however, the approach to epidemics in Europe changed. To handle the yet unknown trench fever that had undermined Allied military power, the U.S. Army organized the medical corps for scientific investigations. Medical corps conducted experiments on voluntary soldiers, and concluded that trench fever was caused by the bite of louse and could be transmitted through blood. Medical research and sanitary orders to two epidemics during the same war had developed differently according to the characters of each disease and military interests of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes, account for 60% of global mortality. These conditions are directly related to unhealthy lifestyle habits, which are considered to be preventable risk factors, making it important to establish and maintain healthy habits. Several countries, including South Korea, have organized medical-based expert committees in order to develop and release lifestyle management guidelines. In this study, committees in the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Australia, and how they have developed guidelines, are scrutinized as benchmark policy cases. Physicians comprise most of the members of those committees, and most of the committees are operated independently from the government. All members of each committee are transparently listed on the committee's website, and the committees develop guidelines in a systematic and well-organized way. In comparison with these international committees, the relevant Korean committees (the Medical Guideline Committee and the Korean Preventive Services Task Force), have a number of things to change in terms of independence, expertise, and the process of developing guidelines. First, both of these committees are directly related to a governmental agency, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The proportion of physicians on the Medical Guideline Committee and the Korean Preventive Services Task Force is lower than that of other committees. Moreover, the focus of the current process of developing guidelines is limited to development itself, rather than the broader process, including re-assessment and feedback loops. This paper provides suggestions for the current lifestyle guideline committee based on case studies, with the ultimate goal of improving quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of July 2020, the United States’ Identification Friend or Foe Identifier (IFF) stopped operating the 40-year-old secrecy algorithm Mode-4. Following its termination, Mode 5, which provides improved security performance, jamming response, and GPS location information, has been applied. Herein, we present the function design of the IFF system and the procedures, contents, and test results related to the AIMS PO (Air traffic control radar Beacon system, identification friend or foe, Mark XII/XIIA, systems program office) certification test for the IFF system within the CSR (coastal surveillance radar)-II system. The AIMS certification test, including the stability and interface verification of the CSR-II system with a Mode 5 function, was performed, and the certification letter was received from the US AIMS PO. We present the procedure and practical knowledge of the CSR-II mode 5 platform certification test for reducing business risk when developing a weapon system using Mode 5 and present an excellent test case for platform certification acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called Huawei Incident is one of the most typical examples of the U.S.-China competition in recent years. The issue is that the backdoor planted in the products of Huawei, a Chinese mobile telecom equipment maker, could leak data that is so important as to have a significant impact on U.S. national security. This perception creates strategic import and export restrictions on Huawei products and the accompanying trade friction between the two countries, and the U.S. is deploying a kind of "diplomatic war" to block Huawei even by mobilizing its allies. We should also note that the U.S.-China technology hegemony competition in the leading sectors represented by 5G mobile communications is at the root of this Incident. The U.S. checks China's "technological rise" and criticizes China's government policies and domestic laws that support companies like Huawei. In this context, the Huawei Incident means a "geopolitical rivalry" between the U.S. and China over future global hegemony. This paper proposed the perspective of "Complex Geopolitics" as a new theoretical framework for understanding the Huawei Incident in such a systematic manner. Complex geopolitics recognizes the usefulness of existing classical geopolitics, but stresses the need to seek a more complex understanding of geopolitics, not merely a return to traditional geopolitics, in order to properly understand the recent transformation of world politics. From this perspective of complex geopolitics, the Huawei Incident is an example of the U.S.-China competition for technology hegemony in the leading sector, in which such issues as cyber security, system friction, and allied diplomacy are inter-linked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with U.S. diplomacy during the Suez Crisis, including an examination of U.S. foreign policy toward the Middle East since World War II as part of the background and origin of the Crisis. It tries to answer three major questions: How should we evaluate the diplomatic ability of President Eisenhower? What were the objects of U.S. diplomacy during the Crisis? and How did the Eisenhower administration relate the Crisis to the Cold War? This paper reconstructs U.S. diplomacy during the Suez Crisis based on government documents declassified and published over three years since 1989. It concludes that Eisenhower led U.S. foreign policy during the Crisis with a firm principle to ensure that the U.S. would not to be identified as part of western colonialism in the eyes of Arab states. This objective took precedence over cooperation with Britain, the country's most important ally. Thus, although American diplomacy toward the