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This paper proposes an algorithm to reduce limitations in bandwidth measurements of sampling oscilloscopes then using a swept sine-wave measurement method. The traditional swept sine-wave method allows to measure only magnitude response. Phase response can be computed only if a sampler is a minimal phase circuit. In this paper alternative bandwidth measurement algorithm using the nose-to-nose method with measurements corrections for the non-idle properties of oscilloscope is described. Algorithm includes noise, time base distortions and jitter in measurement signals corrections methods. Proposed algorithm allows to measure phase and magnitude responses when only two similar oscilloscopes and the source of sync pulse are used. Algorithm performs as well as the swept sine-wave method in case when both samplers have the same frequency characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article was prepared on the basis of a paper presented at the scientific conference The Challenges of Changing Society in Criminal Justice, organised by the Mykolas Romeris Law School, Institute of Criminal Law and Process. Commercial secrets are one of the most common ways of protecting, inter alia, both intellectual property objects and commercially valuable information. The moment of commencement of the protection of trade secrets does not relate to the intervention of the authorities or registration. In contrast to patents, the legal regime for trade secrets is more business-aware, de facto requiring no greater requirement than the value of such information to protect trade secrets. Inter alia, these circumstances have led to the widespread use of trade secrets. Trade secrets are governed by the rules of various branches of law: civil (inter alia, labor), administrative and criminal law. Such wide regulation can only be properly applied with a clear distinction between the different types of liability. Unfortunately, Articles 210 and 211 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania are abstract and repeating terms used in other legal acts without qualitatively significant criteria for delimitation. The inadequate legal technique in the area of trade secret protection has resulted in the situation what the application of criminal liability is more dependent on the will of law enforcement officers to qualification like crime or not. Wherefore, it means of criminal law are accordingly superfluous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eduardas Volteris (1856-1941) is one of the first book theorists in the Eastern European region and developer of the most important memory and higher education institutions of independent Lithuania. This article analyzes the early 20th c. phenomenon of the institutionalization of book science. It attempts to answer the question of how Eduardas Volteris contributed to establishing the very first Eastern European societies of book researchers, to consolidating the sciences of bibliography, bibliology and book science within the realm of academia, and to professionalising of book scholarship. The sources for examination of the social aspects of book science are: documents belonging to the Russian Society of Bibliology, which was active in St. Petersburg in 1899-1931, materials in scholarly serial publications on book science of the early 20th c., theoretical papers published by E. Volteris, and the results of the historical studies on the history of European book science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proactive employees are an important part of social capital in modern organizations that operate in a competitive and ever-changing business environment. Proactive behavior (PB) is defined as self-directed and futureoriented actions that are aimed to change the situation, work environment, or oneself (Bindl & Parker, 2010). Proactive workers initiate individual and organizational changes, and they not only respond to work requirements or adapt to environmental conditions (Fritz & Sonnentag, 2009). Therefore, it is important to analyze the work and personal characteristics that may be significant in order to enhance the employees’ PB. The paper presents an empirical study that integrates the theoretical approaches of Proactive Behavior (Parker & Collins, 2010) and Job Demands - Resources (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). It is aimed, first, to examine the links between job demands (pace and amount of work, emotional and mental workload), resources (autonomy and feedback), and work engagement and stress with employee strategic proactive behaviors as well as work and person-environment fit proactive behaviors. Second, to determine the role that work engagement and stress have in the relationships between job characteristics and PB types. A total of 386 employees from various Lithuanian organizations were surveyed online. Sixty one percent of the respondents were female; the average age of the respondents was 34.8 (SD = 11.32) years, with an average of 7.3 (SD = 8.22) years of working experience in their organizations. Twenty one percent of the respondents were first-level managers. Most of the respondents (93.6%) had acquired higher education. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that strategic PB, through engagement as a mediator, was predicted by autonomy, mental workload, and feedback; proactive work behavior was predicted by emotional workload, while mental workload, autonomy, and feedback were related to proactive work behavior through work engagement as a mediator; proactive person-environment fit behavior was predicted only by feedback via work engagement as a mediator. The study has shown that employee PB can be reinforced not only with job resources (autonomy and feedback) but job demands as well (the mental and emotional workload) via the mediative effect of work engagement. Work stress was not related with PB. The practical applications of research findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explain why modern public education initiatives in Lithuania do not deliver on expected results in spite of sufficient investments and government support. The paper focuses on institutional innovation in vocational education - the creation and management of Sectorial Practical Training Centres. Sectoral Practical Training Centres are primarily the instruments of the initial vocational education policy, seeking to improve and adjust the skills of the current and future workforce to the needs of private and public economy sectors. The article is based on proposition that newly created centres would be less exposed to administrative tradition, and should strive to employ modern management ideas, such as transformational leadership and employee empowerment. However, the empirical investigation revealed that there is a big lack of leadership, and managers rely on old-but-good administrative means. The employees stress that there is no support