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This research mainly dealt with sanitation and hygiene related editorials quoted from educational magazines published in Chosun until the Manchurian Incident during the Japanese colonial period. The study revealed that modem Japan became aware of the importance of public sanitation from the late nineteenth century and established modern programs so that schools can comprehensively teach students about sanitation and hygiene so as to enter modern imperial society. Japan particularly introduced and carried out modern physical (gymnastics) education as a means of "complete sanitation and hygiene" to improve students' health. As a result of having two times of war, the Japanese Empire reaffirmed the significance of modem sanitation and hygiene. After colonization of Chosun, Japan organized official educational groups and enlightened the public about sanitation and hygiene through editorials on the educational magazines which the groups had published. In order for schools to promote complete sanitation and hygiene based on modern medicine, Japan actively engaged in suggesting the necessity of physical(gymnastics) education which was critical to human's growth and development. After Japanese Government-General of Korea legislated on school hygiene in 1913, Japanese governments school started hiring school doctors and nurses. They stressed the need of providing sanitation and hygiene education in school to prepare for war in 1910's in advance; highlighted that physical (gymnastics) education should be enforced to help students grow and improve their physical strength from a modern medical point of view. In April, 1919, the Japanese Empire implemented the same instruction to the schools where Chosun people attended. But it was found that the law was not applied well to those schools in effect. The Japanese Empire was seen to proclaim the second educational decree in 1922; proposed international hygienic achievement of the time and comments; enlightened the public by connecting "Fletcherism" of the USA with rice crisis, which was a big social issue back then. In an attempt to complement modern sanitation and hygiene, Japan strongly recommended students appropriate physical gymnastics as the most desirable and complete sanitation method, saying it would help them correct their imbalanced condition-which was found from physical examination - and grow up. They even claimed such an absurd logic that ones whose body did not develop normally tend to become criminals, reflecting the then atmosphere of the society, and considered military gymnastics as one of the most important sanitation and hygiene factors that positively influence growth and development. All the fact that Japan tried hard to apply the practice to students cannot be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the anti-doping policy promoted by the IOC historical sociologically focusing on the period from 1968 to 1999. Public opinion surrounding doping control has emerged as a large amount of drug possession by athletes who had participated in the 1952 Olympics was caught, as well as following the accident where an athlete had died during the competition as a result of doping. From 1960, as many doping cases in sports games were exposed, several international organizations proclaimed fight against doping in order to seek a preventive measure. In 1961, the IOC newly established a medical commission within the organization. It was decided to implement doping control and female sex testing at the same time for all athletes who participated in the 1967 Olympics, and they were implemented from 1968 winter and summer Olympic Games. In 1971, the provisions for the tests were prescribed as mandatory on the IOC charter. From 1989, the OCT system was introduced as a measure to overcome limitations of the detection during competition period. As political problems and limitations emerged, WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) was established in 1999 to professionally manage and push for doping control. Female sex testing policy contributed to preventing males from participating in female competition by deceiving their gender to some extent. However, it was abolished due to strong public condemnation such as women's rights issues, social stigma and pain, and gender discrimination debate. In 1984, a doping control center was established in Korea, which enabled drug use or doping in the sports world to emerge to the surface in our society. Korea Sports Council and KOC articles of association that supervise doping related matters of Korean athletes were revised in 1990. The action of inserting doping related issue in the articles of association was taken 20 years after the start of IOC doping policy. Beginning with two international competitions in the 1980s, Korean athletes experienced doping test directly, yet education about doping was limited. However, some national team level athletes tested positive on the doping test and underwent disciplinary action. In addition, athletic federation or leaders acquiesced athletes doping made secretly; this indicated that South Korea was also not free from doping. It was found that Korea world of sports showed very passive countermeasures and development process.

Background: NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an important enzyme in the metabolism of xenobiotics. NQO1 (609)C --> T (NQO1*2) has been reported to be associated with reduced enzyme activity, benzene-induced hematotoxicity, and acute leukemia. Incidences of multiple myeloma show interethnic variation and exposure to asbestos, petroleum products, and diesel exhaust is a risk factor for multiple myeloma. We studied the associations of NQO1 polymorphism with multiple myeloma risk, stage, and prognostic factors (hemoglobin, calcium, beta(2)-microglobulin, M-protein and creatinine)., Methods: The frequency of NQO1 polymorphism was investigated in 117 myeloma patients and 166 controls. NQO1 genetic polymorphism was determined by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Prognostic factors were obtained from the patients' medical records., Results: The frequencies of the NQO1*1/*1, *1/*2, and *2/*2 genotypes were 31.6%, 63.2%, and 5.1% in the patients, whereas the respective figures in the controls were 31.9%, 48.3%, and 19,9%. The frequency of NQO1*2/*2 was significantly lower in patients than in controls and the odds ratio (OR) was 0.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.68) to NQO1*1/*1 genotype, indicating a decreased risk for multiple myeloma. There were no significant differences in tumor stages and other prognostic factors among NQO1 genotypes., Conclusions: A risk for multiple myeloma decreased in NQO1*2/*2 genotype in Koreans. We report, for the first time, that NQO1 polymorphism is associated with multiple myeloma risk.