Middle East since the war had been conducted within the general frame of the Cold War, the Suez Crisis had little relation to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No one could doubt the significance of Thomas Paine and his masterpiece Common Sense. Nevertheless, due to the broader significance of Paine and Common Sense in the first phase of the American Revolution, they have failed to direct sufficient attention to the area of diplomatic history. This paper reconstructs early American foreign policy based on the impact of Thomas Paine and Common Sense. In doing so, it will trace the impact of Paine and Common Sense on the establishment of neutrality as a principle of early American diplomacy and on the ways in which the Founding Fathers conducted foreign policy. The paper consists of three parts. The first offers an analysis of existing works on Thomas Paine and Common Sense, tracing the major interest of the scholars, and the reasons for the indifference among the diplomatic historians. The second summarizes the core of Paine's ideas on foreign relations and their impact on the course of foreign policy making during the American Revolution. John Adams' 'Model Treaty,' in particular, is examined for this purpose. The third analyzes the influences of Paine and Common Sense during George Washington's presidency, giving attention to various internal and external background issues and conditions shaping diplomatic principles and to the execution of foreign policy based on those principles. The paper focuses on the diplomatic realities facing the new nation and the meaning of Paine and Common Sense in conducting diplomacy during and immediate after the Revolution. The late eighteenth century was an age of revolution. With the outbreak of the American Revolution and the French Revolution, both America and Europe went through a period of vehement political and diplomatic turmoils. American foreign policy could not be conducted indifferent of the various internal and external problems. It can be argued that Paine's diplomatic principle was therefore the foundation of early American diplomacy. Regardless of the brevity of its content in Common Sense and thus the rather rhetorical nature of the principle, Paine's ideas and suggestions on American foreign policy influenced the course of early American diplomacy more than anything else at the critical and complex time in history. The facts that no one before Paine suggested such a principle as the one in Common Sense, and that it was from Paine, one of the most influential persons for the cause of the Revolution, underscore the significance of Paine and Common Sense in understanding early American diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviewed Korean food recipes and food culture included in English cookbooks issued in the United States from the 1930s to the early 1970s. In the 1930s cookbook, many types of soup were introduced to Korean food under the influence of the Tangban culture in the Joseon dynasty and a brief description of ‘Sinseollo’ culture. The 1940s cookbooks, introduced Korean table settings, food culture, and cooking methods depending on the use of chopsticks. In the 1950s cookbooks, Korean foods were selected to suit a Western table setting, and detailed explanations were included along with ‘cheopsu’ means the number of dishes served in Korean food. More diverse Korean food was introduced within its culture and origins in the 1960s cookbooks. The 1970s cookbooks explained, the characteristics of Korean culinary specialties that differentiated from oriental food. This study of Korean food and culture from Cookbooks issued in the United States from the 1930s to 1970s, where Eastern and Western multiculturalism coexist, can be used as baseline data to understand the identity of modern Korean food culture and the direction of the globalization of Korean food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines Richard M. Nixon's management of U.S. foreign policy at a time when the international political situation tilted against American leadership. The author queries Nixon's policy-making style, his relationship with his chief aide, Henry Kissinger, and his major policy decisions such as détente with the Soviet Union, better relations with China, and the end of the Vietnam War. Nixon, as a foreign policy president, sought to handle important international issues by himself rather than concede decision-making to a bureaucracy he considered ineffective, unpatriotic and self-interested. His distrust of government experts led him to keep foreign policy closeted and monopolized within the White House under Kissinger's management. Nixon himself controlled overall aspects and created ideas such as détente. He thought that the United States could not maintain strong global leadership if it depended on Cold War ideology and a focus on monolithic Communism. That is why he switched his idea of foreign policy from Cold War Internationalism to Post-Cold War Internationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on comparing the hair and fashion styles of New Women in colonized Chosun and America. The reason this paper compares New Women of Chosun and of America is because firstly New Women of both countries appeared even under the different economic and political conditions. Secondly, New Women of Chosun followed after American style instead of Japanese although New Women were introduced through Japan. Finally, New Women of Chosun and America had common and different features simultaneously. New Women in both societies challenged tradition and custom and welcomed new styles much different from old styles even though their methods and purposes in embracing change differed. While America's New Women sought to liberate themselves by achieving freedom of movement and embracing consumerism, the New Women of Chosun accepted western fashion styles with the goal of modernizing and liberating not only themselves but also their country so that it could emerge from its colonial status. Although their goals differed, the outcomes were parallel because the fashion