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Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the issue of Armenia was one that was becoming more and more complicated day after day. The large powers were getting involved in the issue too. At that time, the United States, whose interests in the Middle-East region and the Ottoman Empire were increasing, was following the issue because of its interests and religion. For these reasons, the New York Times paper, the most famous newspaper at that time and that was as an organ of the United States politics, paid a lot of attention to this issue. It published many articles on this issue. Our present research is examining the issue of the Armenians as it was dealt with in the New York Times paper between (1877-1898).

Copyright of International Journal of Kurdish Studies is the property of International Journal of Kurdish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Renaissance and Reform movements that started in Italy in the 15th century affected society and culture from all sides and opened the way for a new era, also called The Enlightenment. The French Revolution in 1789, which was based on the ideas of the intellectual age, brought with it many new intellectual and social changes that affected the neighboring countries and the intellectuals of other peoples as well. Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire would became a meeting ground for the many intellectuals of the many identities. Moreover, with the wind of freedom, equality and fraternity, the ideas of French intellectuals were spreading and were discussed in the Ottoman capital. The last Ottoman period, that is, before the end of the Ottoman Empire, was a new beginning and a time of searching for a destiny for the people under the roof of the Empire. Among those identities, Kurds were represented and Kurdish intellectuals searched out the fate of their peoples at this time. After the First World War, they would tread down the new path they had discovered due to having made progress through mutual acquaintances with intellectuals from different nations. The meeting and acquaintance of French intellectuals with Celadet and Kamiran Bedirkhan in Damascus, the region under the rule of the French State, raised Kurdish intellectuality to another level, which resulted in the publication of Hawar, a literary magazine (1932 to 1935, then from 1941 to 1943). After Hawar, the situation of Kurds, Kurdish literature and Kurdish history gained strength. Through this contact and support studies on Kurds, Kurdish language and culture appeared. After Hawar, Ronahî, Stêr and Roja Nû (the latter one in Beirut) appeared, again thanks to such connections with their help and support. Without the help and support of the French authorities and French élite of that time, such a result would not have been possible. And altogether the way was also paved for the development of a Kurdish Enlightenment. The purpose of the present research paper is to explore the contacts of French intellectuals such as Roger Lescot, Pierre Rondot, and Thomas Bois with the Bedirkhani Brothers through reading the mentioned kurdish magazines and their works; and thus to discuss their role in the development of Kurdish studies and in the Kurdish Enlightenment in that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho (HJUOZ) is the property of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho (HJUOZ) is the property of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mukaddime Journal is the property of Mukaddime Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adequate training data is essential in all supervised learning methods, including deep learning and machine vision. One of the approaches used to increase the number of training examples in deep learning is the "data augmentation" method. This method involves rotation transformation, transitions, and cropping on training images, which leads to an increase in the number of samples, which are different from training data. In this paper, the "style transfer" algorithm is used to increase the number of training samples. The goal in style transfer is to apply the appearance or visual style of one image to another image. In this paper, this method is used to produce new training examples and as an application, the proposed method is applied to the problem of fire detection. Assuming that the training images recorded during the night are less than the samples taken during the day, by applying a style transfer method, the images of the day are converted into night images and added to the data set as training data. The test results show the efficiency of the proposed data augmentation method. On average, the correct detection rate has increased by 7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3D integrated circuit is emerged as a promising solution to integrate very largescale circuits on electronics chips. In such chips, several layers of silicon substrates are stacked which are separated by insulator interfaces. Interconnection between two layers is realized using Through Silicon Via (TSV). Fabrication of TSVs is challenging due to their large size and complex process. Consequently, the number of TSVs should be minimized in the circuit's implementation. The 3D implementation consists of three main steps: Partitioning, Placement, and Routing. In this paper, the first two steps are accomplished using the Simulated Annealing-based optimization approach wherein minimization of the number of TSVs and total wire length are considered the main objectives. In this paper, an improved version of the pathfinder method has been developed which would efficiently generate the necessary interconnections among circuit modules. The results of simulations on MCNC benchmark circuits show that the proposed method outperforms the previous state-of-the-art methods in all aspects. In comparison with FSA, the number of TSVs is reduced by 6.15%, and the algorithm's runtime is decreased by 27.79%. Moreover, in comparison with the hMETIS method, the number of TSVs is reduced by 9.78%, and the algorithm's runtime is decreased by 31.73% . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, to estimate the parameters of a three-phase induction motor, the current measured in one phase and Harris Hawk's optimization algorithm (HHO) as well as the recently introduced improved technique of this algorithm (IHHO) are used. This method includes estimating the electrical equivalent circuit parameters of a three-phase induction motor, including rotor and stator resistance, leakage inductance, magnetizing inductance, as well as mechanical parameters including the moment of inertia and friction coefficient. As three-phase induction motors are widely used in various industries, it is necessary to identify their parameters to implement adjustable speed control systems for such motors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate algorithms to accurately estimate the induction motor parameters. The main inspiration of the proposed method is the behavior of the Harris hawk group in nature. The objective function is defined as the calculation of the least mean squares of the error resulting from the numerical simulation of the dynamic equations of the motor and the measured value of the current of one motor's phase. The proposed method is applied to the dynamic model of a specific motor and the results of the proposed method are compared with other previously published methods. The obtained results demonstrate the remarkable capability of the proposed method and its rapid convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to tackle the identity struggles that are experienced by the women protagonist characters in The Kitchen God’s Wife. The Chinese American novelist Amy Tan uses her childhood memories with a personal background in writing the plot of her novels. She introduces the conflicts and dilemmas that Chinese American families face in the United States, such as identity, culture, and language. In her works, Amy Tan establishes clear connections between the present and past; she depicts how the recent problems in America are connected to the past sufferings in China. In this novel, Tan illustrates the culturally transforming experiences of a Chinese immigrant woman, Jinge Winnie, with her American-born daughter Pearle. This paper implements textual analysis as a research method to explain the identity conflict within the characters. This study discusses Winnie’s past traumatic experiences in China and their role in shaping her identity. Winnie’s identity issues create enormous conflicts with her daughter Pearl. In addition, Tan introduces a feministic struggle over culture and identity between Winnie and Pearl due to their different perspectives on life in the United States. Their quest is for identity and inner –self. The result of this paper shows to what degree the communication between mother-daughter assists in resolving the identity struggles that they experienced throughout their lives to claim their power in the world.

