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Objective This study aimed to develop and verify an endometriosis self-assessment tool (ESAT). Methods A non-experimental, descriptive, correlational study design was used. Candidate items were developed based on a conceptual framework constructed using the results of in-depth interviews and an integrative literature review. The construct validity of the developed tool was also examined. One-hundred and forty-two participants (117 patients with endometriosis and 25 patients without endometriosis) were included in the validity and reliability tests. The data were collected between August and December 2018. Nomological validity was verified based on significant correlations between the ESAT and the quality-of-life scores. Results A 21-item ESAT was developed, and its construct validity was supported. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the tool consisted of four components (gastrointestinal symptoms, dysmenorrhea, usual symptoms, and the amount and characteristics of menstrual bleeding) with a variance of 61.6%. The variance in quality-of-life scores, as explained by the ESAT scores, was relatively high. Receiver operator characteristics curve analysis indicated that ESAT scores significantly differentiated endometriosis from non-endometriosis with fair discriminatory power at a cut-off score of 50 (sensitivity, 0.76; specificity, 0.72; area under the curve, >0.75; P50 points were more likely to have endometriosis. Thus, the reliability of the ESAT was confirmed. Conclusion The devised tool appears valid and reliable. This tool may allow women to determine their risk of endometriosis by distinguishing between normal and pathological menstruation-related symptoms.

Purpose: The study aimed to translate the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI 32) into Korean, to evaluate the reliability and validity of CSI 32 and short-form (CSI 16, 4) in the Korean context, and to determine a cut-off score for Korean couples. Methods: Korean Versions of the Couple Satisfaction Index (K-CSI) 32 was translated, back-translated, and reviewed by five bilingual experts. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with data from a sample of 218 couples (N = 436) to test construct validity. Validity and reliability were evaluated. The receiver's operating characteristics curve analysis was used to obtain the cut-off score. Results: The construct validities of K-CSI 32, 16, and 4 were verified using one-factor structures. The results of CFA showed a slightly better fit for K-CSI 16 and 4 than for K-CSI 32. Convergent validity was supported by significant positive correlations of K-CSI with Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and Family Relationship Assessment Scale. Moreover, the significant differences in K-CSI between normal and depressive group demonstrated known-group validity. Cut-off scores of 105.5 on K-CSI 32, 50.25 on K-CSI 16, and 13.25 on K-CSI 4 were validated to identify distressed couple relationships. Conclusion: For clinical practice, the reliable and valid K-CSI 32 has the potential to measure changes in couple satisfaction after couple therapy or interventions. Applying K-CSI 32 may facilitate research on couple and family relationships in nursing and contribute to the discussion on the role of couple satisfaction in mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study developed an instrument to evaluate the health empowerment of North Korean women refugees and examined its validity and reliability. Methods: Through literature review and focused group interviews, 66 preliminary items with three constructs, including perceived control, perceived competence, and goal internalization were selected based on Menon's psychological health empowerment model. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 239 North Korean women refugees in the community from August 31 to September 4, 2020. Content, construct, convergent, and discriminative validity were evaluated. Cronbach's α was used to evaluate the reliability of scale. Results: The final instrument consisted of 31 items with three factors that were identified through confirmatory factor analysis. The convergent validity showed that the correlation coefficient was .52 (p < .001), which confirmed the validity of the developed measurement tool. Cronbach's α for all the items was .94, and Cronbach's α for the factors was .76~.91. Conclusion: This health empowerment scale has been developed to include aspects of health empowerment, provide a conceptual framework, and offer objective indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of a health education program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Face Mask Use Scale (K-FMUS) among community- dwelling adults. Methods: The participants of the study were community-dwelling adults in Korea using face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The English FMUS was translated into Korean using forward and backward translation procedures. The construct validity and reliability of the K-FMUS were evaluated using the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and the internal consistency reliability test. Results: The K-FMUS comprised 6 items divided into 2 factors. The variance of the factors was approximately 79.1%, which suggested that the scale indicated the effectiveness of face mask usage. The two factors were labeled as face mask use in society (4 items) and face mask use at home (2 items). Cronbach's α value for the overall scale was .88. Conclusion: The K-FMUS is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to measure face mask usage among community-dwelling adults in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (K-WLEIS). Methods: Data were collected from 360 nursing students using a self reported questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test construct validity. Convergence