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This comprehensive analysis delves into the multifaceted evolution of research concerning information and communication technology (ICT) within the dynamic landscape of education. Embracing the meta-analysis methodology, this study embarks on a detailed journey through the corpus of scientific literature devoted to exploring the intricate interplay between ICT and education. Covering a substantial temporal span from 2002 to 2022, this investigation meticulously scrutinises and synthesises a wealth of scholarly contributions, illuminating diverse dimensions of the integration of ICT and its impact in educational settings. The overarching objective is to discern not only the methodological nuances, but also the transformative potential and broader trends that underscore the nexus of ICT and education. With a keen focus on Lithuanian scholarly output, this analysis seeks to unravel the intricate tapestry of research endeavours, shedding light on the methodological paradigms, thematic trajectories, and empirical insights that have shaped the discourse surrounding the role of ICT in education over the past decade. At its core, this study aims to address a constellation of probing questions that lie at the heart of contemporary educational discourse. How has the research methodology pertaining to the application of ICT in education evolved over time? In what specific domains and subdomains of education are the contours of the influence of ICT most discernible, and what emergent themes and focal points have garnered scholarly attention? Furthermore, what demographic cohorts and educational stakeholders emerge as primary subjects of inquiry, and how do researchers navigate the complexities of data collection and analysis in elucidating the nuanced dynamics of ICT integration in educational contexts? Through a judicious blend of quantitative and qualitative analyses, this study embarks on an ambitious journey to unravel the intricate threads of inquiry that animate the discourse surrounding ICT in education. By adopting a mixed-method meta-analytical framework, this investigation offers a panoramic vista that spans thematic, temporal, methodological, and demographic dimensions, thereby affording a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted landscape of the integration of ICT in education. In traversing this expansive terrain of inquiry, this study aspires not only to illuminate the contours of past research endeavours, but also to chart a course for future inquiry and innovation in harnessing the transformative potential of ICT to enrich and enhance educational practices and outcomes. After analysing Lithuanian scientific works related to the application of ICT in the field of education, it is evident that quantitative methodologies are most commonly chosen for empirical research on this topic, while qualitative methodologies are less prevalent. In articles employing quantitative methodologies, prevalent themes relating to ICT include: competency, application, possibilities and experiences, virtual learning environments, users of these environments, development in education, usage habits, attitudes towards ICT tool usage, augmented reality technologies, ICT as a component of learning environments, computer usage at home, and incentive-based encouragement using ICT tools. In articles employing qualitative methodologies, prevalent themes relating to ICT include: values education, opportunities, the internet, incentive-based encouragement, virtual learning environments, cloud computing, and experiences of using ICT in the teaching and learning process. Mixed-methodology articles commonly focus on the pedagogical foundations of educational environments, virtual experiments, the engagement of education participants, skills development, adult education, the personalisation of teaching and learning, e-learning, the educational environment, and increasing motivation. The most frequently studied subjects in these articles are teachers, followed by students, with other participant groups such as education experts and support specialists being less common. Systematising the data collection instruments used in the scientific articles analysed revealed that questionnaires predominated, with interviews being chosen less frequently, and other types of instruments being rare. An analysis of the essential conclusions of the examined scientific articles reveals that positive experiences of using ICT in the field of education are significantly more prevalent than negative experiences.