This paper reviews the earliest Kurmanji-Kurdish mawlid written by Mullah Huseynê Bateyi. The Mawlid of Bateyi is very popular among the Kurds as children used to read it in madrasahs after learning how to read the Qur’an. Having served as a source for subsequent mawlids, Bateyi’s Mawlid is recited in special occasions such as celebrations and mournings. This study first provides a definition of the word mawlid. Then, it goes into a brief presentation of the life and work of Bateyi. Finally, this paper analyzes Bateyi’s Mawlid with a particular attention to the following questions: how does Melayê Bateyi praise the Prophet in his Mawlid? What kind of a literary style does he use? What methods and literary arts does he employ? What kind of a linguistic style does he use in penning his work? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho (HJUOZ) is the property of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Self-directed study is a crucial need for learners to emphasize its central role in language education. Fostering and improving students’ ability to take initiative in their learning is considered crucial, for achieving success in both the present and future career. Additionally, recognizing the significance of being open to communication willingness to communicate works as a measure of learning, which can lead to attitudes, among students. This paper aims at finding out the relationship and the effect of learners’ self -directed motivation on willingness to communicate by answering the following questions. Is there any relationship between self-direction and willingness to communicate? Does self -direction have a positive impact on willingness? The paper examines willingness to communicate of 3rd grade students in English Department, from Collage of Basic Education at Salahaddin University –Erbil for the academic year 2022–2023. The participants are (60) students. The paper conducted through quantitative method. The data have been collected by a questionnaire and the tool adopted for analyzing the data is Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). It is concluded that the most common factors that influence on students’ willingness to communicate are motivation, reliance, and anxiety about making mistakes and challenging situations. Another concluding point is that, students were unwilling to utilize only English while expressing an idea or discussing a matter with classmates or teachers. Moreover, Students referred to linguistic factors represented as indicative of their preference in taking more foreign courses and feeling comfortable in the classroom.

This paper delves into a comprehensive investigation of the current situation faced by students with special needs (SSNs) and learning disabilities (LDs) across various educational levels. It aims to shed light on the existing challenges experienced by these learners in primary, secondary, and higher education settings. To ensure the validity of the findings, this study adopts a multi-method approach that combines observation, interviews, and an extensive review of relevant literature in the field. By employing observational techniques, researchers closely observe the daily experiences of SSN students within educational environments. Interviews are conducted with students, teachers, and parents to gain valuable insights into their perspectives and understand the specific difficulties they encounter. In addition, the study thoroughly examines prior scholarly works and research papers related to SSN and LD, enhancing the breadth and depth of the investigation. Upon culmination, this paper presents a set of recommendations directed toward the teaching staff, administrative personnel, and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. These suggestions aim to foster an inclusive and supportive educational ecosystem that caters to the unique needs of SSN students. They encompass strategies for curriculum development, teacher training, classroom accommodations, and administrative policies, which collectively contribute to enhancing the learning experience and overall well-being of SSN learners.

This research paper aims to explore the impact of IFRS 15 on the income statement, and describe the accounting process according to GAAP. To achieve research aims, the financial statements (2019 – 2022) of Al-Khayata Al-Hadytha as a joint firm in Iraqi securities exchange have been used as an apply study, and apply IFRS 15 on its statements, as well as the paper discusses the key principles of IFRS 15 and examines its effects on financial reporting, disclosure requirements, and the potential challenges faced by organizations during the implementation process. The research finds out that the recognition of revenues according to IFRS 15 has positively affected on the accounting process of firms, and leads to enhance of financial reporting quality by using the principles of IFRS.

This paper discusses Sylvia Plath’s feelings towards her patriarchal society. In her poem, Lady Lazarus, she expresses her contempt for the mistreatment she receives from the close male members of her family, her father, and husband. Through the poetic lines in the poem, she illustrates the world that women live within a patriarchal society. This paper justifies her hatred of men that Plath conveys in her poem. Her poetic lines in Lady Lazarus are analyzed to show her inner feelings. The paper also explains Plath’s attitude against this oppression that she suffers from. It explains how Plath employs an example of oppression to blame patriarchy for their actions.

Reformed epistemology, based on the reliability of the functions of cognitive faculties, holds that one can believe in God directly without argument or evidence. Alvin Plantinga, one of the proponents of this view, replaces justification with warrant in the classical definition of knowledge and considers true belief, which has a warrant as knowledge. On this basis, he considers it reasonable to believe in the existence of God because it has a warrant and arises from our healthy cognitive faculties without the need for an independent argument. Some defenders of the cognitive science of religion also seek to provide evidence from cognitive science to explain religious beliefs in such a way as to show that there is a natural mechanism in man to know God. They argue based on this mechanism in favor of the existence of God. Justin Barrett, one of the leading proponents of this view, uses a mental bias called the Hyperactive Agency Detection Device (HADD), which is evolutionarily developed in humans, to explain the process of generating belief in supernatural intentional beings, including God. In recent years, efforts have been made to integrate these two approaches and use the experimental results of cognitive science to validate reformed epistemology. The 2010 joint paper by Barrett and Clark, the former a cognitive scientist and the latter a reformed epistemologist, is a prime example of this effort. Although this paper lists some of the differences between the various perspectives in cognitive sciences of religion and reformed epistemology, its ultimate goal is to show the correlation and convergence of the two approaches. One of the similarities emphasized in this article is related to a particular type of cognitive faculty, called the sense of divinity or Sensues Divintatus, and in both approaches is mentioned by various terms. While acknowledging some similarities between the two theories, the present paper seeks to undermine the view that tries to use the cognitive science of religion as a scientific basis for validating reformed epistemology. This task has been done in this article by pointing out and providing evidence in favor of the fundamental differences between the two theories. In this article, two arguments are presented to show their fundamental differences. The first argument is based on differences in the origins and roots of the two theories. According to this argument, HADD as a cognitive tool in Barrett's theory can be counted as a mediator, proof, or scientific evidence to prove God; while the foundation of reformed epistemology is to put aside these intermediaries and explain the rationality of belief in God, without resorting to an argument. As the scholars of the cognitive science of religion agree, what creates human bias towards intelligent factors is a spandrel or byproduct property that is not adoptive in the human evolutionary process. Some of them consider the generation of this property as the reason for the existence of God, but regardless of whether this argument is true or false, human cognitive biases in this argument are mediations to prove the existence of God. Accordingly, the two theories, despite their apparent similarities, are fundamentally different. The second argument emphasizes the difference in the goals or visions of the two theories. The main concern of the cognitive science of religion, according to Barrett, is how to produce belief; while the main concern of reformed epistemology is the rationality of belief. In fact, by relying on HADD, one can only remark on how a belief is made, regardless of its rationality. However, this does not meet the purpose of reformed epistemology. In reformed epistemology, Plantinga considers belief in God to be a kind of basic belief that we are reasonable to accept. Here, some have said, the belief produced in the evolutionary process can also be reasonable. This claim can be examined in its place, but so far as the ultimate goal of the cognitive science of religion is the explanation of belief production, and it is different from the ultimate goal of the reformed epistemology, that is, the explanation of the rationality of belief, it is sufficient for this article to show their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