validity was identified by correlation with communication competency. Item convergent and discriminant validity were also analyzed. Reliability was evaluated internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the eigen values ranged from 1.34 to 5.86 and 73.2% of the total explained variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate model fit indices (χ²/df 1.89, RMSEA .07, GFI .89, CFI .95, and TLI .93) and standardized factor loadings (.48 to .87). The average extracted variances (.71 to .79) and composite reliability (.80 to .87) validated convergence and discriminant validity of the items. Test-retest reliability of intra-class correlation coefficient was .90 and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .88. Conclusion: The K-WLEIS is an appropriate scale for measuring the emotional intelligence of Korean nursing students. Therefore, it is expected that the K-WLEIS will be used for nursing education programs to improve nursing students' emotional intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a new version of Spirituality Assessment Scale (N-SAS) and verify its reliability and validity. Methods: The total of 59 preliminary items for the N-SAS were selected through a literature review, two rounds of experts' content validation, cognitive interviews, and pre-tests. Verification of its reliability and validity was divided into two phases. In Phase I, questionnaires were collected from 219 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, validity with item analysis, and exploratory factor analysis. In Phase II, questionnaires developed based on the results of Phase I were collected from 225 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, validity with confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion validity. Results: The final version of the N-SAS comprised two dimensions (vertical and horizontal), four domains (relationship with God; meaning of life and self-integration; self-transcendence; and relationship with others, neighborhoods, and nature), and 44 items were identified. Total Cronbach's α was .97; those of each subscale ranged from .79 to .98. N-SAS scores were positively correlated with the scores of Howden's Spiritual Assessment Scale (r=.81, p<.001). Conclusion: Findings suggest that the N-SAS can be used to measure spirituality in adults. The use of N-SAS is expected to facilitate perceiving patient's spiritual needs and providing spiritual care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to verify the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Basic Physical Capability Scale (BPCS-K). Methods: The BPCS was translated into Korean using forward and back translations. Data were collected from January 16 to May 10, 2019. The study participants comprised 285 older adults, with 147 recruited from an acute care setting, and 138, who had dementia, were from long-term care facilities. Data analysis included KR-20, intraclass correlation coefficient, independent t-test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, hierarchical multiple regression, and Rasch analysis (item difficulty, infit/outfit, separation index, reliability index, and differential item function analysis), and were conducted using SPSS/WIN 25.0 and R programs. The criterion-related validity was examined using the Barthel Index. Results: The KR-20 reliability coefficient was .93 and the intraclass correlation coefficient for 2-week test-retest reliability was .97. The BPCS-K scores were significantly different compared to the known groups. Moreover, controlling for age, gender, and cognitive status, the Barthel Index score was significantly associated with the BPCS-K scores. Rasch analysis supported good construct validity. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the 16-item BPCS-K is an appropriate instrument to measure basic physical capability in Korean older adults. The BPCS-K can establish individualized physical activity goals for the elderly in a variety of clinical settings and can also serve to measure changes of physical function in physical activity interventions for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a scale measuring the Patient-Centered Nursing Culture (PCNC) and provide a basic tool to improve PCNC in Korea. Methods: A conceptual framework and construct factors were extracted through extensive literature review and in-depth interviews with nursing professionals. In total, 59 items were derived based on the pilot survey. Data were collected from 357 nurses working at general hospitals and analyzed for verifying the reliability and validity of the scale. Results: Nine factors containing 54 items were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis to verify the construct validity. The nine factors were top management leadership, policy and procedure, education and training, middle management leadership, supportive teamwork, nursing workplace environment, professional competence, patient-centered nursing activity, and nurses' values. These items were verified by convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity testing. The internal consistency reliability was acceptable (Cronbach's α=.96). Conclusion: The developed PCNC scale is expected to be used as the tool for the development of theory and improvement of PCNC, the empirical testing for cause and effect of PCNC, the development of interventions, education and training programs for improving PCNC, and indicators for evaluation or accreditation of hospital service quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Clinical Teaching Behavior Inventory (CTBI). Methods: The English CTBI-23 was translated into Korean with forward and backward translation. Survey data were collected from 280 nurses' preceptors at five acute-care hospitals in Korea. Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity were evaluated. Cronbach's α was used to assess reliability. SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 22.0 software was used for data analysis. Results: The CTBI Korean version consists of 22 items in six domains, including being committed to teaching, building a learning atmosphere, using appropriate teaching strategies, guiding inter-professional communication, providing feedback and evaluation, and showing concern and support. One of the items in the CTBI was excluded with a standardized factor loading of less than .05. The confirmatory factor analysis supported good fit and reliable scores for the Korean version of the CTBI model. A six-factor structure was validated (χ² =366.30, p<.001, CMIN/df=2.0, RMSEA=.06, RMR=.03, SRMR=.05, GFI=.90, IFI=.94, TLI=.92, CFI=.94). The criterion validity of the core competency evaluation tool for preceptors was .77 ( p<.001). The Cronbach's α for the overall scale was .93, and the six subscales ranged from .72 to .85. Conclusion: The Korean version CTBI-22 is a valid and reliable instrument for identifying the clinical teaching behaviors of preceptors in Korea. The CTBI-22 also could be used as a guide for the effective teaching behavior of preceptors, which can help new nurses adapt to the practicalities of nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to adapt, modify, and validate the Nursing Anxiety and Self-Confidence with Clinical Decision-Making Scale (NASC-CDM©) for Korean nursing students. Methods: Participants were 183 nursing students with clinical practice experience in two nursing colleges. The construct validity and reliability of the final Korean version of the NASC-CDM© were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and testing of internal consistency reliability. For adaptation and modification, the instrument was translated from English to Korean. Expert review and a cross-sectional survey were used to test the instrument's validity. Results: The Korean version of the NASC-CDM© (KNASC-CDM) was composed of 23 items divided into four dimensions: (i) Listening fully and using resources to gather information; (ii) Using information to see the big picture; (iii) Knowing and acting; and (iv) Seeking information from clinical instructors. The instrument explained 60.1% of the total variance for self-confidence and 63.1% of the variance for anxiety; Cronbach's α was .93 for self-confidence and .95 for anxiety. Conclusion: The KNASC-CDM can be used to identify anxiety and self-confidence in nursing students' clinical decision-making in Korea. However, further research should be done to test this instrument, as it is classified differently from the original NASC-CDM© version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a Self-Management Scale for Hemodialysis Patients on Arteriovenous Fistula (SMHDP) and to verify its validity and reliability. Methods: Items for the preliminary instrument of the SMHDP-scale were created through a literature review and in-depth interviews with hemodialysis patients and hemodialysis unit nurses. A convenient sample was utilized for this study. The questionnaire was distributed to 200 hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula. Content validity, construct validity, criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminative validity were evaluated respectively. Cronbach’s ⍺ was used to evaluate the reliability of the SMHDP-scale. Results: Five factors were identified through factor analysis. The factors included dietary knowledge of hemodialysis (8 items), compliance with hemodialysis (7 items), knowledge of hemodialysis (6 items), dietary compliance of hemodialysis (6 items), and compliance with hemodialysis order (3 items).These five factors explained 58.9% of the total variance. The correlation coefficient between criterion instrument and SMHDP-scale was .66 Reliability analysis showed Cronbach’s ⍺ coefficient was .90. Conclusion: Results show that the SMHDP-scale had good reliability and validity and thus SMHDP-scale may be a useful scale for clinical practices and for research as a measure of self-management of hemodialysis patient on arteriovenous fistula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Diabetes Empowerment Measurement Scale Short Form (DES-SF) for use with diabetic patients in Korea. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was used with 107 participants. Bilingual nursing professionals performed translation and reverse translation. Reliability and validity such as face validity, construct validity, and concurrent validity were conducted. To assess the concurrent validity, the correlation coefficients between the Korean version of the DES-SF and a concurrent scale (Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale, DSES) were calculated. Results: In the explanatory factor analysis, a uni-dimension was proposed, the one factor accounted for 49.4% of total variances. The Korean version of the DES-SF correlated with a concurrent variable such DSES for reliability of the Korean version of the DES-SF, Cronbach's α=.85. Conclusion: The findings show that the Korean version of the DES-SF is reliable and valid for evaluating empowerment in patients with diabetes in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To validate the Korean Version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale for Health professionals (K-JSE-HP) in a sample of Korean nurses. Methods: Internal consistency reliability, construct and criterion validity were calculated using SPSS (22.0) and AMOS (22.0). Data were collected from 253 nurses (230 women, 23 men) working at one university hospital in Seoul, South Korea. Results: The Korean version of JSE-HP showed reliable internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of .89, and .74~.84 for subscales. The model of three subscales for the K-JSE-HP was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (χ²=864.60, Q=6.55, p < .001, CFI=.94, NNFI=.92). Criterion validity compared to the Interpersonal Reaction Index (IRI) showed significant correlation. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the Korean JSE-HP shows satisfactory construct and criterion validity and reliability. It is a useful tool to measure Korean nurses' empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was conducted to test whether Health Communication Assessment Tool (HCAT) developed by Campbell et al. in 2013 can be applied to assess Korean nursing students’ communication skills in simulation education. Methods: The content validity of the Korean version of HCAT (K-HCAT) was evaluated through expert’s assessment and a principal component analysis was conducted for testing construct validity. The convergent validity was tested by measuring relationship between the K-HCAT and those of existing communication assessment tool for standardized patient instruction. The evaluation was done by surveying 154 senior students from four different nursing colleges. Results: The K-HCAT was condensed into 15 items from the original 22 HCAT items. Four factors were extracted from the principal component analysis; factor loadings ranged from .50 to .83; cumulative explained variance was 62.65%. Four factors were entitled as ‘relationship building’, ‘empowering’, ‘empathy/response’, and ‘education/feedback’. Cronbach’s ⍺ for sub-dimensions ranged from .73 to .84. An evaluation of convergent validity showed that the scores of the K-HCAT were moderately correlated with those of an assessment tool for standardized patient instruction. Conclusion: The K-HCAT can be used as an effective tool for assessing nursing students’ communication skills in various kinds of simulation educations Further research is needed to test the consistency of the K-HCAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the Lasater Clinical Judgement Rubric for use with Korean nursing students. Methods: A methodological study was used to validate the rubric developed by Lasater to assess clinical judgment during nursing simulation. Participants were 34 nursing students at K University in Seoul. Between February and May, 2012, analysis was done of 91 video clips recording performance during simulation. Results: Findings showed reliability and validity of the rubric. For internal consistency, Cronbach's a score was .884 and intraclass correlation coefficient was .839, which established reliability. The rubric was validated using the exploratory factor analysis and content validity. The content validity score was 83%, establishing the appropriateness and readiness of the tool. Factor analysis showed that noticing, responding, and reflecting domains had Eigen values of 2.669, 1.991, and 2.912, respectively and were bound, but unlike the original tool in which four factors noticing, interpretation, responding, and reflecting domains were bound. Conclusion: Results of the study indicate that the rubric shows acceptable reliability and validity in Korean nursing students. This evaluation tool for nursing simulation allows nursing faculty to objectively evaluate students' clinical judgment as well as students to reflect on their clinical judgment process during simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of the TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life (TAPQOL) questionnaire for children aged 18-60 months. Methods: The participants were 223 mothers of healthy children from nurseries and kindergartens, and 54 mothers of hospitalized children from a university children's hospital in Korea. Data were collected in 2011. Principal component factor analysis and known-groups method were used to confirm construct validity, and internal consistency was used to determine reliability. Results: According to the factor analysis, 11 factors with an eigenvalue over 1 were extracted, and these factors explained 73.5% of the variance. All dimensions except two had Cronbach's alpha coefficients greater than .7. The mean TAPQOL scores of the hospitalized group were significantly lower than those of the healthy group (p=.001) for all four functions (physical, emotional, social, and cognitive). Conclusions: The TAPQOL showed acceptable validity and reliability, and can be used to measure children's health-related quality of life in Korea, and can be considered for use in other Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of shortened Nursing Decision-Making Instrument developed by Lauri & Salanterä(2002). Methods: The subjects were 247 nurses working in eight hospitals of Korea. Data were collected by questionnaires from June to July, 2012 and were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis for construct validity and Cronbach's ⍺ coefficient for reliability. Results: Factor loadings of the four subscales ranged from .32 to .73. The explained variance from the four factors was 48.54% of the total variance. The factors were named 'implementation of plan, monitoring and evaluation', 'plans of action', 'data collection', and 'data processing and identification'. The first factor consisted of 6 items which explained 13.21% of the total variance and the second factor contained 8 items. The Cronbach's ⍺ coefficients of the four subscales were from .64 to .81. Conclusion: The Korean version of the shortened Nursing Decision-Making Instrument has satisfactory construct validity and reliability. However, that the scores of the analytic items weren't reversed unlike the analysis method of the original tools is the biggest limitation of this study. In addition, based on the fact that there were several discrepancies for item interpretation of Korean comparing to the findings of the instrument development study, repetitive researches would be suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop and test the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Family Management Measure (Korean FaMM) to assess applicability for families with children having chronic illnesses. Methods: The Korean FaMM was articulated through forward-backward translation methods. Internal consistency reliability, construct and criterion validity were calculated using PASW WIN (19.0) and AMOS (20.0). Survey data were collected from 341 mothers of children suffering from chronic disease enrolled in a university hospital in Seoul, South Korea. Results: The Korean version of FaMM showed reliable internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of .69-.91. Factor loadings of the 53 items on the six sub-scales ranged from 0.28-0.84. The model of six subscales for the Korean FaMM was validated by expiratory and confirmatory factor analysis (χ2<.001, RMR<.05, GFI, AGFI, NFI, NNFI>.08). Criterion validity compared to the Parental Stress Index (PSI) showed signifi- cant correlation. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the Korean FaMM showed satisfactory construct and criterion validity and reliability. It is useful to measure Korean family's management style with their children who have a chronic illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aimed to translate the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI 32) into Korean, to evaluate the reliability and validity of CSI 32 and short-form (CSI 16, 4) in the Korean context, and to determine a cut-off score for Korean couples., Methods: Korean Versions of the Couple Satisfaction Index (K-CSI) 32 was translated, back-translated, and reviewed by five bilingual experts. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with data from a sample of 218 couples (N = 436) to test construct validity. Validity and reliability were evaluated. The receiver's operating characteristics curve analysis was used to obtain the cut-off score., Results: The construct validities of K-CSI 32, 16, and 4 were verified using one-factor structures. The results of CFA showed a slightly better fit for K-CSI 16 and 4 than for K-CSI 32. Convergent validity was supported by significant positive correlations of K-CSI with Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and Family Relationship Assessment Scale. Moreover, the significant differences in K-CSI between normal and depressive group demonstrated known-group validity. Cut-off scores of 105.5 on K-CSI 32, 50.25 on K-CSI 16, and 13.25 on K-CSI 4 were validated to identify distressed couple relationships., Conclusion: For clinical practice, the reliable and valid K-CSI 32 has the potential to measure changes in couple satisfaction after couple therapy or interventions. Applying K-CSI 32 may facilitate research on couple and family relationships in nursing and contribute to the discussion on the role of couple satisfaction in mental health., Competing Interests: The authors declared that no conflict of interest., (© 2022 Korean Society of Nursing Science.)

Purpose: This study developed an instrument to evaluate the health empowerment of North Korean women refugees and examined its validity and reliability., Methods: Through literature review and focused group interviews, 66 preliminary items with three constructs, including perceived control, perceived competence, and goal internalization were selected based on Menon's psychological health empowerment model. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 239 North Korean women refugees in the community from August 31 to September 4, 2020. Content, construct, convergent, and discriminative validity were evaluated. Cronbach's α was used to evaluate the reliability of scale., Results: The final instrument consisted of 31 items with three factors that were identified through confirmatory factor analysis. The convergent validity showed that the correlation coefficient was .52 ( p < .001), which confirmed the validity of the developed measurement tool. Cronbach's α for all the items was .94, and Cronbach's α for the factors was .76~.91., Conclusion: This health empowerment scale has been developed to include aspects of health empowerment, provide a conceptual framework, and offer objective indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of a health education program., Competing Interests: The authors declared no conflict of interest., (© 2022 Korean Society of Nursing Science.)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (K-WLEIS)., Methods: Data were collected from 360 nursing students using a self reported questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test construct validity. Convergence validity was identified by correlation with communication competency. Item convergent and discriminant validity were also analyzed. Reliability was evaluated internal consistency and test-retest reliability., Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the eigen values ranged from 1.34 to 5.86 and 73.2% of the total explained variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate model fit indices (χ²/df 1.89, RMSEA .07, GFI .89, CFI .95, and TLI .93) and standardized factor loadings (.48 to .87). The average extracted variances (.71 to .79) and composite reliability (.80 to .87) validated convergence and discriminant validity of the items. Test-retest reliability of intra-class correlation coefficient was .90 and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .88., Conclusion: The K-WLEIS is an appropriate scale for measuring the emotional intelligence of Korean nursing students. Therefore, it is expected that the K-WLEIS will be used for nursing education programs to improve nursing students' emotional intelligence., Competing Interests: The authors declared no conflict of interest., (© 2020 Korean Society of Nursing Science.