The aim of the paper is to examine implementation of the laws of the cathedral chapter of the diocese of Samogitia according to the acts of the general sessions of the chapter (for the period from 1613 to 1913). The corpus of the constitutions, or statutes of the chapter was created in 1561–62 by the famous mid-16th century Lithuanian lawyers, Canon Pedro Ruiz de Moros (Petrus Roysius) and Bishop Joannes Domanowski. Despite the fact that already in 1637 Bishop Georgius Tyszkiewicz added some new constitutions (published in the annex of the paper), and there were subsequent attempts to ‘modernize’ the old corpus of the constitutions in the late 18th – early 19th century, the Roysian statutes retained their validity and exceptional authority in the life of the Samogitian cathedral chapter as long as 1925 when the old statutes were fundamentally revised. The constitutions predominantly influenced decisions of the chapter via hearing and memory. Due to the limited copies of the text which had to be not too much multiplicated in order to preserve secrecy, majority of canons were aware of the contents of the constitutions from reading aloud (usually, in fragments than in extenso) during the general sessions of the chapter. Perhaps this could explain occasional cases of erroneous allusion to the text of the constitutions in the decisions of the chapter. In some other cases, aspiration to ground the decisions of the chapter with solid arguments could inspire canons to invoke hardly definable ‘spirit’ (mens) of the constitutions. However, usually the constitutions were quoted correctly; the cases of clear reference to specific articles of the constitutions found in the acts of the general sesssions of the chapter are listed and described in the final part of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Filosofija, Sociologija is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vilnius University Open Series is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper contains an editing of seven documents and letters concerning the tithes from Radziwiłł’s estates near Brest for the Catholic parish church in Čarnaŭčycy and St. Barbara provostry in Brest. Senders were two members of the Radziwiłł family: Mikołaj Krzysztof “The Orphan” and Albrycht Władysław and addresses parish priests and land-stewards. This documents are interesting sources of knowledge about relations between them and landlord’s activity in the field of solutions to the disputes about tithes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The category of the body is the main object of this study. The paper hopes to further examine the “corporal” theme in the research of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania while simultaneously aiming to outline the countours of the concept. Being a legal codex, The First Statute of Lithuania (1529) was chosen as a foundational text for this study since it pertains to various aspects of both public and private life. Albeit not exhausting all possible interpretations, three bodies were examined more closely: that of a nobleman, of the grand duke, and of the state (the Grand Duchy) – each more abstract than the former. First of these can be associated with terms of status and honour, the second functions as if by extensions of ducal officers and medias, while the third is characterized by the matters of indivisibility, inalienation and membership. Moreover, three different properties (or faculties) were attributed to the body: epistemological (via senses and body marking), agential (as a mean to excercise one’s will and freedoms), and individualizing (as in the problem of belonging). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines paleographic specifics of Ruthenian documents of Alexander Jagiellon (1492–1506), Grand Duke of Lithuania. We looked into 17 documents of this ruler, kept in Lithuania and Poland. The examination of Alexander Jagiellon’s Ruthenian documents enabled us to establish the following: 1) the documents were written on two types of material – parchment or paper – using black or brown ink; 2) the documents were authenticated with pendant or applied seals of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, while other means of authentication such as signatures of the ruler or his officials were not detected; 3) individual letters in the texts of the documents are enlarged and/or decorated; 4) in all these documents, the slant of the letters varies (the letters are either vertical or slanted to the left or right); 5) some letters (mostly consonants) are raised above words, even though they make only a small part of all letters in the documents; 6) some words are made shorter by omitting vowels; 7) words are often (but not always) separated by spaces; 8) letters in individual words are almost never connected. The paleographic analysis of Alexander Jagiellon’s Ruthenian documents confirms an idea (expressed in historiography as early as in the last century) of the conditionality of the term “cursive” and manifestation of some traits of semi-uncial in Ruthenian documents of the Chancery of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in the 16th century. The Ruthenian documents of this ruler display features of both cursive and semi-uncial or even uncial. We also attempted to identify individuals (Alexander Jagiellon’s scribes) who could have been responsible for the preparation of documents and documents that could have been written by the same individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to answer a seemingly simple question: did the Dominican church exist in Vilnius during the reign of the Lithuanian grand duke Gediminas (1316–1341)? It is mentioned in a several letters of this ruler that were produced in 1323 and, therefore, the idea that this church was a real thing received wide currency in numerous historiographical works. However, the comprehensible analysis of the contradictory information regarding this subject-matter, and the very absence of its mention in a letter addressed to the Dominicans themselves, allowed the author of this paper to advance a thesis that this church, in all probability and likelihood, did not exist at all. The fact that it was mentioned might be interpreted as an attempt by Gediminas to produce a most positive image of his (pagan) country in the eyes of the intended (Roman Christian) audience. In sum, Gediminas collaborated more closely with the Franciscans, but some Dominican friars also were present at his court in 1323. It would be extremely interesting to know whence they came. However, for the lack of conclusive evidence this question must remain unanswered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems / Problemos is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pedagogy Studies / Pedagogika is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Soter: Journal of Religious Science / Religijos Mokslo Žurnalas is the property of Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Theology-Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Public Security & Public Order / Visuomenes Saugumas ir Viesoji Tvarka is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the application of the CHASING M2 PRO MAX underwater robot for the creation of databases for the technical inspection of the underwater components of water transport vehicles and their infrastructure. The paper defines and analyzes specific areas of application for the underwater robot, detailing the characteristics of its control systems that are essential for efficiently and accurately collecting data on water transport vehicles and underwater port infrastructure. Special attention is given to the operations of the technical inspection process of watercraft and port infrastructure. The study analyzes how this robot can improve the data collection process and inspection efficiency. Finally, the underwater inspection process is modeled, demonstrating how the CHASING M2 PRO MAX can be integrated into existing procedures to optimize data collection and analysis. This research opens new possibilities in the field of water transport safety and infrastructure maintenance, providing valuable insights into the application of underwater robot technologies.

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper explores state sovereignty by developing a systematic framework for categorising states based on their sovereignty status. At the heart of our analysis lies the distinction between sovereign states and satellite states – a distinction that has significant implications for global security, stability, and the balance of power. While sovereign states exercise full autonomy and control over their affairs, satellite states often find themselves in a subordinate position, heavily influenced or even dominated by external powers. A theoretical framework deconstructs the concept of sovereignty into four crucial elements: authority, legitimacy, independence, and territoriality, which provide a structured assessment of the level of sovereignty in a state and serve as the basis for our analysis. To illustrate the application of our framework, we adopt a case study approach focused on Belarus. As a nation situated at the crossroads of Eastern Europe with a history marked by geopolitical contestation and strategic manoeuvring, Belarus provides a compelling context for examining sovereignty dynamics. Through a systematic analysis of Belarus’ political, economic, and military landscape, we seek to assess its sovereignty status within the framework of our analysis. While the topic of Belarus’ sovereignty and integration within Russia has been extensively explored over the years, the innovative contribution of this paper lies in purposefully designed methodology for sovereignty assessment and the use of the latest empirical data while practically applying the model for the case of Belarus.