and feedback from management side; staff members do not see prospects for self-realization as well as for creativity and innovations. At the same time, the employees are keen to take more responsibility and to be more engaged in decision-making processes. The article concludes that one of the biggest obstacles for future organizational development is mismatch between current management practices and employees expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage buildings are an important origin of a country's cultural memory, originality, and attractiveness, which motivated cultural growth, economic development, and social employment. However, cultural heritage buildings threaten to decay regarding the contributing poor funding for cultural heritage buildings preservation and maintenance, increasing urbanization changes. The adaptive reuse of cultural heritage buildings is one of the reasons, helping to preserve heritage buildings. This paper submits qualitative and quantitative criteria and subcriteria for the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage buildings. The set of criteria consists of economic, social, environmental, cultural heritage and legal criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the hardest task for a machine is creativity. Computational creativity defines creative task completion for a machine. Three main creative content generation methods are: exploratory, combinatorial and transformational. Video game content can be generated using procedural generation. Computational creativity, procedural generation, and application are explained in this paper. Procedural level generator is used as a base and additional features are built on top of it. The main goal of this research and modification is to increase application creative value, variety and expression. Additional functionality consists of tree and texture generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes an experimental heat pump used for heat recovery in a mechanical room ventilation system. The aim of the work is to examine the operation, control logic of the heat pump and evaluate the possibilities of its operation modes, cycle control by outdoor air temperature. A review of scientific literature and experimental tests of the heat pump were performed to achieve this goal. Tests were performed in three stages, after each stage, according to the results obtained the heat pump stand was improved and experimental modes were adjusted. During the experiment, the tendencies of the heat pump freon and air involved in the heat exchange parameters are analyzed with different combinations of expansion valve positions and compressor power. Knowing these experimental characteristics, the extent to which the combination of these two controls can be used to efficiently control of the heat pump according to the outside air temperature is assessed. Based on the results of the research the heat pump control algorithms (depending on the variable outdoor air temperature) are prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are among the European Union's priorities today. Direct implementation of these priorities is sustainable buildings. This paper analyzes the energy supply of a health resort building with renewable energy sources in the context of the "BREEAM In-Use" sustainability assessment system. The criteria for the "BREEAM In-Use" scoring system are grouped according to the 3E criteria and recommendations are made for the weights of the 3E assessment system criteria. In accordance with the criteria grouping methodology in the article, in the context of 3E criteria, the maximum weight should reach the energy indicator (about 50%), the second most important one is the ecological criterion, and about 16% should only meet the economic criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an experimental study of the influence of heat transfer fluid (HTF) mass flow rate on phase change materials (PCM) behaviour. The experimental study was performed on a specially designed test bench. Research object - PCM based thermal energy storage unit which consists of a stainless steel tank with dual circuit tube-fin copper heat exchanger. The tank (storage volume) was filled with phase change material RT82. The experiment was carried out using three different mass flow rates of HTF: high - 0.25 kg/s, medium - 0.125 kg/s, low - 0.05 kg/s. The analysis showed that in the case of high and medium mass flow rates the melting/solidification process highly depends on the temperature of inlet HTF. Influence of mass flow rate is higher in the case of low mass flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various countries apply different methodology for national critical infrastructure identification. MCDM method TOPSIS is extensively used in different areas of research such as logistics, health. The best alternative is based on all criteria, dependant on their significance. The paper presents the study of multiple criteria decision-making method TOPSIS application for identification of Lithuanian national critical infrastructure. The experiments demonstrate, that use of MCDM ensure better and more stable identification of critical infrastructure resulting in concentrating protection efforts and resources on the most important infrastructure nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the performance analysis of the developed software as a service. In OpenStack cloud infrastructure, the software services for hemodynamic flow modelling and particle technology applications have been developed by using Apache jclouds API. The performance of the hosted cloud infrastructure has been assessed testing virtual memory, CPU, disk IO, network and the developed software services. The measured performance of the virtual OpenStack resources (full XEN virtualization) has been compared with that of the virtual Eucalyptus resources (KVM paravirtualization) and the native hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things collects a variety of sensor data, independently offers problem-solving solutions and allows them to be avoided. In order for these systems to function continuously, it is necessary to apply intelligent information routing algorithms. In order to discover new algorithms for the routing of the Internet of Things, this article reviews bioinspired algorithms, their advantages and disadvantages. We introduce membrane computing, P system and its membrane structure. Paper analyses different types of communication on the Internet of Things and classification of routing algorithms for the Internet of Things communication. The practical application of membrane computing and the possibility of applying membrane computing on the Internet of Things is also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict resolution and leadership is growing research topic in academic literature. The demand of leaders of organizations to manage conflicts requires further analysis of this topic. It