يهدف البحث إلى تحديد دور الإيرادات والنفقات العامة في موازنة جمهورية العراق الاتحادية في الحد من الفقر ومعدل البطالة في الفترة (2010-2020 . ولتحقيق هدف البحث تم استخدام أسلوب تحليلي وصفي بالاعتماد على البيانات والأرقام والمعلومات الرسمية والرسوم البيانية المنشورة على مواقع البنك المركزي العراقي ووزارة المالية ووزارة التخطيط العراقية. وقد توصل البحث الى أن الإيرادات من قطاع النفط تمثل أكبر نسبة من إجمالي إيرادات الدولة في الفترة قيد الدراسة (2010-2020) ، وكذلك النمو وعدم التوازن في الإنفاق العام، حيث تمثل النفقات الجارية الحصة الأكبر من الإنفاق العام. مما يعكس طبيعة الإنفاق الرأسمالي وتراجع قيمته، واتضح خلال فترة الدراسة وجود خلل ملحوظ في الموازنة العامة للعراق يتمثل في عجز في معظم الفترات التي تم تحليلها بسبب الحرب مع داعش، تقلبات أسعار النفط وعدم الاستقرار الأمني ​​، وفي الأخير تم التوصل الى نتيجة مفادها إن معدلات البطالة ومؤشرات الفقر ترتبطان بعلاقة عكسية مع النفقات العامة، كون الزيادة في النفقات العامة تؤدي إلى زيادة الاستثمار وبالتالي تخفيض معدلات الفقر والبطالة، وهذا ما يتفق مع فرضية البحث. The research paper concluded that revenues from the oil sector represent the largest percentage of public revenues of the federal state during the research period (2010-2020), and that the increase in public expenditures and their imbalance is that current expenditures represent the highest proportion of public expenditures, which reflects the nature of investment expenditures and their low value. And it became clear during the study period that the general budget of the Republic of Iraq faced a clear imbalance represented by a deficit in most of the study periods due to the wars with ISIS and fluctuations in oil prices. The research paper concluded with many recommendations, the most important of which are: Work to increase the contribution of investment expenditures in the productive fields because of their impact on diversifying the production base as they play an important role in stimulating the national economy and reducing unemployment rates and poverty levels. Work on reforming the tax system from administrative and legislative problems and developing ways to collect taxes. Fighting administrative and financial corruption, as it is one of the biggest problems and dilemmas facing the possibility of improving public revenues in the Iraqi economy.

The current paper aims to investigate university EFL teachers’ classroom management competency. Classroom management is essential for establishing an atmosphere favorable to learning as it comprises the techniques and processes handled by teachers to create an atmosphere that encourages both teaching and learning. The paper focuses on three aspects of classroom management competency, namely establishing rapport with students, managing time, and controlling the class. To bring about the set aims, a 15-item Likert scale questionnaire was administered to a sample of 37 EFL university teachers at the Department of English Language at the University of Zakho, Nawroz University, and University of Duhok during the academic year 2021-2022. The collected data were analyzed using the one-sample t-test on SPSS software. The findings demonstrated that teachers were competent in establishing rapport with students and possessed the competency to manage time effectively and control the class successfully. It is expected that such findings would make EFL teachers insightful to cope and catch up with modern professional teaching competencies.

The paper aims to highlight the developments in the field of accounting standards represented by the development of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS1). The research also attempts to identify the importance and effect of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS1) application on the quality of financial reporting in banks working in Dohuk Governorate. In addition, it demonstrates the impact of (IFRS1) on the objectives and the components of financial statements of these banks. The significance of this paper is to address one of the important and recent topics in the area of international standards, namely standard (IFRS1) and the level of their impact on the quality of financial reporting. The research reached number of conclusions, the most important one: the research illustrated through statistical analysis the possibility of applying international financial reporting standards (IFRS1) in these banks. The application of financial reporting standards will contribute to improving the quality of financial reports so as to reflect the economic reality of the banks under investigation. The study recommended that these banks have to apply international financial reporting standards as they have a positive impact on the quality of financial reporting and its reflection on the decisions of investors.

In Orientalism (1979), one of his most prominent works, Edward Said lays out a critique of the West’s framing and perceptions of the East. It reveals how Eastern communities and individuals are being imagined and reconstructed by the authoritative gaze and ideals of Western imperialism. Said explains how Western writings represent the East as an inferior, the Other which, justifies the European Western power over the East. The depiction of the harem as exotic oriental women is a long-familiar trope found in various Orientalist writings. The paper examines the representations of Oriental women in Frederick Millingen’s Wild Life Among the Koords (1870). The theoretical framework draws on the formulation of the travel writer’s representation of Oriental women in the context of Orientalist discourse and feminist criticism. It explores how the Orientalist constitutes himself and his subjectivity through the agency of desire and supremacy. This paper argues that this is not a question of the other, but rather a question of the Western subject’s views to present his visions of himself within foreign landscapes. Moreover, the detailed description of Oriental women and the depiction of Oriental culture establish modes of reorientation where women are discriminated against and sexualized.

Nowadays, students are required to improve their speaking skill more than any other language skill. Since, speaking skill is difficult to develop in EFL classes teachers need to use effective strategies to teach and assess this skill. A student's ability to speak is determined by their ability to explain something or express themselves verbally. This paper aims at finding out Kurdish instructors ‘perspectives on their role on assessing EFL students in the classroom and the strategies used for assessing speaking in EFL classes. This paper tries to find out an answer to the following question: what is the Instructor’s role in the assessment process? Moreover, what are the strategies for assessing speaking in EFL classes from instructors’ perspective? Furthermore, the paper has been limited to instructors of Cihan University-Erbil and Salahaddin University-Erbil for the academic year 2022-2023. The population was (21) instructors College of Language, Education and Basic Education. The data has been conducted by questionnaire, the Tool adopted for analyzing the data is SPSS. It is concluded that the most common strategies applied by the instructors in assessment of speaking sessions were direct question and answer, interview and storytelling. Moreover, the data analysis presented that the main role that majority of the instructors gave importance to were objective assessment and rubric, taking into consideration the students interest in the topic, and the content of the conversation or discussion in addition to the interaction.