choices of both societies operated the same capitalistic system, and because through hair and fashion styles the New Women of both Chosun and the United States were seeking a liberated identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently a new trend providing positive accounts of the foreign policy of the 39th US president Jimmy Carter has emerged. Some revisionist scholars regard Carter's foreign policy as "post-Cold War." They emphasize that Carter sought to break with Cold War routines, and argue that he attempted to move U.S. foreign policy from global confrontation emphasizing military containment and interventions to the promotion of global cooperation, non-militarism, and human rights. Carter's many addresses and statements in 1976 and 1977 stating his will to reform foreign policy support these accounts. However, while these accounts are not incorrect, they nevertheless represent a half-truth because Carter gradually returned to traditional Cold War policies during his presidency, and totally reversed course in the last year of his term. Why and how did Carter feel compelled to reverse course, despite his strong will to reform? This paper tries to find the answer in the domestic political situation, especially the resurgence of 'Cold War Militarism.' It finds the most important reason for Carter's change in direction in his compromising attitude toward militaristic interest groups like the 'Committee on the Present Danger(CPD).' He tried to bring some anti-detente hawks like Henry Jackson into his policy making process, even early in his term, when they challenged Carter's proposed route. In response he had to get tougher and tougher towards the Soviet Union to calm down the domestic criticism, until finally he lost his own identity and reversed the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the approaches, methods and questions asked in intensive care unit studies published in Korean journals and the American Journal of Critical Care (AJCC) from 1992 to 2011. Only quantitative studies were reviewed. Methods: A total of 144 studies published in four Korean Journals and 521 studies published in American Journal of Critical Care (AJCC) were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The most frequently used research design reported in Korean journals were surveys (83.5%), protocol development (10.1%), and randomized controlled trials (6.2%). In AJCC, the most frequently reported design was survey research (90.4%) and randomized controlled trials (16.1%). The most frequent nursing intervention reported in the AJCC was tube care (10.8%), and in Korean journals the intervention of suctioning (10.8%). In Korea, nurses were more likely to study instrument measurements (31.0%) and positioning (13.5%). In reported studies in the AJCC there were more reports on emotional support, exercise, and measurement research. Conclusion: There is overlap in the type of studies between the two countries in term of study design, whereas the types of nursing problems studied differed in United States and Korea. The result suggests that there were gaps and those more diverse studies and physiological measurements are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the nurse licensure examination system in Korea with that of the United States (US). Methods: Focus interviews with the administrative staff of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) were held. Two areas were explored in the interviews: the item development process and the general administrative operating procedures. Results: NCLEX-RN items are designed for entry-level practice. The items are subjected to a series of 12 steps including a item writing panel, a content and editorial review, a sensitivity panel, a pre-test, a Differential item functioning panel and a committee review. NCSBN is responsible for the test for registered nurses and one for practical nurses. In contrast the Korean National Health Personnel Licensing Board (KNHPLB) is responsible for nursing is and 21 other health related licensure. Another difference is that in Korea there is no consistent and specialized staff to develop question items. Items are developed by educators who are not active nurses (this last statement is not a finding but a point of view usually not given in findings.). Conclusion: Korean nurses form the largest group of health related job categories and the most direct to health care consumers. Therefore, the nursing licensure exam should be acknowledged as the most influential licensure exam in health care services. We recommend a nursing specialized licensing institution to be established with active nurse' participation in item development process to reflect clinical practice into licensure exam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, it was studied how physics affected development of optometry in the United States, from aspects of formation and academization of optometry. It was also revealed that history of optometry was analogous to history of engineering. Optics in the 19th century was divided into electromagnetic study of light and visual optics. Development of the visual optics promoted professionalization of ophthalmology that had already started in the 18th century. The visual optics also stimulated formation of optometry and optometrists body in the late 19th century of the United States. The American optometrists body were originated from opticians who had studied visual optics. Publication of several English academic textbooks on visual optics induced appearance of educated opticians (and jewelers). They acquired a right to do the eye examination in the early 20th century after C. F. Prentice's trial in 1897, evolving into optometrists. The opticians could be considered as craftsmen, and they were divided into (dispensing) opticians and optometrists. Such history of American optometrists body is analogous to that of engineers body in the viewpoints of craftsmen origin and separation from craftsmen. Engineers were also originated from educated craftsmen, but were separated from craftsmen when engineering was built up. Education