is necessary for better understanding of conflict resolution relationship with leadership. Bibliometrical analysis reveals this relationship. The study analyses 526 references collected from the Web of Science database and uses the VOSviewer program to graphically map the material. The bibliometric analysis involves co-occurrence of keywords, co-citation and co-authorship. The results identify the leading trends and development status in terms of impact, main journals, authors, papers, topics and countries. The analysis and graphical presentations are relevant for researchers and practitioners for better understanding of the state of the art of concflict resolution and leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining a competitive edge in today's markets with short product life cycles and competitors quickly copying commercial success ideas is a significant challenge. Service organisations have to look for ways to quickly adapt to environmental changes and offer the most satisfying services to demanding and rushing customers. One of the possible ways to achieve these goals is to apply the principles of modular design to services. Although the modular design is widely used in the production of goods, its applicability to services has not yet been sufficiently researched. There is a lack of consensus on the terms used, there is no clear definition of the modular service system requirements, there are many doubts in the application of quantitative decision methods for modular service system management, and so forth. The article aims to identify the fundamental problems associated with the use of modular design for services. Based on the results of the analysis of the scientific literature, we propose a scheme describing the service system, and identify the important problematic issues related to the application of modular design to services. In this paper, we use methods of systematic analysis, abstraction, synthesis, and critical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the development and the contents of the library of Ignacy Oginski, appointed elder of the Darsūniškis and Vaiguva communities; his collection of books is discussed with an emphasis on how the sense of self as well as geneological and religious identity are expressed. The library of I.Oginski is discussed within the context of the history of his family and closest relatives as well as his connections with the Bernardines of Trakai. The bibliographical and provenance analysis is founded on I. Oginski's books, which are stored in Vilnius University Library (10 specimens); also published at the end of this paper is a list of books bestowed by I. Oginski to the Trakai Bernardine Monastery, which itself was added into the 1787 catalogue of the monastery's library. It was determined that I. Oginski belonged to the third order of the Franciscan tertiaries and was a financial affairs trustee (i.e., a syndic, Lat. Sindicus Apostolicus) of the Trakai Bernardine Monastery, which he, together with his mother Antonina Oginska, had amply sponsored and to which he bequeathed upon death a sum of 7 thousand Lithuanian Zloty. I. Oginski bestowed his personal library, which consisted of 201 volume, to the Bernardines on March 29, 1786 based on a testament written in Kruonis. It contained not only the more traditional printed materials but also some sheet music characteristic of courtly culture, ledgers, and silva rerum manuscripts. Noteworthy is the prayer "On the Appeal for a Fulfilling Life" (Pol. O uproszenie stanu życia przyzwoitego), handwritten by I. Oginski himself. A large part of the library consisted of ascetic lectures, spiritual exercises, and sermons typical of the Bernardine monks, but the collection was not limited in this aspect, as it also had some secular French works from the Enlightenment period and textbooks printed by the publishing house of the Vilnius Piarists. The considerable number of historical works and books containing dedications with references to the merits of the Oginskis to the state and the Church shows that I. Oginski was particularly attentive of his family history. Generally, the library demonstrates quite clearly a promotional-religious aspect of I. Oginski's genealogical sense of self and identity. And here, too, the ascetic literature supplements the data from other sources regarding I. Oginski's piety and his belonging to the tertiary community. The carried out study of I. Oginski's identity and his personal library's development and the relevant associations confirms the available possibilities of using the approaches and methodologies of cultural anthropology and social communication in book science studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to investigate the history of the Cyrillic manuscript transcription of Selenographia (1647), which details Moon observation - the work of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz, 1611-1687). The codex is relevant in two aspects: first, as an example of a late-17th century book, incorporating the characteristics of both a manuscript and a printed publication; and second - as an example of scientific literature in the Commonwealth. Hevelius is a well-known sciencist. The researcher is recognized as the first precise topographer of the Moon. He has composed a catalogue of 1564 stars, discovered four comets, and defined new boundaries of several constellations. In historiography, the manuscript translation of Selenographia has been known since the end of the 19th century. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the transcript was equated to a piece owned by Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich (1661-1682), which was present in his library in 1682. The manuscript has been studied by multiple linguists, astronomers, and museologists from various countries; however, it is still yet to receive attention from Lithuanian scientists. This article aims to clarify the currently available scientific information regarding the manuscript version of J. Hevelius's work Selenographia, which is presently kept in the Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB). This study also seeks to answer the following questions: whether the scientists of the GDL were aware of the piece and its Slavic translation, if there is a possibility that the codex may have belonged to the library of Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich, and what are the history and the lifecycle of the codex. The object of this investigation is a manuscript codex (LMAVB RS F19-318) archived in the LMAVB. A digital copy of an exemplar archived in the Zurich ETH Library was used for comparative analysis. The history of astronomy in 17th century Europe and the GDL, as well as the placement of this work of Hevelius in that history, is shortly discussed and based on a literary analysis. This information was used to evaluate the scientific value of the manuscript codex under investigation and make conclusions regarding