The subject of this paper is a review of previous research on smart specialization as a concept which is one of the strategies for sustainable development of regions. Innovations are considered as one of the key drivers of growth. Recognition of innovation which was central point of strategy ‘Europe 2020’ where ‘smart specialization’ needs to make possible for the regions and countries pursue those industries in which they hold a comparative advantage and which have basis for further innovations. The main purpose of this paper is defining smart specialization and its role on the regional development. Analysis and comparison of the scientific literature and applications of smart specialization were used as methods for this paper. The main findings of this paper show that the basis of smart specialization are innovation, knowledge and research which are pillars of smart, sustainable development. Smart specialization means identifying the unique characteristics and potential of each country and region, with the aim of achieving competitive advantages and excellence. It also includes strengthening regional innovation systems, increasing knowledge exchange and spillover the benefits of innovation throughout the regional economy. By comparison method of the scientific literature this paper will contribute to the development of theoretical background of smart specialization as a strategic concept formed by a group of European Union experts with the aim of reducing the gap in competitiveness between the European Union and the United States, which arises from the lower economic and technological specialization of European countries, especially at the regional level. Also it will promote smart specialization as a concept that can contribute to strengthening regional innovation policy and regional development.

In an era characterized by increasing demands for transparency and accountability, Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives have emerged as a critical tool for fostering public trust in government institutions. This paper examines the direct impact of the results of OGD on the satisfaction of citizens and the activities of state institutions. The main purpose of this paper is to study whether there is a link between the availability of OGD and institutional trust, and, if so, to establish whether this effect can guarantee the satisfaction of citizens. The study involved a large-scale survey conducted among residents of the Turkestan region. The survey encompassed questions related to trust in various government entities, the usage of OGD, satisfaction with government services, and socio-demographic factors. Data collected from 360 respondents were subjected to rigorous statistical analysis. A substantial positive correlation between OGD availability and usage and citizens’ trust in government institutions, particularly among frequent internet users, was found. Additionally, the study revealed that OGD positively influences citizens’ satisfaction, which, in turn, contributes to increased trust in government. OGD initiatives play a vital role in enhancing trust in government institutions, particularly in digitally connected populations. Recognizing the mediating role of satisfaction presents opportunities for policymakers to refine strategies aimed at delivering higher-quality public services and strengthening democratic processes.

The paper focuses on soldiers enrolled in permanent compulsory initial military service in Lithuania and analyses their service motivation and attitudes to threats to national security. The article identifies the motives for joining permanent compulsory initial military service and highlights the fact that young people’s choice of permanent compulsory initial military service is most often driven by individual motives. In order to compare the results, representative surveys were conducted in 2018 and 2023. The empirical data suggest that the perception of the main threat to national security identified by troops as an economic threat remained unchanged between 2018 and 2023. However, in 2023, soldiers grew somewhat more aware of the threat of military aggression. In 2018, volunteers differed significantly from conscript forces in their determination to engage in national defense. The expected determination to engage in national defense at a time of an increased military threat did not significantly increase in 2023 compared to 2018; moreover, the attitudes of volunteers and conscripts failed to converge. However, 2023 saw a significant increase in conscripts’ service motivation and an improvement in their assessment of the National Defence Volunteer Forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From current cognitive science, some theories propose that the human mind includes two systems: a system leading quick intuitions and a system ruling slow logical reasoning. Given that the systems are in the mind, one might think that their existence is difficult to check. This paper presents a way to gradually confirm the hypothesis about the two systems. It adopts the conception of the two systems as presented by the theory of mental models. Moreover, following Carnap’s proposal of reduction, the paper describes two procedures to incrementally confirm the hypothesis. One of them investigates human performance at inferences in the form of Modus Tollendo Tollens. The other one investigates inferences from an exclusive disjunction having three disjuncts.

The paper explores the relation between a contemporary Aristotelian conception of human flourishing and two critical perspectives on work. The meaningful work perspective inquires what kind of work would be meaningful, by arguing that meaningful work is essential for human flourishing. The post-work perspective argues that good life lies outside work and workplaces and calls to eliminate work as much as possible. The paper suggests that it is possible to acknowledge the insights of both perspectives via contemporary Aristotelian notions of practice and human flourishing. The notion of practice incorporates the conception of meaningful work, yet it applies to nonwork activities as well. Conceptualization of human well-being via the notion of practice also responds to the post-work challenge of conceiving human flourishing without prioritizing work over other meaningful activities. In this way, a contemporary Aristotelian conception of human flourishing supports both the need for better work and less work.

Although there were many disagreements in transatlantic relations before the COVIC-19, the pandemic accelerated tensions in transatlantic relations even more. The inauguration of the new US president Joe Biden, however, has been perceived as a new chapter in transatlantic relations. The paper aims to assess the COVID-19 pandemic implications to transatlantic relations and answer the question of whether the pandemic has strengthened or weakened the transatlantic security community? The paper stems from the idea that transatlantic countries compose a transatlantic security community. It examines the COVID-19 implications to several tiers of features that should be present in every security community: namely, implications to the perception of threats, patterns of communication and policy coordination, as well as to institutional framework. The paper argues that COVID-19 has not transformed the transatlantic security community; however, it highlighted certain problematic aspects of transatlantic relations.