system and academization of optometry was strongly influenced by physics, too. When college education of optometry started at American universities, it was not belonged to medical school but to physics department. Physics and optics were of great importance in curriculum, and early faculty members were mostly physicists. Optometry was academized in the 1920s by the college education, standardization of curriculum, and formation of the American Academy of Optometry. This is also analogous to history of engineering, which was academized by natural sciences, especially by mathematics and physics. The reason why optometry was academized not by medicine but by physics is because ophthalmologists did not have conciliatory attitudes to optometry education. Optometry became independent of physics from the 1930s to the 1940s. Optometric researches concentrated on binocular vision that is not included to discipline of physics, and faculty members who majored in optometry increased, so that optometry departments and graduate schools were established around 1940. Such independence from natural sciences after academization also resembles history of engineering. On the contrary, history of optometry was different from history of ophthalmology in several aspects. Ophthalmology had already been formed in the 18th century before development of visual optics, and was not academized by visual optics. Ophthalmologists body were not originated from craftsmen, and were not separated from craftsmen. History of optometry in the United States from the late 19th to the mid 20th century is analogous to history of engineering rather than history of medicine, though optometry is a medical discipline.

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine which deals with the problem of mental health. Although psychiatric concept and treatment is not absent in traditional medicine in Korea, it was not regarded as an independent discipline of medicine. Modern psychiatry was introduced into Korea as modern Western medicine w as introduced in 19th century. The American medical missionary Dr. Allen and Dr. Heron gave the first classification of mental diseases of Korean patients in their first year report of Jejoongwon hospital. The statistics are characterized by relatively high rate of hysteria patients among the patients with mental disorders. It was Dr. Mclaren who took the charge of the Psychiatric Department of Severance hospital, the successor of Jejoongwon hospital. As a psychiatrist, Dr. Mclaren had a deep interest in human nature and mind. His thinking on the subjects was based on his Christian faith and philosophy. He claimed that Christian faith plays an important role in curing mental diseases. And several medical students decided to become a psychiatrist under his influence. Among them is Dr. Lee Chung Chul who took the charge of the Department of Psychiatry after Mclaren. After graduation in 1927, Dr. Lee studied in Peking Union Medical College, Australia, and Japan. His main research interests were focused on the biological aspects of mental disorders, and he published several important papers on the subject. But his unexpected early resignation and subsequent expulsion of Dr. Mclaren from Korea by Japanese colonial government hindered further development of psychiatry in Severance Union Medical College until the Liberation from Japanese occupation in 1945. But some of their students specialized in psychiatry during the hard period of early 1940s and they played an important role in the development of modem psychiatry in Korea after the Liberation.

Modern hospital in Korea was the space of competition and comprise among different forces such as the state power and social forces, imperialism and nationalism, and the traditional and modern medicine. Hospital in the Japanese colonialism was the object of control for establishing the colonial medical system. Japanese colonialism controlled not only the public hospital but also the private hospital which had to possess more than 10 infectious beds in the isolation building by the Controlling Regulation of Private Hospital. In fact, the private hospital had to possess more than 20 beds for hospital management. As a result, its regulation prevented the independent development of the private hospital. But because the public hospital could not accommodate many graduates of medical school, most of them had to serve as practitioner. Although some practitioners had more than 20 beds in their clinics, they were not officially included in the imperial medicine. By concentrating on the trend of the number of beds in the hospital, this paper differs from most previous studies of the system of hospital, which have argued that the system of hospital was converted the public-centered hospital system under the colonial medical system into the private-centered hospital system under the U. S. medical system after the Liberation in 1945. After Liberation, medical reformers discussed arranging the public and the private hospital. Lee Yong-seol, who was a Health-Welfare minister, disagreed the introduction of the system of state medicine. Worrying about the flooding of practitioners, he did not want to intervene the construction of hospital by state power. Because the private hospital run short of the medical leadership and the fundamental basis, the state still controlled the main disease in the public health and the prevention of epidemics. This means the state also played important part in the general medical examination and treatment. The outbreak of Korean War in 1950 reinforced the role of state. The leadership of the public hospital verified the trend of the quantity of beds. The number of beds in the private hospital exceeded that of the public hospital in 1966 for the first time. Futhermore, the number of beds in the public hospital doubled that of private hospital in the new general hospital of 1950s. This means the system of hospital after the Liberation was not converted the public-centered hospital system into the private-centered hospital system, but maintained the public-centered hospital system until 1960s.