any possible demand for the translations of Selenographia in the GDL's scientific environment of that time. Codicological and comparative analyses with the original print enabled to consider the circumstances of the translation and transcription of Selenographia and establish the characteristics of the manuscript codex. It was determined that the text is written in a hybrid Church Slavic language; it is written by several scribes in the Calligraphic Book Font with characteristics of the Chancellerie Font, distinctive to the cursives used in the 17th century in Kiev and Moscow. The transcription of the translation is illustrated with original copper engravings (17 of 140), hand-drawn copies of original drawings (17), and original (3) pictures. The majority of illustrations are missing, some blank gaps meant for tables are present, and several tables have been redacted completely. The contents of Selenographia were adapted to fit the environment of its purchaser: all dedications and celebratory texts dedicated to Hevelius were removed and supplementary texts were eliminated, an original preface created by the translator was added, and only an anonymous "ruler" is mentioned. The transcription of the text was intended to maintain the order of the text and illustrations as well as the exact glosses system present in the margins. All numbers and dates have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet; however a Western year numbering system was maintained, and the surnames of scientists were retained in their original Latin forms; objects named in schemes and diagrams were presented in the Latin alphabet. The coinciding fragments of an extant Selenographia translation (chapters 48, 51, 54, and 55) and texts of the codex kept in the LMAVB archives allow us to conclude that it is a translation made by S. Chizhinski during his service in Posol'skii prikaz (Moscow) in 1678-1681. Based on all the defined characteristics, as well as the unfinished appearance of the book and the variety of paper used, it may be concluded that it is a transcription meant for the diplomatic needs of Posol'skii prikaz rather than for the personal library of the Tsar. Efforts to find any evidence of the discussed Selenographia translation in the history of astronomy and book history in Lithuania were unsuccessful. It was not possible to clarify the history of the function of the codex as well. Nonetheless, the history of this book focuses one's attention to another little-studied topic in Lithuania - the connections of literature and book culture in the 17th century that bridge the GDL and the Tsardom of Russia. To sum up, it may be concluded that access to new archival sources in Russia and Lithuania and a detailed chemical analysis of materials making up the codex (the ink in particular) would affirm or deny the conclusions reached in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the initiative of Duke Nicolaus Christophorus Radziwill the Orphan (1549-1616), Great Marshal of Lithuania (1579-1586) and Voivode of Vilnius (1604-1616), a map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, titled Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae caeterumque regionum illi adiaciencium exacta descriptio..., was printed in 1613 in the printing house of Willem Janszoon (Blaeu), which was famous at that time for the manufacture of globes and wall maps. It was drawn by Hessel Gerritsz (Lat. Gerardus) and prepared by a team of professionals gathered by N. Ch. Radziwill. The written part of the map (which addresses the reader), separately published also in 1613, glued together from three pages, and designated to the buyers of the wall map of the GDL, was prepared by the famous GDL painter Tomasz Makowski (1575-1630). From 1613 to 1631, this map of the GDL functioned only as a wall map. When W. Blaeu began to publish atlases as well, he included the 1613 wall map of the GDL, which was pressed from four copper plates and included a narrow ornamental edging, in his atlas Appendix Theatri A.Ortelii et Atlantis G. Mercatoris. The readers of the atlas could not observe the territory of the GDL in its entirety, as it was depicted in four pages. Thus, already in another edition of the atlas that was published during the same year of 1631, the map of the GDL was changed and its copper plates were reordered: the segment depicting the lower part of the Dnieper was cut away, and the whole ornamental edging of the map was discarded. Two maps then took shape: one of the GDL's territory, glued together from four disproportionate plates, and one depicting the lower part of the Dnieper, glued together from two plates. Such a large map of the GDL's territory (73 × 75 cm) was collapsible and would be included in Blaeu's atlases near a written piece on Lithuania in the editions of 1631, 1634-1649, and even in one that was published in c. 1670. This map, unconventional for usage in atlases (as it was not bound), was replaced in 1649 by another map made on the basis of the original 1613 variant by W. Blaeu's son, Joan. This particular specimen was a smallerscale version of the GDL's map and was oriented toward the west, not the north. However, as Blaeu's printing house began to include the 1613 map of the GDL in its atlases, this does not mean that it had also stopped publishing it as a wall map - the buyer could have it made in the same printing shop and purchase, for example, a wide ornamental edging as a supplement to their order (e.g., the specimen belonging to the Uppsala University Library). Only two copies of this 1613 wall map of the GDL are extant, and these can be found in the Uppsala University Library and the Herzogin Anna Amalia Library in Weimar. These specimens are unique in that they allow us to see how an authentic 1613 wall map of the GDL looks like, together with T. Makowski's text about Lithuania, also marked by a 1613 date. Knowing the history of how the copper plates of this map were used, we may state that the Weimar copy is of earlier origin than the one housed in Uppsala (at least by one year within the 1631 period). This article examines the 1613 map of the GDL from the perspective of book science - we provide an analysis of the publications devoted to the 1613 map of the GDL based on the aspect of how it was published. An all-encompassing historiographical study of the 1613 GDL map is not the goal of the present paper. By chronologically analyzing the works of Lithuanian and foreign authors in an historiographical retrospective, it is emphasized how the various authors writing about this map chose to consider its bibliographical information, how did the perspective regarding the structure of this map shift, etc. An historiographical analysis of the publications on the 1613 map of the GDL has demonstrated that the formal aspects of the map's origins (what kind of copper plates were prepared for the wall map, of what structure was the map used by William Janszoon Blaeu in the atlases of his printing