The paper aims to review the history of dialectology at Vilnius University since the establishment of the Department of the Lithuanian Language in 1940. To achieve this, we have set the following objectives: 1) to present the teaching of dialectology, 2) to review the dialect material collection, and 3) to examine existing research. Descriptive, analytical, and evaluative methods are applied in the study. The beginning of dialectological research is associated with the name of Antanas Salys. The works of Aleksas Girdenis and Zigmas Zinkevičius are also discussed in the paper, as well as the teaching of the dialectology subject, methods of collecting dialectological material and directions of dialectological research. The paper distinguishes the paradigms of traditional, structural, and new dialectology dialectology, and examines their methodological similarities and differences. The most important conclusions and summaries of the paper are fundamentally related to dialectological paradigms: in more than eighty years since the first dialectology subject taught at Vilnius University, the understanding of dialectology has changed. The stage of traditional dialectology at the University was extremely important, as it produced the most fundamental works that are still used today. The structural dialectology paradigm and Prof. Girdenis Dialectology School that trained a large group of productively working Lithuanian dialectologists has flourished over the years. Currently, the new paradigm of dialectology is making its way, offering new theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of dialects.

The use of piezoelectric force sensors is well-established in industrial systems and devices, but their adoption in consumer products has been limited due to the high cost of implementation as well as complex peripheral electronics. This paper proposes an alternative approach to force sensing using commonly available piezoelectric buzzer elements, which could potentially reduce the cost of such sensors and promote their integration into consumer products. The paper represents experimental investigations of output characteristics of two different piezoelectric force sensors, which are based on disc-shaped buzzers. The goal of the investigation is to indicate and experimentally confirm electromechanical characteristics of proposed piezoelectric sensors under different sensing and signal management conditions. The results of the investigations showed that piezo buzzers have the potential to serve as cost-effective force sensors in consumer products as well as in different mechatronic systems. Article in English. Pjezoelektrinių jėgos sensorių tyrimas Santrauka Pjezoeletriniai jėgos sensoriai jau seniai yra naudojami industrinėse sistemose ir prietaisuose. Bet šių jutiklių pritaikymas buitinėje technikoje bei kituose plataus vartojimo prietaisuose iki šiol buvo ribotas dėl didelių diegimo kaštų ir sudėtingos periferinės elektronikos, reikalingos pjezoelektrinių jėgos sensorių signalams interpretuoti. Šiame straipsnyje bus nagrinėjamas alternatyvus, plačiai paplitusių pjezogarsiakalbių (angl. piezo buzzer) panaudojimas jėgos matavimams atlikti. Straipsnyje pateikiami eksperimentiniai dviejų skirtingų pjezoelektrinių jėgos jutiklių, pagrįstų disko formos garsiakalbiais, charakteristikų tyrimai. Tyrimo tikslas – parodyti ir eksperimentiškai patvirtinti siūlomų pjezoelektrinių jutiklių elektromechanines charakteristikas skirtingomis matavimo ir signalo valdymo sąlygomis. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad pjezogarsiakalbiai gali būti ekonomiški jėgos jutikliai tiek plataus vartojimo gaminiuose, tiek įvairiose mechatroninėse sistemose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: jėgos jutiklis, jėgos matavimas, pjezoelektrinės medžiagos, disko formos pjezoelektriniai garsiakalbiai.

Indicators that reflect the transition from unemployment to employment are an important element of the monitoring systems of employment services in EU countries. Monitoring employment trends is a complex task that usually goes beyond quantitative parameters. The correct application and interpretation of the indicators is inseparable from contextual phenomena, and the use of comparative analyses at different scales, e.g. time, territory, makes it possible to increase the informativeness of this indicator. The aim of the paper is to identify, on the basis of the available data, the trends in the transition from unemployed to employment at the national and territorial level, and to forecast possible shirt-term development scenarios for the selected jobplacement indicators. The methodological part of the paper assesses the links between unemployment trends and jobplacement indicators. The methodological approach to the assessment of differentiation of jobplacement indices are described there. On the basis of the data from the customer service units of the national Employment Service, an analysis of the spatial distribution of the transition of the registered unemployed to employment was conducted. The forecast of the indicators was based on short-term historical data from the customer service units and economic context variables. In the face of relatively unfavourable forecasts for the EU economic situation, the paper presents the assumptions for changes in the situation on the Lithuanian labour market in the short term.

