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Fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. The fibrotic process ultimately leads to organ dysfunction and failure in chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, advanced kidney disease, and liver cirrhosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a common form of progressive and chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology. Pathophysiologically, the parenchyma of the lung alveoli, interstitium, and capillary endothelium becomes scarred and stiff, which makes breathing difficult because the lungs have to work harder to transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveolar space and bloodstream. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and scarring of the lung tissue. Recent clinical trials focused on the development of pharmacological agents that either directly or indirectly target kinases for the treatment of IPF. Therefore, to develop therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis, it is essential to understand the key factors involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and the underlying signaling pathway. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of kinase signaling cascades in the regulation of either TGF-β-dependent or other signaling pathways, including Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase, c-jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5, and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase pathways, and potential therapeutic targets in IPF.

Objectives: The object of this study is to analyse about Low Back Pain's intensity according to dosage of Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture. Method: Three groups were made with 15 patients in Po-Hang Oriental Hospital, which is affiliates to Daegu Haany University. They were observed August 1st, 2010 to September 30th. 2010. Each group was treated by based on acupuncture, herb and other therapy and differential dosage of Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture 0,4, 0.8, and 1.2cc. We had measured pain threshold and Visual Analog Scale during first week of their admission. The statistical analysis was performed by using the oneway ANOVA and Tukey's test. Result: Change of VAS was not statistically significant. Change of pain threshold was statistically significant. Multiple comparisons of pain threshold between the group1,2 was not statistically significant. Multiple comparisons of pain threshold between the group1,3 and group2,3 was statistically significant. Conclusions: Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture 1.2cc was more effective than 0.4 and 0.8cc.