house and how exactly was it used, etc.) are important in attempting to discern how its functioning had developed over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing on the application of 6 Sigma this paper analyses the process of human resource management in Vilnius city municipality administration. With increasing requirements to servants and employees of publ ic institutions, the main attention should focus on unnecessary activities and the elimination of wastes. The purpose of article is to analyze the process of human resource management and to identify the criteria which would improve the management of human resources. According to the scientific literature analysis and qualitative research results of Vilnius City Municipality Administration, the article introduces wastes of the human resources management process and gives practical suggestions - how to improve the process of human resources management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirituality is a basic human drive with diverse forms of expression that make for unique patterns of thinking consonant with an advanced level of cognition and integration of information. The paper features the Humanistic Spirituality Model, which captures the essential dimensions of humanistic spirituality through three components: self-actualisation, transcendence and ultimate meaning in life. The Humanistic Spirituality Inventory (HSI), a measure of spirituality developed on the basis of the Humanistic Spirituality Model, contains three scales corresponding to the three model components. According to the results of the HSI validation study (N = 331), the instrument has good psychometric properties, i.e. adequate content and construct validity as well as satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities, which makes it a proper spirituality research measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies researching the relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy produce ambiguous results. According to some researchers, the relationship is positive, according to others - negative, and still others claim that there is no relationship between the two. This suggests that the actual relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy might be moderated by a third variable. In this paper, time management was chosen as a potential candidate for such moderation. Thus the aim of this study is to asses the relationship between self-efficacy, procrastination and time management in an academic environment. The Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS) was used for measuring the academic procrastination, while the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was utilised to measure the academic self-efficacy and academic time management. Survey participants consisted of individuals studying at the following universities: Vilnius University, Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos University, Mykolas Romeris University and Lietuvos Edukologijos University. In total, 153 students (88 women, 63 men and 2 unspecified) were surveyed using the paper and pencil method. Participants were selected using the convenience sampling strategy. The average age of participants was 20.2 years (SD = 1.21). The methodology of this study consists of a correlation analysis and a moderation analysis. The results suggest that the relationship between academic procrastination and academic self-efficacy is moderated by the skills of academic time management. Among the students with high time management, the score of increasing self-efficacy corresponded with decreasing procrastination. On the opposite, students with low self-efficacy showed a different trend: with an increase in time management, procrastination was decreasing at first; yet later it began increasing. In general, the level of procrastination is lower when both self-efficacy and time management are high. The sample used in this study was quite homogeneous; therefore, the obtained results should be interpreted with some caution. Future work could be focused on repeating the same study using a more representative sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The act of mentalisation refers to the capacity of understanding oneself and others in terms of intentional mental states (feelings, beliefs, intentions, and desires). Different definitions of this capacity for understanding mental states - such as theory of mind or reflective function - can be found in scientific literature along with subtle differences in conceptualisations of its development. Nevertheless, an increasing interest in interpersonal factors of development in mentalisation can be observed lately. One of the approaches in understanding the development of mentalisation is suggested by Fonagy and colleagues (1991, 2004), according to who the parent-child attachment and parental mentalisation are seen as key factors in the development of a mentalising capacity in children. Of these relationships, the ones in early development are discussed more widely. Much less is known theoretically and empirically about the relationships between parental mentalisation, a child's attachment and mentalisation in middle childhood and adolescence. During these stages of development, important changes take place in the attachment system as well as within behaviors and needs of a child, including a move towards more integrated attachment representations together with socio-cognitive developmental changes related to puberty. It is not clear if parental mentalisation and a child's attachment security remain of the same importance as they are in early childhood to the development and manifestation of child's mentalisation from middle childhood to adolescence. Within this context, the aim of this paper is to analyse and reveal the most important empirical findings related to the research of mentalisation in childhood and adolescence. In this way, we aim to highlight and critically evaluate certain theoretical assumptions about the mentalisation of parents and a child's attachment security as factors of a child's mentalisation development. In this context, the aim of this paper is to analyze and to reveal the most important empirical findings related to the study of mentalisation in childhood and adolescence. An analysis of empirical studies showed that good parental mentalisation is important for attachment security and acquisition of theory of mind in early development. Data also reveals the importance of maternal reflective functioning for the development of organised attachment strategies. Moreover, poor maternal reflective functioning was related with disorganised attachment, which, according to different studies, was related to poorer mentalisation in early and in later development. Even though links between attachment security and mentalisation remain significant in middle childhood and adolescence, research findings indicate different relationships between strategies of attachment