Systems generating strong magnetic fields are widely used in modern fundamental and applied research as well as in the most innovative industrial processes. These devices generate magnetic fields that reach 5–100 T and the conductors are subjected to a huge Lorentz force, so the conductor material must be extremely strong (UTS ≥ 700 MPa) and have a good specific electrical conductivity (IACS ≥ 60%). Since traditional conductors such as copper, aluminum, gold, and silver cannot withstand such loads, microcomposite materials have been developed that are characterized by such high strength and good specific electrical conductivity. This paper reviews the specific electrical conductivity and specific electrical resistance characteristics of conductor and factors affecting them, methods of measuring these electrical characteristics as well as properties of Cu-Nb18% microcomposite conductor. This paper also describes the methodology for measuring the specific electrical conductivity and specific electrical resistance of the Cu-Nb18% microcomposite conductor solid and with welded joint (welded by using butt welding). The comparison of application possibilities of used methodologies and obtained characteristics was carried out. Article in Lithuanian. Cu-Nb 18 % mikrokompozitinio laidininko ir jo virintinių jungčių elektrinio laidumo ir savitosios elektrinės varžos matavimo ypatumai Santrauka Šiuolaikiniuose fundamentiniuose, taikomuosiuose tyrimuose bei inovatyviausiuose industriniuose procesuose yra plačiai taikomi stiprių magnetinių laukų sistemos. Šie įrenginiai generuoja magnetinius laukus, kurie siekia 5–100 T, o laidininkai yra veikiami didžiulės Lorentzo jėgos, todėl laidininkų medžiaga turi būti itin tvirta (UTS ≥ 700 MPa) ir turėti gerą savitąjį elektrinį laidumą (IACS ≥ 60 %). Kadangi tradiciniai laidininkai tokie kaip varis, aliuminis, auksas, sidabras negali atlaikyti tokių apkrovų, buvo sukurtos mikrokompozitinės medžiagos, kurios pasižymi dideliu stipriu ir turi gerą savitąjį elektrinį laidumą. Šiame darbe apžvelgiamos laidininkų savitojo elektrinio laidumo bei savitosios elektrinės varžos charakteristikos, jiems įtaką darantys veiksniai, šių elektrinių charakteristikų matavimo metodikos, Cu-Nb 18 % mikrokompozitinio laidininko savybės. Taip pat šiame darbe yra aprašomos Cu-Nb 18 % mikrokompozitinio laidininko su virintine jungtimi (pagaminta taikant sandūrinį kontaktinį suvirinimą) ir vientiso Cu-Nb 18 % laidininko savitojo elektrinio laidumo ir savitosios elektrinės varžos matavimo metodikos, atliktas metodikų taikymo galimybių ir gautų charakteristikų palyginimas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: elektrinis laidumas, savitoji elektrinė varža, Cu-Nb mikrokompozitiniai laidininkai, virintinės jungtys, matavimai.

Digitalization and new technologies are now firmly on the agendas of governments worldwide. New technological trends have not only become catalysts for economic development, but are also reshaping how the public sector works and implements its policies. Amid technological transformations, the countries of Central Asia are searching for new ways to adapt to these changes. This paper aims to assess these attempts by exploring the digitalization policies of the five Central Asian countries. By using qualitative methods and expert interviews, the article identifies key limitations and potential areas of development for the Central Asian states regarding digitalization and artificial intelligence. By providing valuable insights, the article contributes to a deeper understanding of the digitalization challenges faced by developing countries. Through the analysis of local expert opinions, the article seeks to contribute valuable insights to the distinct approaches adopted by these countries, thus enriching the understanding of the region’s trajectory in the digital era.

In today’s globalized world, social and labor disputes have become a significant concern for individuals and organizations. This paper aims to explore the prevention and resolution of such conflicts, focusing on both international practices and the specific experience of Kazakhstan. By examining the literature, research methodology, and analytical reports, we will gain insights into effective strategies and approaches to addressing social and labor conflicts. This article is optimized for SEO and provides valuable information for individuals, organizations, and policymakers seeking to navigate the complexities of social and labor disputes. International experience is a valuable source of knowledge and practice for improving government regulation and conflict-prevention mechanisms. The article examines strategic documents and economic indicators based on qualitative research by OECD countries on the prevention of the adverse consequences of social conflicts. The study examines a number strategic documents and programs for conflict prevention and resolution.

The system of risk management in the state bodies of Kazakhstan and many other countries is becoming particularly relevant and scientifically problematic, since the implementation of tasks set in national projects and development plans is often carried out under conditions of uncertainty and a diversity of factors, which can make it difficult to accurately identify and quantify risks for management decision-making. Based on scientific approaches to risk management in the public sector, this paper attempts to investigate the state of readiness of civil servants in Kazakhstan to implement risk management and determine the range of basic competencies of employees and the level of organizational culture, as differences in the culture and structure of organizations can affect the successful implementation of risk management at the level of public administration. The analysis of the above-mentioned problem is based on a quantitative method of scientific research – a survey, which allows us to draw conclusions and generalizations about such a large group of respondents as civil servants in Kazakhstan, consisting of around 70,000 employees. Due to the fact that the survey was conducted using an online platform and was confidential in nature, the results of the study are characterized by representativeness and reliability.