In this paper, the focus is on oral participation during lectures. Oral participation refers to the active engagement of learners in the lecture by speaking, asking, giving comments, and participating in pair or group discussions. The students are supposed to participate and practice the language to improve their speaking skills. The main question in this study is: Why students do not speak and engage during lectures? Hence, the aim of the paper is to find out the factors that affect their performance. In this study, the researcher examined the main reason behind the lack of participation of English Foreign Language students in the English department at Cihan University-Erbil to find solutions for improving their speaking skills. A questionnaire was prepared based on the most common reasons affecting class engagement and it was divided into four sections: Personal factors, the role of the teacher, environmental factors, and linguistic factors. The participants were students at the English department at Cihan University-Erbil. After conducting the questionnaire, the researcher had an interview with the students and their teachers. The results showed that there are many reasons and factors that hinder learners from speaking and turn them into passive listeners. The personal factors and the effect of the teachers were the most prominent factors that had an impact on the learner’s performance.

In most of his fictional works and in the line of his previous experience as a journalist and war reporter, Ernest Hemingway developed writing techniques peculiar to him to be followed by many predecessors after him. Among the well-known techniques are the one, in which he called “the iceberg theory.” The present paper concerns itself with analyzing this literary technique used by Hemingway in “The Old Man and the Sea.” This novella, written in 1952, and awarded Nobel Prize 1954 and Pulitzer Prize 1953, achieved a great success not only in the writer’s career but also in the world of fiction as well. Hemingway’s exceptional use of the iceberg technique renowned the novella among his masterpieces and himself as a world Avant-garde in the fictional sphere. This is due to using a simple economical language. Yet, this simple language is full of symbols, metaphors, similes, allusions, personifications, interior monologues, repetitions, soliloquies, etc. All these devices provide another cognitive approach to this story delivered in a much unsophisticated language. This unique style, though written in prose, once has their sentences broken down they may be read as poetic. The aim of this paper is to trace these elements in a novel approach to reading Hemingway’s this masterpiece.

Lack of coordination between the operation of capacitors and OLTC to voltage control is one of the basic problems in distribution networks, which can cause problems in the control function. In this paper, a new control method is proposed to create coordination between the operation of capacitors and OLTC. The criterion of this coordination is based on fuzzy logic to determine the status of transformer and capacitor function, which reduces unnecessary switching. In this method, the control function is considered with more accuracy such that the quantity of voltage and power factor are set within the range of 0.98 to 1.02 p.u and between 0.95 lag and lead, respectively. Another advantage of the proposed method is that it is automatic and eliminates human resources to adjust the position of the transformer and capacitors. Simulation results are done on the 14-bus network by using two software MATLAB and DIGSILENT, that these results show the accuracy of the proposed method in the desired performance in distribution networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the problem of simultaneous stabilization of a collection of nonlinear systems is proposed by using the Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy modeling and synthesis approach. In practice, due to the uncertainty in the system model, failure modes, or different operating points, we often encounter the problem of simultaneous stabilization. The TS fuzzy model has been considered for the controller design of complex nonlinear systems as it provides a simple and effective concept. This problem refers to the stabilization of some nonlinear systems by utilizing a single nonlinear controller. Both state feedback and output feedback controllers are designed based on the PDC concept and by solving some linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Moreover, to reduce the conservatisms related to using the common Lyapunov function and restrictive equality conditions in the design method, Finsler's lemma has been employed. Finally, three numerical examples are provided to show that the proposed controllers stabilize well-considered nonlinear systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wireless body area network (WBAN) is one of the applications of the Internet of things (IoT) for healthcare, which monitors human physiological parameters. In this paper, a two-objective optimization problem is designed to maximize the sum-throughput and wireless transferred energy simultaneously. The designed one-tier network includes body surface sensors, an implantable sensor, and one coordinator. All of these sensors can harvest energy from the body and radio frequency (RF) signals. A temperature constraint is considered for the implanted sensor due to the sensitivity of internal tissues. Each sensor transmits physiological data to the coordinator in the uplink according to the scheduled time slots obtained by solving the optimization problem. At the beginning of each frame in the downlink, the coordinator transmits a pilot signal to transfer wireless energy and for channel estimation at the sensors. We have used a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture to predict one time step ahead of the channel. Then by interpolation, the channel gains of all time slots of a frame are estimated and the time scheduling of the sensor access to the channel is improved. The simulation results show that the objective function and time scheduling are improved by the proposed algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper examines the interconnectedness of the land and history of the Native Americans as delineated in the poem “A Map to the Next World” (2000) by Joy Harjo (1951-) The poem skillfully comes in the form of an extended metaphor “conceit” as the poet elaborates in describing a map, she plans to draw for the mother land of her nation, the Creek tribe which is one of the main tribes of the indigenous people of America, along with their devastating history. The poem is fertile with signs, symbols, images and metaphors that intensify the deep historical and cultural connotations. Furthermore, this research paper endeavors to answer significant questions like; how does Harjo employs the figure of speech “conceit” in her poem to communicate meanings related to the Native American tragic history and their deep connection to their land. Other important questions, the research paper, seeks to find answers to is how does the poet delineate the devastating impact of modern urban life on the rich heritage of the Creek tribes, and to which extent the poet is successful in adopting the myths of the Native Americans to communicate the core meaning of the poem which is the deep connection between the Native Americans and their mother land. The methodological approach utilized in this research is an in-depth literary analysis. This method dexterously employs close reading strategies of certain lines and stanzas in this poem to probe through their rhetorical aspects and to simultaneously, carefully examine the explicit and implicit historical and cultural references of the poem.