and mentalisation. It might be that not the attachment security itself, but the organisation of attachment representations might be an important condition for the development of mentalisation. Research findings show that maternal mentalisation remains important for the mentalisation of a child. On the other hand, there is still a lack of empirical data which could provide an opportunity to explain the mechanisms of how these processes interact in later development. An analysis of existing studies allows us to state that the approach-proposed development of mentalisation proposed by Fonagy and colleagues can partly be transferred to middle childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of analysing the possibilities of disseminating the results of scientific activity and deals with building a digital researcher identity, enhancing it by Web 2.0 tools and using academic library services. This research concludes the following tools for building up a researcher's digital identity: publishing personal Curriculum Vitae and a list of scientific papers supported by indicators of science-metrics and the use of social networks and other Web 2.0 related tools; results of web search on a researcher's scientific activity. The analysis of previous research works and case study were applied to determine the scope of application and the key problems arising from these tools in both Lithuania and on the international level. Alternative aspects of research dissemination are considered together with the traditional methods of research evaluation to achieve a better valorisation of scientific results and gain better recognition both on researcher's personal and institutional levels. These aspects include researcher's personal involvement into social scientific networks, active dissemination of daily and scientific information in the Web, institutional and national interest to the development of researcher databases, international cooperation for building, transferring and publicising lists of scientific papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the criteria of impact that is caused by urban brownfields in cities. Authors have selected 18 most frequently mentioned indicators in the scientific literature and those which were evaluated by Lithuanian experts in previous studies. These indicators are structured by type of impact when applying correlation analysis. Author succesfully identified the relationship of reasons-consequences between distribution of urban brownfields and it‘s impact on Vilnius city and inhabitants. The research revealed strong and heterogenous interaction between distribution urban brownfields distribution and urban brownfields effect on difference function areas. The results of paper research enable to plan priorities in preparing documents of city planning on different scales and levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The governmental promotion of culture philanthropy as a significant issue in culture policy is widely discussed in scientific literature. Many authors (Sulek 2010, Payton, 2000, etc.) argue that, though philanthropy concept has antique origins, at present still there is no comprehensive perception of its full meaning and no well-thought-out definition exists, thus, it is not astonishing that understanding of philanthropy is pretty much embedded in social, cultural and political settings. Culture philanthropy process involves different philanthropy actors - donors, intermediaries and recipients. The paper aims to discuss theoretical and practical aspects of culture philanthropy, using three differents approaches - perceptions by all three groups of actors in culture philanthropy. The paper analyses the concept of philanthropy as well as perceptions of culture policy in Lithuania. Data analysis is dwelling on the findings of the qualitative research conducted in 2014 on culture philanthropy actors' perceptions and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses one of the municipal waste management system component - municipal biodegradable waste and evaluates its management's efficiency in Kaunas City Municipality. The first part of this paper is devoted to the waste management concept dynamics analysis, public government evaluation criteria and its methods identification, especially focusing on efficiency. The part of research evaluates the efficiency of the municipal biodegradable waste management system in 2013 which is ruled by Kaunas City Municipality. The main research object is an infrastructure of technical equipment of municipal biodegradable waste management system. Efficiency is valued using cost-effectiveness method. The study established that the currently existing system of municipal biodegradable waste management system is ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1928-1931, annual consumption of legal pure alcohol per capita was just 1.17 litres, while in 2014 the alcohol consumption per capita was 12.7 litres. The alcohol outlet density is one of the most significant factors for the indicators of alcohol consumption. The aim of this paper is to compare the characteristics of the regulation of retail alcohol outlets in the First (1918-1940) and Second (1990-2015) Republic of Lithuania. The goals are the following: to evaluate the aspects of alcohol outlet density, expiration dates and issue conditions of seller licences, and the maintenance of public order of seller licence usage as well as assurance of safety in the neighbourhoods, and to determine the period of Seimas (governing parties) ruling during which fundamental changes occurred in the liberalization or prohibition with regards to regulation of alcohol outlets. The paper is based on the method of document analysis. It was determined that the regulation of alcohol outlets was much stricter in the period of the First Republic of Lithuania than in the period of the Second Republic. In the First Republic of Lithuania, the regulation of the density of alcohol outlets was connected to the assurance of public safety and prevention of noise, the community was involved in the regulation of the density of alcohol outlets, the density of alcohol outlets was regulated, the prohibited distances were defined between alcohol outlets and places of worship, cemeteries, healthcare and education establishments or other institutions significant to the public, the issued licences were short-term, for the period of one year. Even though in the period of the ruling of Antanas Smetona in 1934 the alcohol outlet regulation was liberalized, eliminating the influence of residents and municipalities on the issuing of licences, alcohol outlet regulation still remained stricter than in the period of the Second Republic of Lithuania. In 2002, the social-democratic coalition, which had the majority in the government, strongly liberalized the alcohol outlet regulation: it abolished any regulation of alcohol outlet density, eliminated short-term licences and authorised