The paper describes a study on the most common English mistakes among Lithuanians in written tasks on the topic of business and finance. The study was conducted with high school students and university students, and the effectiveness of error feedback in reducing the occurrence of errors was also examined by comparing 2 written texts of each participant. Grammatical errors related to the use of articles and punctuation were found to be the most common types of errors, and feedback on errors was found to be an effective tool in increasing learner motivation and understanding, reducing common errors but not reducing the most common types of errors. The research showed that detailed, personalized feedback can help minimize mistakes in writing assignments, especially if it can be accessed during or in between tasks. However, it is uncertain whether this method will have long-lasting benefits or if improvements are dependent on continual feedback reference. Participants were advised to keep their error feedback forms and utilize teachers’ feedback as a constant guide for improvement. We plan to utilize data on frequently occurring errors to conduct additional research on tackling and enhancing language errors that have become ingrained, employing various strategies. Based on the findings, directions for future research were identified. In the future we intend to carry out a study, using controlled texts with a pre-determined number of errors in diagnostic testing. This would allow us to more precisely analyse learners’ improvements in the use of given structures, through a more extensive research.

The paper presents investigations of the mechanical properties of PLA plastic samples produced by a 3D printer under tension. The dependence of the maximum load on the selected 3D printing parameters (infill patterns and infill percentage) is compared. Octet, Zig Zag, Triangles and Grid infill pattern and infill percentage 50% and 90% are used.

The paper focuses on soldiers enrolled in permanent compulsory initial military service in Lithuania and analyses their service motivation and attitudes to threats to national security. The article identifies the motives for joining permanent compulsory initial military service and highlights the fact that young people’s choice of permanent compulsory initial military service is most often driven by individual motives. In order to compare the results, representative surveys were conducted in 2018 and 2023. The empirical data suggest that the perception of the main threat to national security identified by troops as an economic threat remained unchanged between 2018 and 2023. However, in 2023, soldiers grew somewhat more aware of the threat of military aggression. In 2018, volunteers differed significantly from conscript forces in their determination to engage in national defense. The expected determination to engage in national defense at a time of an increased military threat did not significantly increase in 2023 compared to 2018; moreover, the attitudes of volunteers and conscripts failed to converge. However, 2023 saw a significant increase in conscripts’ service motivation and an improvement in their assessment of the National Defence Volunteer Forces.

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This article explores a previously uninvestigated topic: the role of godparents for illegitimate children in the 18th century Vilnius deanery. The research is based on analysing baptism records from parishes within the Vilnius deanery during this period. The study delves into the selection of godparents for illegitimate children, investigating such factors as the number of godparents present at the baptism and whether they acted as spiritual guardians for multiple illegitimate children. Additionally, it examines the social status of the godparents, analyzing surnames, social standing, and place of residence to determine possible kinship, social, and territorial relations with the parents. Furthemore, the paper explores whether relationships between godparents and illegitimate children extended beyond the formal baptism ceremony.

Plastic is increasingly used worldwide and is becoming an essential part of everyday life. There are many scientific articles on recycling or recycling methods for plastics, but so far there are few solutions for the use of the waste generated by plastic de-waste treatment processes. Proper management of plastic waste can reduce the negative impact on the environment and human beings. In this paper, the waste generated during the mechanical processing of plastic is investigated its suitability for biofilter loading. In this way, the amount of plastic waste generated could be reduced and the air could be cleaned from unpleasant odours and other pollutants generated during the treatment of plastic waste. Article in Lithuanian. Plastiko mechaninio apdorojimo atliekų tyrimai ir panaudojimo galimybių analizė Santrauka Plastikas visame pasaulyje naudojamas vis dažniau ir tampa kasdienio gyvenimo dalimi. Yra nemažai mokslinių straipsnių apie plastiko perdirbimą ar perdirbimo būdus, tačiau iki šiol yra nedaug sprendimų, kaip panaudoti plastiko atliekų apdorojimo procesuose susidarančias atliekas. Tinkamai tvarkant plastiko atliekas, galima sumažinti neigiamą poveikį aplinkai ir žmogui. Šiame darbe tiriamos plastiko mechaninio apdorojimo metu susidarančių atliekų savybės ir jų tinkamumas panaudoti kaip oro valymo biofiltro įkrova. Naudojant šias atliekas kaip biofiltro įkrovą, būtų galima mažinti susidarančių plastiko atliekų kiekį ir atsirastų galimybė valyti nemalonius kvapus ir kitus teršalus iš oro, susidarančių plastiko atliekų apdorojimo ar kituose pramonės procesuose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: plastikas, plastiko atliekos, mechaninis apdorojimas, oro valymo biofiltro įkrova.

The introduction of project management is increasingly perceived as a response to the declining performance of governments and ineffective programs. The goal of this article is to identify barriers to the implementation of project management tools in a local government in Kazakhstan and develop solutions for their mitigation. In-depth interviews and document analysis were utilized as research methods. Overall, the adoption of project management was evaluated as poor. The analysis uncovered four major hindering factors. The first barrier was an ineffective change strategy when bringing about this reform. Secondly, it was revealed that real changes in the government’s management approaches were overshadowed by technical aspects of the project management adoption policy. Thirdly, project management methods were not tailored to the specifics of the government. The final obstacle was the ill-conceived distribution of responsibilities among government employees, which caused coordination and interaction issues. This paper contributes to the empirical enhancement of the existing body of knowledge on management reforms in the public sector.