ABSTRACT: This research paper deals with one of the most prominent poems by a modern American poet Theodore Huebner Roethke (1908-1963) and the title of the poem is “The Far Field” (1964). The current paper examines the underlining mystical significance of the images used in Roethke’s “The Far Field.” In this poem, the poet figuratively expresses his spiritual journey to realize God within himself through deep contemplation in nature. Very much similar to the mystic experience of realizing the divine within himself while living in solitude. The discussion explores particular Jungian archetypes in this poem scrutinizing their referentiality both on the aesthetic figurative level of the poem and on the spiritual dimension. For example, Roethke dexterously employs the image of the far field to refer to death but interestingly this far field with which dead animals are strewn about is also a symbol of rebirth where new life is destined to emerge like a garden that decays in September only to flourish back in spring. Thereby, throughout such images drawn from nature, the poet portrays the different stages of spiritual growth he passes through. These stages are; fear of mortality, transcending this fear through realizing the cycle of birth and death which is the reincarnation, and finally the detachment from the physical realism into a union with the divine.

This paper aims at analysing the concept of the sublime, which is a pioneering concept of the English Romantics poetry, in relation to the French revolution in the works of Edmund Burke. Burke, unlike all other thinkers who view sublimity as a delightful and elevating feeling, perceives sublimity as an element of dangerous and terrifying incidents and objects mainly in relation with the great incident of the French Revolution. Hence, the paper concentrates on that essential metamorphosis in the content of the concept from progression to regression in the concept of sublime. Burke himself witnessed the revolution in France and propounded his philosophical viewpoints revolving around the notion of the sublime. He contended that the sublimity is whatsoever that brings about terror or is what terrifies the subjects. From this, he concluded that the French revolution was sublime because it was dangerous and threatened the natural laws and order, religion and God’s genuine sublime, traditions and constitution. In this paper, in addition, his ideas to illustrate sublime will ultimately, to some degree, be evaluated and criticised. The second part will be dedicated to demonstrating the aesthetics nature and aspect of the concept of the sublime. While the third part will display the relation of the concept, the way it is exhibited in chapter two, in relation to the great revolution in France.

This paper addresses the status of the Arabic loan consonants in Central Kurdish (CK). Based on the Arabic loanwords, it assesses different scenarios on how the foreign consonants are adapted. The paper finds out that Arabic loan consonants in CK can be classified into three groups: Consonants that are part of the phonemic inventory of both languages; consonants that are borrowed faithfully, i.e. without adaptation and finally consonants that are not allowed in the phonemic inventory of CK, i.e. require feature adaptation. The paper also makes contribution to the theories of loan adaptation. It shows that neither Phonological Stance Model nor Phonetic Stance Model can account for the way Arabic consonants are (un)adapted in CK. The faithful borrowing of guttural consonants and the adaptation of dental fricatives and emphatics to match the phonemic inventory of CK shows that there are active marking statements that (dis)allow a combination of features that form a segment. Some other factors also play roles in the faithful borrowing of the loan consonants such as frequency of the loanwords with loan phonemes, orthographic input and the sensitivity of the faithful pronunciation of the loanwords such as the loanwords that are proper names. Common proper names with guttural phonemes are borrowed faithfully.

Although much research has been written on the idea of substance abuse in the American theater, this paper presents a new perspective by discussing how the abuser can undergo an identity change. Drug and alcohol addiction is one of the salient themes of twentieth-century American theater. Playwrights like Eugene O’Neill depicted this social problem in their plays by drawing upon their own personal experience in substance abuse. The paper examines alcoholism and drug addiction in O’Neill’s Long Day's Journey into Night. It shows how addicts experience identity change during the course of their addiction. The main argument, in this paper, is based on some sociological research on alcoholism and identity change proposed by Tammy L. Anderson. Identity transformation of the addicts may result from the existence of various personal and environmental factors, which correlate to personal and social identity respectively. These factors will be used in relation to the characters of the play to show how addicts and alcoholics pass through several stages to reach their final identity change. Those characters, by immersing themselves in substance intake, cease to belong to ‘normals’ and in their search for a new identity they liaise with ‘deviants’ where they find affinity. When the curtain is drawn, the addicted characters have already embarked on their journey which will end, both literally and figuratively, in haziness and fog, a strong indication of their loss of sense of existence and self-awareness.

This paper presents an analysis of the novel "The God of the Small Things" written by Arundhati Roy. The primary purpose of this paper is to evaluate the idea of resistance and identity that have been described in the novel by the novelist. It will be demonstrated in this novel that how the resistance against the traditions and norms of post-colonial era is related to the self-realisation. There are different kinds of resistance that have been depicted in the novel at various circumstances. In Postcolonial context identity is a complex concept to be located in just a simple definition or to be investigated throughout a single theoretical approach. Resistance as a concept linked to the identity question. The Novel handles this notion and throughout its plot, besides the burden that is left from the colonial legacy, gender identity comes to the surface. Though women resistance appears as a reaction with identity suppression; yet it is a reflection of self-identification of gender inequality under patriarchal traditions inherited from long dominant masculine power. This paper elaborates on each type of resistance and activism that arises against the feudal and patriarchal forces structured by the economic and politically influential people in the new community as a sample in India after postcolonialism. Consequently, one of the points that the research ends with is that the act of resistance validates the pursuit for self-identity, which is an attempt to renown, reclaim and rename the world.

This paper was dealing with variables for MAS Cement Factory where evince many problems , more than one variable dependent and presence the problem of multicollinearity and so presence the correlation between the predictive variables and the dependent variables and so smallness size the research sample. used the method , Partial Least Squares PLS to Solve the problems above, also considered as one of the methods which dally methodically different in deduction the Components dependent on curing the correlation the presence between the predictive variables and the dependent variables , more over this method is more competence in dealing with the problems above. Through the statistical analysis, the PLS method it has succeeded in establishing the optimal Regression model for all three depended variables for the data of this paper.