The purpose of this paper is to overview the life of John W. Heron, M. D. who was the first appointed medical missionary to Korea by the Presbyterian Church USA. Although he was a competent doctor as well as a devoted missionary, he is not well-known yet, because he died early after 5 years' service in Korea. Dr. Heron was born in Derbyshire, England on June 15, 1856. His father, Rev. E. S. Heron, was a Scotch Minister of Congregational Church. His family emigrated to America in 1870 when he was fourteen years old and settled in Knoxville, Tennessee. In 1881, he was admitted to the University of Tennessee Medical School and graduated with highest honors in 1883. After training in New York University Hospital, he refused the offer of professorship from the University of Tennessee to become a medical missionary to Korea. He arrived in Seoul on June 21, 1885 and began to work in Royal Government Hospital, Chejungwon, the predecessor of Severance Hospital. In 1887, he became the superintendent of the Hospital following Dr. Horace N. Allen. He also worked for the Royal family and sometimes traveled to the rural areas to care for the patients. He started Chejungwon Church which later became Namdaemoon Presbyterian Church. In 1887, Dr. Heron worked as a member of the Bible translation committee and in 1889, he was elected as the chairman of the Public Committee of the Presbyterian Churches. In 1890, he established 'The Korean Religious Tract Society (Chosunsyungkyoseohoi) with Underwood and Ohlinger. The society published and replenished Christian books, periodical magazines and booklets. In the Summer of 1890, Dr. Heron did his best to take care of the sick suffering from an epidemic dysentery and himself got infected because of the terrible overwork. He passed away on July 26th, 1890. On his deathbed, he told his soldier and native friends around him as follow: "Jesus loves you. He gave His life for you. Stand by Him!" The martyrdom of Dr. Heron should be remembered in the Korean history of mission, because he was the first victim among the foreign missionaries who had lived and worked in Seoul for Korean mission. Dr. Heron's mind of love, service and devotion should be remembered by the medical doctors working today in caring for the patients suffering from physical and spiritual illnesses.

The objective of this paper is to investigate chronologically the life of Sigerist as follows: (i) how Henry Sigerist (1891-1957) became interested in medical history, (ii) how he succeeded Karl Sudhoff (1853-1938) as professor of the history of medicine in the University of Leipzig, (iii) why he came to the Johns Hopkins in 1932, (iv) what he did for health care reform in the U.S. and Canada, (v) why he returned to his motherland in 1947, and (vi) how health professions have been globally influenced by his life. Based on the solid academic scholarship of medical history and sociology, Sigerest was energetically engaged in health care reform. What distinguished his social activism from other health care reformers is that wheras most health care reformers take the positivism-centered perspective to transform the existing health care system, Sigerist integrated historical vision with sociologically a pedagogic mission to pursue health care progress.

This paper presents how behavioral theory can be used to evaluate a group of women's decisions related to the early detection of breast cancer. While the emphasis of this presentation is breast cancer detection, it is important to remember that behavioral theory can be applied to a variety of health behaviors. The incidence rate for breast cancer among American women has risen steadily over the last several decades. According to current estimates, one of eight women can expect to get breast cancer in her lifetime. Despite great advances in medical technology, the current state of knowledge limits the ability of health care providers to 'cure' advanced malignancy; and although an association between breast cancer and some lifestyle factors is suspected, there are still no guaranteed methods of preventing the disease from occurring. A growing body of evidence indicates that the mortality rate from breast cancer can be decreased through women's participation in breast cancer screening techniques (mammography, clinical breast examination, and breast self-examination) in order to detect the disease at an early stage before it becomes invasive. Despite the evidence supporting BSE as a detection technique, the majority of women do not perform it on a regular basis. Health care professionals must develop educational programs to encourage women to perform BSE. Effective educational programs require an understanding of the attitudes and beliefs that affect the performance of th health behaviors. In an attempt to understand the relationship between attitudes and BSE behavior, this paper used the multiattribute utility model based on value expectancy theory. This paper includes careful description of methodology using multiattribute utility model and some implications of the results in developing an effective educational program for BSE.