The significance of environmental governance is increasing worldwide, and Georgia is no exception. This article uses wide-ranging sources to provide comprehensive qualitative and quantitative data to discuss the most important aspects of environmental policy directions in Georgia. The results of the study show that: (a) it is crucial to increase public awareness about the importance of climate change and environmental protection; (b) introducing environmental and climate-related goals and objectives and green budgeting principles in national priorities is as important as implementing them effectively into practice; and (c) the practice of regulatory impact assessment needs further development in Georgia, especially in the environment and climate-related areas. Finally, the paper concludes that the lack of historical data is the main limitation for the current research, and proposes that scientific and practical work continues in the future to further explore the relationships between the country’s environmental policies and aspects of sustainable development on both an individual and public level.

Due to the accelerating likelihood of environmental catastrophes which have negative impacts on levels of investment and economic development, particularly along coastal regions and in agricultural sectors, the cost of living is expected to significantly rise throughout the coming decades. In order to make appropriate decisions and implement sensible policy, it is necessary to evaluate the expenses associated with potential natural disasters. The evaluation process will employ national development programs and models for estimating financial losses associated with disasters that have previously been established within the Sendai Framework 2030. Environmental disasters have disproportionate effects on wellbeing and economic opportunities for the people of Azerbaijan. Therefore, it is necessary to implement preemptive protocols to mitigate the negative effects of future disasters. A multidimensional approach is needed when managing potential consequences, especially during the post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation period in the country. Therefore, in this paper, Azerbaijan’s risk profile, procedures for creating a national disaster risk reduction program, and the realization of adaptive actions are discussed.

This paper explores the concept of public value in the context of digital transformation in Kazakhstan’s public administration. It investigates the creation of public value and assesses the outcomes of government digitalization efforts. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, including citizen questionnaires and the analysis of relevant documents. The aim is to not only understand public value creation but also identify the specific dimensions of value in Kazakhstan’s case, filling a gap in the empirical research on public value in Central Asian countries’ digital transformation initiatives.

This article proposes a methodology for comprehensively assessing the level of food security in the regions of Kazakhstan based on three components: physical accessibility, economic accessibility and food safety. A system of indicators and their threshold values are justified for a component-by-component assessment. As a result, a comprehensive assessment of the food security of the regions of Kazakhstan in 2021 is carried out. The paper uses the method of mathematical modeling to assess the food security of the region, which includes the method of logical analysis in the selection of statistical and legal data to ensure the completeness and consistency of their coverage of the studied area. The methods of systematization, comparison, ranking and visualization are used to interpret the results. The information base for the study was the data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper provides an overview of the various sources of air pollution and their impact on the environment and human health, distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic (man-made) sources. The study assessed the environmental impact of these sources – the overall level of air pollution, taking into account the predominant anthropo-genic source, such as emissions from vehicles and industrial activities. The important role of geographic information systems (GIS) in monitoring air pollution, performing spatial data analysis, and identifying pollution hotspots is emphasized. This method proposes to analyze the impact of the air quality result on public health and the environment. The main focus of the study is on the predominant pollutants in the atmosphere such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The object of the study was the Old Town of the city of Vilnius. A calculation model was created in the MatLab environment to determine the pollution. The results reveal trends in environmental indicators. In the Old Town, decreasing pollution levels of PM10 and CO are observed, and NO2 remained relatively constant from 2020 the month of January until 2022 December. The primary importance of environmental monitoring depends on government regulation, technological advancements, and public participation to effectively reduce air pollution and protect the environment. Article in English. Oro taršos šaltiniai ir jų poveikis aplinkai Santrauka Šiame darbe pateikiama įvairių oro taršos šaltinių ir jų poveikio aplinkai ir žmonių sveikatai apžvalga, išskiriant natūralius ir antropogeninius (žmogaus sukurtus) šaltinius. Tyrime įvertinta šių šaltinių įtaka aplinkai – bendras oro taršos lygis, atsižvelgiant į vyraujantį antropogeninį šaltinį, pvz., transporto priemonių išmetamus teršalus ir pramoninės veiklos atliekas. Pabrėžtas svarbus geografinės informacijos sistemų (GIS) vaidmuo stebint oro taršą, atliekant duomenų erdvinę analizę ir nustatant taršos židinius. Šiuo metodu siūloma analizuoti oro kokybės rezultato poveikį visuomenės sveikatai ir aplinkai. Atliekant tyrimą pagrindinis dėmesys skirtas vyraujantiems atmosferoje teršalams, tokiems kaip kietosios dalelės (PM), azoto oksidai (NOx) ir sieros dioksidas (SO2). Tyrimo objektu pasirinktas Vilniaus miesto senamiestis, taršai nustatyti sudarytas skaičiavimo modelis MatLab programos aplinkoje. Rezultatai atskleidžia aplinkosaugos rodiklių tendencijas. Senamiestyje pastebimas mažėjantis PM10 ir CO taršos lygis, o NO2 kiekis nuo 2020 m. sausio mėn. iki 2022 m. gruodžio mėn. išliko gana pastovus. Aplinkos stebėsenos svarba labiausiai priklauso nuo vyriausybės reguliavimo, technologijų pažangos ir visuomenės dalyvavimo siekiant veiksmingai sumažinti oro taršą ir apsaugoti aplinką. Reikšminiai žodžiai: oro tarša, antropogeniniai šaltiniai, kietosios dalelės (PM), azoto oksidas (NOx), sieros dioksidas (SO2), ozonas (O₃), geografinės informacinės sistemos (GIS).