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a new version of Spirituality Assessment Scale (N-SAS) and verify its reliability and validity., Methods: The total of 59 preliminary items for the N-SAS were selected through a literature review, two rounds of experts' content validation, cognitive interviews, and pre-tests. Verification of its reliability and validity was divided into two phases. In Phase I, questionnaires were collected from 219 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, validity with item analysis, and exploratory factor analysis. In Phase II, questionnaires developed based on the results of Phase I were collected from 225 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, validity with confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion validity., Results: The final version of the N-SAS comprised two dimensions (vertical and horizontal), four domains (relationship with God; meaning of life and self-integration; self-transcendence; and relationship with others, neighborhoods, and nature), and 44 items were identified. Total Cronbach's α was .97; those of each subscale ranged from .79 to .98. N-SAS scores were positively correlated with the scores of Howden's Spiritual Assessment Scale (r=.81, p <.001)., Conclusion: Findings suggest that the N-SAS can be used to measure spirituality in adults. The use of N-SAS is expected to facilitate perceiving patient's spiritual needs and providing spiritual care., Competing Interests: The authors declared no conflict of interest., (© 2020 Korean Society of Nursing Science.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to adapt, modify, and validate the Nursing Anxiety and Self-Confidence with Clinical Decision-Making Scale (NASC-CDM©) for Korean nursing students., Methods: Participants were 183 nursing students with clinical practice experience in two nursing colleges. The construct validity and reliability of the final Korean version of the NASC-CDM© were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and testing of internal consistency reliability. For adaptation and modification, the instrument was translated from English to Korean. Expert review and a cross-sectional survey were used to test the instrument's validity., Results: The Korean version of the NASC-CDM© (KNASC-CDM) was composed of 23 items divided into four dimensions: (i) Listening fully and using resources to gather information; (ii) Using information to see the big picture; (iii) Knowing and acting; and (iv) Seeking information from clinical instructors. The instrument explained 60.1% of the total variance for self-confidence and 63.1% of the variance for anxiety; Cronbach's α was .93 for self-confidence and .95 for anxiety., Conclusion: The KNASC-CDM can be used to identify anxiety and self-confidence in nursing students' clinical decision-making in Korea. However, further research should be done to test this instrument, as it is classified differently from the original NASC-CDM© version., Competing Interests: The authors declared no conflict of interest., (© 2019 Korean Society of Nursing Science.)

Purpose: This study presents methodological research that aimed to verify the content validity, construct validity, reliability, and criterion-related validity of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), originally developed by Milner and then translated into Korean by Ahn., Methods: Data used in this study were collected from 209 mothers of infants, toddlers, and children of preschool age in D metropolitan city. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 24., Results: The Korean version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (K-CAPI) was developed by condensing 44 of the original 77 CAPI items. Four factors of K-CAPI were extracted using principal component analysis. These 4 factors-distress; problems with child, self, family, and others; unhappiness; rigidity-accounted for 54.01% of variance. The Cronbach's ⍺ was .96, the Guttman split-half coefficient was .88, and test-retest reliability was r=.86 ( p <.001)., Conclusion: The results of this study established the reliability and validity of the K-CAPI and found it to be an appropriate tool to evaluate mothers' potential to abuse their children., Competing Interests: No existing or potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2019 Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This methodological study was conducted to develop and psychometrically test the Transcultural Self-efficacy scale (TCSEscale) for nurses., Methods: Initial 41 items for the TCSE-scale were generated based on extensive literature reviews and in-depth interviews with 18 nurses who had experience in caring for foreign patients. Cultural Competence and Confidence model was used as a conceptual framework. Content validity was evaluated by an expert panel. Psychometric testing was performed with a convenience sample of 242 nurses recruited from four general hospitals in the Seoul metropolitan area and Gyeonggi-do province of South Korea. To evaluate the reliability of TCSE-scale, a test-retest reliability and an internal consistency reliability were analyzed. Construct validity, concurrent validity, criterion validity, convergent validity and discriminative validity were used to evaluate the validity., Results: The 25-item TCSE-scale was found to have three subscales-Cognitive, Practical, and Affective domain-explaining 91.5% of the total variance. TCSE-scale also demonstrated a concurrent validity with the Cultural Competence Scale. Criterion-related validity was supported by known-group comparison. Reliability analysis showed an acceptable-to-high Cronbach's alpha-.88 in total, and subscales ranged from .76 to .87. The ICC was .90, indicating that the TCSE-scale has internal consistency and stability of reliability., Conclusion: This preliminary evaluation of the psychometric scale properties demonstrated an acceptable validity and reliability. The TCSE-scale is able to contribute to building up empirical and evidence based on data collection regarding the transcultural self-efficacy of clinical nurses. We suggest further testing of the applicability of TCSE-scale in different settings and community contexts.