As a normative ethics theory, virtue ethics theory can present a criterion for criminalization. The revival of this theory brought about a great new change in new ethics philosophy in the second half of the 20th century. Its effects on criminalization are just like the two sides of a coin. On the one hand, it has the capacity of promoting ethics to reach its climax and even act as a permit for criminal intervention in the internal qualities of the individuals and on the other hand, it can decriminalize most of the vicious actions in order to make citizens virtuous. In the field of the philosophy of the law of virtue, the theory of the ethics of virtue is used for the philosophical justification of criminalization. Therefore, in order to present a virtuous criminal theory, special attention is paid to moral vices. In the theory of virtuous criminalism, we are faced with two main axes: one, flourishing, and the second, vice. The presentation of a legislative theory in the philosophy of virtue-based law takes into account human flourishing. Proponents of liberalism, on the other hand, argue that criminalizing moral depravity violates privacy; while the problem is not simple. For this reason, the criminalization of vicious behavior faces challenges including the threat of self-ownership and the justification of these behaviors from the perspective of the principle of harm. The main question now is, to what extent is the criminalization of moral vices in the context of the theory of self-government? One might also ask how virtuous criminal theory can be justified by a reading of the principle of harm. The present paper has achieved the following approach with a descriptive-analytical method: The criminalization of some moral vices violates the right of citizens to self-government. Therefore, criminalizing these behaviors will not be justified. On the other hand, from the perspective of the theory of virtuous criminalism, moral vice is not a sufficient and even necessary condition for criminalization. For this reason, assuming that the criminalization of a vice is justified on the basis of a reading of the principle of harm, it can not necessarily be claimed that the application of criminal law against this behavior is effective. In addition, the purpose of this study is to explain the limits and challenges of the theory of virtuous criminalism in the context of the theory of self-government and the principle of harm. In addition, in this article, readers are introduced to the concerns of liberals. And they will realize that criminalization in the context of virtue-based philosophy of law does not necessarily violate privacy, that is, we will not face maximum criminalization. In addition to the analysis of the nature of virtue ethics, the present thesis dissertation reviews argumentative methods of virtuous criminalization in the context of virtue-oriented criminal law jurisprudence and criticizes hurdles and methods of creating a liberal approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, human beings have been wishing to improve the genetic composition of their generation and clearing it of some disabilities and defects, and this concern has always been pursued in different ways in different eras. The existence of authoritarian and racist policies and discriminatory methods in the old Eugenics made it easy to rule that it was immoral, but it is somewhat difficult to judge the liberal and new Eugenics because one group, citing the scientific contexts and social contexts resulting from the advances in genetics and the values of liberal societies, dictates its moralization, while the other group, despite these contexts, still retains the relevant ethical challenges. One of these important challenges is the violation of the principle of justice, albeit in a different way than in the past. Injustice in the old Eugenics was discriminatory due to the imposition of a Eugenics program on a particular class, and the manifestation of injustice in the new Eugenics is that by prescribing that its benefits belong to certain classes, it is not possible for the public to benefit from it. The author of this article believes that various ethical challenges still exist in the liberal and modern Eugenics program with a focus on the principle of justice, and the present article seeks to identify, examine and analyze them from a point of view. The findings of this paper are that some of the ethical considerations related to the application of the principle of justice to Eugenics are: 1. Although some solutions may be effective at some level, it is not possible to provide an absolute and general solution for all cases of breeding. 2. Bioethical issues such as Eugenics due to their multifaceted nature, need the consideration of the requirements of various principles and some contextual considerations related to cultural and social conditions and indigenous and regional situations. 3. It is necessary to have appropriate programs to eliminate the factors that incite immoral attitudes and prejudices against the disabled. 4. Despite the context in which it has been made, advocates of liberal Eugenics themselves admit that the challenge of discrimination remains and have an unprecedented impact on genocide and the rise of racism. 5. The well-being of individuals in society depends on the fair distribution of the benefits and resources of Eugenics in a fair social context, and the prescription and distribution of these resources in a society with defective and unjust structures will not have the desired effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the use of ‘dramatic monologue’ and ‘stream of consciousness’ in T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”. It highlights the history of the two terms with references to certain lines of the poem. It unveils the effect of using such a technique by Eliot. The paper investigates how the speaker ‘J. Alfred Prufrock’ is trying to communicate with the reader in dramatic monologue. Furthermore, it examines how J. Alfred Prufrock’s brain and process of thoughts is working through the use of stream of consciousness and interior monologue to achieve such process of thoughts. The paper pays all the attention to main character’s language to answer the research’s question in which makes the paper a discourse analytic research. The main question that the paper raises is how Prufrock’s behavior explains the existence of dramatic monologue within himself. It is worth mentioning that the paper’s conclusion provides the findings of the research.

Believing in the importance of speaking skills as a main key to communicate, this paper examines the advantages of students' classroom presentations develop their speaking skills at Cihan University - Erbil. This study is a descriptive analytical pilot study involving 47 students from The Translation Department. It aims at investigating the outcomes of presentations. A 19-item questionnaire was given to students including three choices. In order to achieve the validity and reliability of the paper, interviews were conducted with four students. The results show that the presentations can develop students' different aspects of speaking skills.

This paper discusses the two concepts of misandry and resistance in two famous poems by Sylvia Plath, namely Mushrooms (1959) and Lady Lazarus (1962). It focuses on the sufferings of women in the distressful life conditions they witness in patriarchal societies. It also reveals men’s perception of women in male-dominated communities and the reaction of women to such perceptions. Through the female speakers of the poems, Plath stands against the patriarchal norms. She expresses her resentment at men’s treatment of women. The paper takes into consideration the critical views of three French feminist–psychoanalytic theorists− Julia Kristeva (1941- ), Helene Cixous (1937- ), and Luce Irigaray (1930- )− to provide a concrete poetic analysis of the two selected poems. In this study, Plath is shown to represent the entire post-WWII female generation. The study sheds light on the domestic environment women were living and how they were oppressed in society by men. It aims to illustrate the obstacles that failed women to speak up and discover their own identity. The study argues that the difficult life women experienced has made them develop the sense of misandry and resist the tyrannical rule of men. The paper covers the two poems in a chronological order: first, Mushrooms, which is normally regarded as Plath’s preparation for the fight against patriarchy, and then, Lady Lazarus, which symbolizes resistance and triumph over the oppressive power of men.

This paper aimed at studying the effect of semantic map (also known as mind map) on the students’ awareness and mastery of new vocabulary on different topics. The study is based on data collected from pre and post-tests administered to a sample of third year students form Dept. of English, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zakho. The study has adopted Gunning strategy (1992) in applying the effect of word mapping on students’ learning vocabularies. The data collected were analysed using Software SPSS. Finally, the paper concluded that such strategy had no effect on the students’ learning vocabulary.

The purpose of this study is to critically analyse and evaluate two selected journal articles. The two articles are research papers in the education field; more specifically both journals are about the usage and implementation of Communicative Language Teaching. For ease of reading, each article is dealt with separately. This paper is to pinpoint their weaknesses and strengths. The two chosen papers are also critiqued from various perspectives such as methods of data collection and analysis, research layout and organization, validity and reliability of the data collected, sampling issue and ethical considerations. Although the titles are very similar, the content was different and the papers are written differently using various instruments for collecting data. This study concluded that both articles to some extend have week points such as the use of instruments and the sampling size which were a very limited size especially in article Y. The ethical issues in both articles to some extend are considered, however, in one of the articles, it is less taken into account.