Husserl names the dynamics of cultural objectifications with the term sedimentation, which includes the formulation of the discovered meaning in material sensory expressions and the reactivation of these passively existing meanings. This paper analyzes this concept of sedimentation and places it in the context of Husserl’s thoughts on the crisis of culture. Unlike the usual interpretations of Husserl’s philosophy of culture which state that the crisis of sciences arises from the inadequacy of their ‘scientificity’ and inability to solve the problems of the meaning of life, I argue that the crisis can be understood as the result of the duality of sedimentation. Sedimentations not only preserve knowledge, but also create the illusion that knowledge reproduces itself. When reflecting on the crisis of culture, Husserl turns from theoretical philosophy to practical philosophy.

With its strategic consideration of phenomenal consciousness illusorily seeming to us, illusionism claims to deny phenomenality and thereby obviate the hard problem of consciousness. The problem with illusionism, however, is that, although its thesis appears persuasively simple, it strikes as absurd insofar as the phenomenal illusions themselves also seem as much as phenomenality, keeping no fundamental differences between the two. In short, it reinforces the same phenomenon/issue, i.e., phenomenality, that it claims to deny/avoid. This single absurdity is reflective of its self-refuting nature, and it alone is enough for a rejection of illusionism. However, does illusionism have any reasonable justification to defend itself in the face of the experientially undeniable reality of phenomenal consciousness? This paper attempts to find out if there is any such illusionist justification.

Henri Bergson’s conjectures about the origin of life avoid providing a solution to the problem, and yet he did make some suggestions. A close reading of his texts reveals the philosopher’s implicit assumption of an origin of life on Earth through natural processes. This paper is concerned with the concept of an élan, and focuses on the evolution of this philosophical concept in Bergson’s thought. The argument divides the élan from its constant companion, vital, in order to highlight its non-spiritual aspect which applies to what that Bergson described as “physiological life.” I emphasize that élan has a history, and that there must have been a moment when an élan began. Finally, the argument moves from élan’s history/origin to life’s history/origin.

The aim of the article is to review the development of applied linguistics in Lithuania, analyse the general tendencies of the development of this science, and present the more prominent groups of researchers in applied linguistics, the schools that have been formed or are being formed, and the contribution of some researchers to the research of different branches of applied linguistics. The article focuses on the work started after the restoration of independence of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990, because only from that time onwards did the work of Lithuanian applied linguistics enter the international mainstream of this science. It discusses some of the research and practical work related to the research that helps or has helped in certain periods to solve problems related to language in life. First of all, the article introduces the works on teaching Lithuanian as a foreign language, which are connected with the beginning of applied linguistics in Lithuania, and which have laid the appropriate methodological foundations for the formation of communicative competence, for the development of a new type of textbooks, pedagogical grammars of the Lithuanian language, and for the creation of a system of assessment of competences. After discussing the origins of applied linguistics in Lithuania, the paper discusses the further development of this science. Research in the field of language acquisition, sociolinguistics, language attrition, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics, politeness and impoliteness, corpus and forensic linguistics, and other branches of applied linguistics is presented, and the real-life linguistic issues, analysed by Lithuanian researchers, are highlighted. The final section of the article describes the most important works of dissemination of applied linguistics and presents the research journal Taikomoji kalbotyra (“Applied Linguistics”), the international conferences on applied linguistics that have taken place in Lithuania, and the networks of researchers.

After the restoration of Lithuania’s independence in 1990, non-governmental organizations devoted to the linguistic education, the teaching of the Lithuanian language and its popularisation, and the rights of the state language, that had been active during the interwar period, began to be re-established. The most prominent of the organizations restored were the Lithuanian Language Society and the Union of Teachers of Lithuanian Language and Literature. During the years of the restored independence, various new organizations emerged whose aims and activities had more or less in common with those of the Lithuanian Language Society and the Union of Teachers of the Lithuanian Language and Literature. In 1990, the language popularisation periodical “Gimtoji kalba” [Mother Tongue], which had been established in Kaunas in 1933, was restored. The object of the analysis is the information about the activities of non-governmental language organizations published in the restored periodical. The main focus is on the Lithuanian Language Society, a non-governmental organization that was the editor (1935–1937 in Lithuania, 1958–1968 in the USA) and the publisher (1938–1941 and 1990–1996 in Lithuania) of the “Gimtoji kalba”. The aim of the paper is to highlight and summarise the changes in the goals of the Lithuanian Language Society, the development of its activities, and the search for new forms of activities, as reflected in the publications of “Gimtoji kalba”. Descriptive, analytical and summarizing methods were applied. The analysis of the publications in “Gimtoji kalba” shows that the restored Lithuanian Language Society, which at first based its activity on the experience of the interwar period and the language movement of 1968–1988, contributed to the development of the state language surveillance system. The development of the state language surveillance system has led to a change in the direction of the Society’s activities. While at the beginning of the restoration of independence the focus was on language correctness and its maintenance, over time the Lithuanian Language Society became increasingly oriented towards linguistic education of society and promotion of the Lithuanian language.