Purpose: To validate the Korean Version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale for Health professionals (K-JSE-HP) in a sample of Korean nurses., Methods: Internal consistency reliability, construct and criterion validity were calculated using SPSS (22.0) and AMOS (22.0). Data were collected from 253 nurses (230 women, 23 men) working at one university hospital in Seoul, South Korea., Results: The Korean version of JSE-HP showed reliable internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of .89, and .74~.84 for subscales. The model of three subscales for the K-JSE-HP was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (χ²=864.60, Q=6.55, p<.001, CFI=.94, NNFI=.92). Criterion validity compared to the Interpersonal Reaction Index (IRI) showed significant correlation., Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the Korean JSE-HP shows satisfactory construct and criterion validity and reliability. It is a useful tool to measure Korean nurses' empathy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS-K) to determine its applicability to Korean adults., Methods: Cross-cultural validity was performed according to Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN). The Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 for internal consistency and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability were conducted. Content validity, criterion related validity and construct validity were evaluated. The Classical Test Theory (CTT) model and the Item Response Theory (IRT) model were applied in performing the item analysis., Results: The KR 20 was .71, and the ICC was .90, indicating that the ADKS-K has internal consistency and stability reliability. Thirty items of the ADKS-K had significant Content Validity Ratio (CVR) values, i.e., mean of 0.82 and range of 0.60~1.00. Mean item difficulty and discrimination indices calculated by TestAn program were 0.63 and 0.23, respectively. Mean item difficulty and discrimination indices calculated by BayesiAn program were -0.60 and 0.77, respectively. These tests indicate that ADKS-K has an acceptable level of difficulty and discriminating efficiency., Conclusion: Results suggest that ADKS-K has the potential to be a proper instrument for assessing AD knowledge in Korean adults.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Successful Aging Inventory (SAI-K) to determine its suitability for use with older Korean adults., Methods: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were utilized to assess the factor structure and the construct validity of the SAI-K. First- and second-order Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted to identify the most adequate model. Cronbach's alpha was used to test the reliability., Results: Using a second-order CFA, a four-factor structure was validated (χ²=122.82, p<.001, GFI=.92, AGFI=.88, SRMR=.06 RMSEA=.07, 90% CI=.05-.09, CFI=.93). The four-factor SAI-K showed reliable internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of .86., Conclusion: The four-factor, 13-item SAI-K showed satisfactory reliability and validity and, thus, has the potential to be an appropriate instrument for measuring successful aging in older Korean adults.

Purpose: To develop and test the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Family Management Measure (Korean FaMM) to assess applicability for families with children having chronic illnesses., Methods: The Korean FaMM was articulated through forward-backward translation methods. Internal consistency reliability, construct and criterion validity were calculated using PASW WIN (19.0) and AMOS (20.0). Survey data were collected from 341 mothers of children suffering from chronic disease enrolled in a university hospital in Seoul, South Korea., Results: The Korean version of FaMM showed reliable internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of .69-.91. Factor loadings of the 53 items on the six sub-scales ranged from 0.28-0.84. The model of six subscales for the Korean FaMM was validated by expiratory and confirmatory factor analysis (χ²<.001, RMR<.05, GFI, AGFI, NFI, NNFI>.08). Criterion validity compared to the Parental Stress Index (PSI) showed significant correlation., Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the Korean FaMM showed satisfactory construct and criterion validity and reliability. It is useful to measure Korean family's management style with their children who have a chronic illness.