Copyright of Journal of Oriental Scientific Research / E-Sarkiyat Ilmi Arastirmalar Dergisi is the property of Journal of Oriental Scientific Research / e-Sarkiyat Ilmi Arastirmalar Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the principles of resistance in Gharbi M. Mustafa’s novel titled What Comes with the Dust, Goes with the Wind (2017). It is mainly an attempt to focus on the inner and outer enegertic power to a person in the hard times and shows the major principles of resistance along with its significance for survival This study primarily provides an introduction to the research statement and problem of the study. Concerning the methodology, close reaidng is used as an approach to conduct the study, besides, it further deals with an introduction to the origins of the Yazidi people and religion. The second section of the paper introduces the critical overview, which summarizes the findings of a number of studies related to the sufferings of the Yazidis’ females during their captivity by several researchers. The central section provides the various forms of violence used against the Yazidis’ females and the impact of their wills and power, and their resistance to survive. In addition, the conclusion of the study concludes the findings of the research.

Introduction The dependence of agriculture on environmental conditions has caused the activity in this sector to face natural and unnatural risks. After several years of agricultural insurance activity in Razavi Khorasan province, most of the pistachio farmers are not insured. Drought insurance is one of the methods that has become important to cover the risks of drought and lack of water resources in order to compensate part of the gardeners' losses. The main issue from a managerial perspective is risk management. The use of agricultural insurance, which is one of the risk management tools, will ensure financial security and stability for farmers. Given that insurance is a tool for risk management, and given the uncertainty and risks of climate change in agriculture, insurance can be a very adaptable tool to water scarcity. Agricultural insurance is considered as a useful and appropriate solution to deal with natural hazards. Drought insurance is an important factor in off-farm drought risk management that can mitigate the effects of this inevitable phenomenon. Insurance as one of the risk management tools can increase the risk-taking of farmers and, consequently, increase the sense of security in farmers, the necessary ground for proper and efficient use of factors of production and investment in the use of new technology and thus increase productivity in agriculture provide. The effects of water scarcity can be summarized as follows; Loss of production and income, abandonment of busy crops (with high water demand) and decline in agricultural employment, on the other hand, intensifies the over-exploitation of groundwater aquifers, which has tempted many farmers to do so meet your water needs. Access to water in the study area is one of the important variables affecting pistachio yield and quality as well as the survival of pistachio trees. This variable directly affects the profitability of producers and gardeners may suffer losses from this vital input. For this reason, gardeners' behavior in relation to regular pistachio insurance can affect access to water and make more farmers inclined to drought insurance. Materials and Methods This research seeks to answer the question that with 5% reduction in available water, pistachio growers in Sabzevar city, whether these people are willing to accept pistachio drought insurance or not, and if so, what is the extent of this desire. The Probit pattern is one of the most suitable econometric patterns for censored observations. This model was first proposed by Tobin (1958) to estimate the demand for durable goods. Subsequently, Arab Mazar and Schmidt (1979), Brown and Mufit (1982), Madela and Nelson (1982), and Hard (1975) worked on and developed the model, validating its high capability. This pattern was named by Goldberger (1964) as the Tobit or Probin Tobin model. Assume that y is the level of activity or action desired and xi are factors that generally affect the level of activity or action in question, namely: yi = β' xi + ui Also assume that one group of the observed observations performs the desired activity and the other group (the rest) does not perform the desired activity. As mentioned earlier, the values of xi and yi are visible for the first group. While for the second group only xi values are available and yi values are zero. In Hackmann's proposed two-step method for estimating the Tobit model, it is assumed that one set of variables may influence the decision to participate in the activity and another set of variables may affect the amount of activity performed after the decision is made. Therefore, two different sets of variables can be included in the Probit model, which are not necessarily barriers to aggregation. Therefore, two different sets of variables can be included in the Tobit model, which are not necessarily barriers to aggregation. Because it does not have a one-step model of this flexibility, it assumes that the variables influencing a person's decision to engage in an activity are the same as the variables that determine the amount of activity, if this is not necessarily the case. Hackman's two suggested steps are: Step 1: In the first step, the variables that affect the decision of gardeners in accepting pistachio drought insurance are identified and placed in a model with a binary dependent variable (zeros and ones); This means that the positive values of the dependent variable that indicate the tendency to accept pistachio drought insurance become the number one, and the dependent variable that does not tend to accept the drought insurance is set to zero. The number one means the decision to perform the activity and zero means the non-performance of the activity. At this stage, in order to identify the factors influencing the individual's decision, the Probit Model is used and estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The first step is to create a new variable inverse of the Mills ratio to enter the second step. In other words, this variable is the first and second stage communication bridge. Step 2: In the second stage, the measures affecting the willingness to participate in drought insurance after the decision is made along with the inverse Mills ratio variable are placed in a classical regression model. The dependent variable in the second stage is the amount of garden area likely to be allocated to drought insurance. yi = β' xi + σλ + ui Reasons to use the Tobit model: Many econometric models face two types of errors, either due to the use of specific observation data or due to the structural features of the models: first, the error due to incorrect sample selection, which usually occurs in using classical regression models, and second, the same error Assuming effective variables in the decision stage and the amount of activity performed after the decision is made (decision and action or intention and action), which usually occurs in regression models with binary and multiple responses. The Tobit model has been developed to prevent the occurrence of these two types of errors in studies. The first error is the error of incorrect sample selection; in the sense that in many econometric models, information is obtained only from observations that have acted on the activity and omits observations that have refused to do that activity. Therefore, these models are not able to assess the reaction of observations that did not act on the independent variable changes. Tobit model (type one) solves this problem in terms of observations that have performed the desired activity as well as other observations. Under these conditions, the effect of changes in independent variables on both the total observations and on the observations of the activity can be calculated separately. The second error means that the factors that influence a person's decision to perform an activity are not necessarily the same as the factors that determine the amount and level of activity desired, and can be two different sets of variables. The Tobit model (type two, Hackett or Hackman two-stage) solves this problem by separating the factors influencing the decision and the amount of activity. Results and Discussion The data show that the response of pistachio growers to the reduction of available water in the next 2 and 5 years is that all gardeners will insure their pistachio orchards with a 5% reduction in available water, but in terms of area under cultivation, only 39% Gardeners will increase their arable land in the next 2 years and 33% of gardeners in the next 5 years. The reaction of gardeners who did not have a history of pistachio insurance to accept pistachio insurance and increase or decrease the area under pistachio orchard in exchange for a 5% reduction in available water in the next 2 and 5 years shows that about 51% of gardeners face a 5% reduction in water in 2 And in the next 5 years, they will insure their pistachio orchards, and about 60% of gardeners will increase their cultivation in the next 2 or 5 years in the face of a 5% reduction in available water. The results of the evaluation of gardeners' reaction to the continuation of the horticultural profession in the face of a 5% reduction in available water in the next 2 years will cause 34% of gardeners not to continue this profession and 51% of gardeners will not continue this profession in the next 5 years. In the long run, water shortages can reduce the incentive for gardeners to grow pistachios. The reaction of gardeners to pistachio insurance against the reduction of available water quality shows that only 1.38 percent of the total population in the face of reduced quality of available water reduce the level of their insured garden and about 30% of them faced with declining available water quality, they will increase the level of their insured garden; And the rest of the gardeners (about 68.6%) do not change their insured level in the face of declining water quality. Conclusion According to the obtained information, the variables as gardener's age, ownership, relationship between gardener's field of study and agriculture, location, variety of cultivation, existence of insured pistachio garden in the neighborhood, frequency of risk, total water available to each gardener and garden life of each gardener in the first stage (Probit Model) have positive coefficients; which indicates the positive effect of these variables on the probability of willingness to accept pistachio drought insurance. In the second stage (linear regression), the variables of pistachio horticulture history, frequency of risk, garden life and total number of water hours available to gardeners have positive coefficients, which indicate the positive effect of these variables on the dependent variable of the second stage, is the tendency to accept pistachio drought insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mukaddime Journal is the property of Mukaddime Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article after introducing different deixis, we analyze Kurdish deixis through cognitive semantics. the main focus of the paper is on demonstrative and spatial adverbs among various elements which function as deixis. through this paper we show that the in third person singular pronouns in Kurdish the concept of distance is encoded. far distance encoding is done via the demonstrative /ʔɐw/ if only it is in contrast to the demonstrative /ʔɐm/ in such away that these two are in contrast to each other in an utterance or to be in a question and its answer by the speaker and audience. the only exception is where the speaker is in the figure insead of the ground. distance encoding in four main deixis /ɐmɐ/، /ʔɐwɐ/،/ʔɐmɑnɐ/،/ʔɐwɑnɐ/ are influenced by their derivation of third person singular pronoun and their encoding is the same as the third person singular pronoun. the meaning and range, refered by spatial deixis /ʔɐenɐ/ and /ʔɐeɾɐ/ is not recognized exactly and results in ambiguity which causes a relativity in the boundary. so the boundary intended by the speaker is not exactly what the audience understand and is conveyed via the situation context. furthermore, the speaker's figure when using spatial deixis and the relationship between spatial deixis and motion verbs are probed.

Mula Mahmud Bayazidi (1797-1863) one of the Kurdish authors who has a significant role at the emergence of the Kurmanji Kurdish prose writing. He, who received support from Alexander Jaba the Russian Consul in Erzurum, greatly contributed in Kurmanji Kurdish written literature. With the exception of his “Adat Rosumat-namah Akradi,” and “Forty Tales” and other minor text, no other works of him has been published. Thus, this paper sheds lights on one of his productions about Kurdish language and grammar who he wrote it for the sake of Jaba in 1856. In addition, the whole manuscript along with the correction of one of the Bayazidi’s manuscript, points the mode and the perspectives of Bayazidi towards the Kurdish language and grammar. The core sections of the paper as; The way this manuscript under the impact of Arabic Language, the details related to Kurdish language, the linguistics comparisons of Kurdish and Turkish, merging some of the Central Kurdish (Surani) with Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) words and expressions, to invention of particular linguistic terms and concepts, dialogues for learning language, synonym patterns and parts of speech in Northern Kurmanji Kurdish dialects. The significant of the study is due to correction of this handwriting for the first time and that this manuscript is the first Kurdish grammar publication which broadly talks about morphology, syntax, phonology, and lexicology. Despite the fact, it is the first finalized production in Kurdish language of a handwriting from 170 years ago.

This paper examines Alexander Pope's Memoirs of The Extraordinary Life, Works, and Discoveries of Martinus Scriblerus (1741) with a central focus on portraying the main character as an unconventional physician. Alexander Pope recognizes the existence of two distinctive consciousness; he aims to awaken society from what is perceived as false consciousness through the main character’s different consciousness. The author presents the main character as an unconventional physician who explores the traces of the imposed social and cultural norms behind the physical and mental illnesses that are inflicted on the population in the fictional society in the story. The physician attempts to cure these diseases by rectifying the impact of societal norms on the individual, considering them the leading causes that hinder an individual’s true authenticity. The article attempts to employ a Marxist criticism approach, specifically relying on the Surplus Value theory, to investigate the source of false consciousness that inflicted the society. Moreover, the theory serves to underscore the economic dimension of false consciousness, emphasizing that the distortion of true identity is not merely a cultural or ideological phenomenon but is deeply intertwined with the economic relations within society. By embracing the dominant values and failing to recognize their role as the primary producers of surplus value that perpetuates a system that inherently disadvantages them, Pope aims to awaken the population. The article concludes that the main character, advocating for individual liberation from false consciousness, supports the idea that two distinctive types of consciousness exist. Also, it concludes that the main character, as a holder of class consciousness, emerges as a symbolic dissenter and, through his treatments, rejects the dominant culture, perceiving it to be the reason that hinders the individual’s self-realization and authenticity. Also, it concludes that the main character is involved in a conflict with the broader society, leading him to be isolated and feel a lack of belonging due to his different consciousness.

This study endeavors to investigate the fossilized writing errors of students in the English department at Cihan University, Erbil. Furthermore, the paper seeks to discern the underlying causes for these persistent fossilized forms and outline potential strategies to mitigate them. Twenty-five students were selected from the fourth stage in the English department to partake in three assessments conducted over the course of two semesters. Each assessment required the participants to write essays spanning 120–150 words about any subject. Subsequently, the writing samples from the initial two tests were scrutinized and corrected by the researcher then feedback was given to the students. The researcher categorized errors committed by learners of English based on three aspects; insights gleaned from previous studies, the errors in the tests, and interviews with English language instructors in the English department. The last test aimed to find out the fossilized or the persistent linguistic inaccuracies that continued appearing regardless of correction and feedback. The analysis revealed that students’ writing production is notably influenced by their mother tongue/first language and by faulty learning from the environment.