alcohol sales in sanatoriums, kiosks and petrol stations. Only the political group of Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian democrats, which had the majority in the Seimas of 2008-2012, managed to prohibit sales in kiosks and petrol stations, but the density remained unregulated, the licences were still short-term, the licencing was unconnected to public safety and assurance of public order, and the community's influence was restricted only to expression of opinion on the issuing of new alcohol seller licences in the blocks of flats they reside in. It is recommended to connect alcohol outlet regulation with public safety and assurance of public order, to regulate outlet density, to issue short-term licences, and to empower the residents to participate in the alcohol outlet regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the gaps in national law in preventing repetitive violence and adopting a general strategy for the prevention of violence against women. The national legislation of the Republic of Lithuania is evaluated in relation to international law in the area of gender-based and domestic violence. Notably, Lithuania is a party to the corresponding international documents in this area. However, the national legislation at the level of laws and regulations lacks links with international law and relevant documents. The basic preventive measures are very broad and are not targeted at the elimination of violence against women; instead, they seek to decrease the numbers of crimes in the area of domestic violence. The most relevant sectors for prevention, i.e. the health care sector and the education sector, are not involved. The objectives of prevention are not placed within the gender equality paradigm, and violence against women is not seen as being connected with stereotypes and discrimination. In addition, gaps are identified in the prevention of repeated violence against women. The paper suggests that the system of protective orders should be reformed so that protective orders are available to all victims of violence and not limited to domestic violence victims. Both civil and criminal protection measures should exist, and they should be applicable to post-trial victims as well. It is also recommended that the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, which is the most thorough document on prevention, be ratified. Ratification would improve the weakest point in Lithuanian legislation on violence against women - the prevention of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand of transport grows along with road traffic. Congestion costs 1% of the GDP of European Union (European Union 2014) and also causes significant emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. This problem could be solved by transfering a part of passengers from private modes of transport to the public transport. But the essential condition is a sustainable development which means the accessibility on equal terms. Therefore, attention to the focus group - people with movement impairements, is neccessary. Since even under ideal conditions some of those people will not be able to use the ordinary public transport services, a special transportation service, called paratransit, should be offered. In this paper the parameters of paratransit as well as their variations are analyzed. Also the wider application possibilities are considered. The aspects of integration of paratransit into the existing system, pottential barriers for the integration and conditions for the integration are highlighted. The main purpose of this paper is to formulate the scenarios for the integration of paratransit into the existing public transport system based on the analysis of the scientific literature and the best practices, which could be used to form a policy of improving the accessibility of the public transport for people with movement impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with a new Regulation No. 1215/2012, having come into force on 10 January 2015, on jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters. Since the rules on those matters were included in the previous Regulation at the EU level, the article reveals the proposals made for its amendment, as well as the accepted proposals. It also attempts to evaluate whether the new rules that came into force shall guarantee the effective recognition and enforcement of judgements. The paper identifies the problems which shall not be solved by the newly adopted rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic purpose of the article is considering problems related to ensuring the required capacity of Lithuanian airspace and organising the provision of air traffic services in the most efficient way. The paper presents the results of analysis and experimental research on several scenarios of Lithuanian airspace models that are the most appropriate from the point of view of air traffic control. To allow for a realistic comparison between the scenarios and traffic samples, the current route network, a real traffic sample and the existing traffic dynamics have been used. Furthermore, all other related aspects such as flight level occupancy, flight time, aircraft type and traffic flows have been taken into consideration. The results of analysis will form a basis for ensuring the required capacity of Lithuanian airspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 19th and 20th centuries were extremely turbulent in Lithuanian history, being at the frontline of the World War I and II, subsequent occupations, mass deportations and other significant historical events. This history is reflected in the development of psychological science in Lithuania. Quite a few studies have been conducted on the development of psychology in Lithuania: general analyses, analysis concerning the joining of psychologists into professional organizations, studies of important personalities, articles concerning institutions or theoretical schools (Kern, 2012). However, there is a lack of studies analyzing the history of scientific psychology. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the development of psychological science in the oldest Lithuanian journal of scientific psychology “Lietuvos TSR aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai. Pedagogika ir psichologija“ (1962-1977) and “Psichologija. Mokslo darbai” (1980-2015) taking into account research designs, types of articles, research topics, kinds of statistical analysis, and the language that the article was written in. A quantitative analysis of 457 articles was performed. The articles were coded for language (Lithuanian, English, Russian), types (an empirical study or not); research topic (cognitive psychology, personality psychology, social psychology, etc.), research design (experimental, correlational, etc.), statistical data analysis (descriptive, inferential or multivariate statistics). The results indicate that up until 1990 about 60-70% of articles were written in Lithuanian and the rest in Russian. From 1990 onward, most articles are still in Lithuanian (80-90%) and the rest in English. The increase of empirical studies begins in 2000-2009. The current percentage of empirical studies (80%) seems adequate when compared to other journals in the discipline. Three main groups of research topics could be distinguished: 1) research topics that have never been popular, for example, psychology of conscious states or biological psychology; 2) research topics that decreased in popularity, for example, cognitive or pedagogical psychology; 3) research topics which, because of ideological repressions, became popular just before the re-establishment of Lithuania’s independence, for example, clinical psychology. The analysis of different time periods also shows that the experimental design has become less prevalent in the studies. However, more studies started using the correlational design. By investigating statistical procedures in empirical papers, it became apparent that the Lithuanian psychological science lagged behind in this respect, probably because of the “Iron curtain” which separated Lithuania from the rest of the world for a long time. In summary, 1990 was the breaking point which brought many changes into the Lithuanian psychological science because of the end of censorship. After the Lithuania’s re-establishment of independence, papers in the journal “Psichologija. Mokslo darbai” are becoming much closer to the world trends of psychological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this work is to investigate load sharing methods for 2G/3G cellular networks in order to determine their impact on the network and users. One of the study aims is to analyze the performance of the methods. Moreover the paper provides an overview of the methods circumstances, limitations. Directed Retry and Load Based Handover methods were chosen. Data was obtained from real Lithuanian mobile operator's network. The paper also discusses the changes in Key Performance Indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphase AC machines are more reliable that three phase machines due to their ability to work when one or more phases fail. Also multiphase machines have higher starting torque, which enables them to start with heavier loads. Inverters are used to supply power and control parameters of an AC machine. In this paper a six phase inverter with a symmetrical star connected load with a single neutral is discussed. When the inverter's output voltage is formed by space vector pulse width modulation method, a high frequency harmonics appear in the output voltage, which increases power losses. The purpose of this work is to investigate what type of effect on output voltage harmonics has the sequence of space vectors in the switching table. Two methods of creating a switching table are presented in this paper, and two switching tables are created. Inverter's operation with both switching tables is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. Result analysis shows that changing the switching vector sequence in the switching table has an effect on output voltage harmonics of frequency around inverter's switching frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is to provide easily understandable graphical representation of business process. Thus BPMN is widely used and applied in various areas one of them being a business process simulation. This paper addresses some BPMN model based business process simulation problems. The paper formulate requirements for business process and resource models in enabling their use for business process simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on the discussion about the role of nongovernmental organizations during the decisionmaking process in local governance and what factors influence it. To achieve this, the following steps have been made: first, the concept of nongovernmental organizations and their relationship with civil society was analyzed, then possible variations of relationship between nongovernmental organizations and their impact to the public sector was described. In the last part of the paper, the stages of the decision-making and implementation process in the municipality were analyzed and theoretical aspects of enabling NGOs were discussed. The analyses showed that the decisionmaking and implementation processes depend on the understanding of the need to cooperate, the ability of both subjects to work together, their relationship with citizens and other interest groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the valuation of macroeconomic factors influencing the Lithuanian direct investment into European Union was conducted. The problem of this paper is the different chosen macroeconomic factors influencing foreign direct investment. The object of this paper is Lithuanian direct investment. The methods of this paper include: comparative literature analysis, correlation regression analysis, paired regression analysis. After conducting a research of dependency of Lithuanian direct investment to EU countries from price changes, government sector income, gross domestic product, inflation, jobless rate results, it is found that gross domestic product and government sector income have the most influence on the changes of Lithuanian direct investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents public services consumers satisfaction index methodology application in Lithuania. First part od the paper is devoted to the analysis of the public services concept, theoretical and legal aspects of public services. Survey research is based on the public services consumers satisfaction methodology created in 2010. Results of the survey research carried out in Kaunas city municipality in 2013 were presented. Empirical basis of the research is based on 1832 Kaunas city inhabitants. Empirical research is based on 203 primary indicators. Out of 203 primary indicators using factor validity 8 scales, reflecting different types of public services were created. As a result created public services rating in Kaunas city and consumers satisfaction by public services map in Kaunas city administrative units. The research results revealed that the most positively evaluated cultural and educational, the less - territorial care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research of citizen satisfaction in public services gained new relevance in Lithuania in 2009, when the Ministry of Interior added the assessment of customer satisfaction in public services as an instrument of public management quality policy. The paper seeks to answer how this top-down initiative is applied in practice and what kinds of problems arise. The object of analysis in the paper are two independent researches related to the assessment of satisfaction in public services, which were conducted in Kaunas in 2013 and produced markedly different results. The paper is based on the case of the assessment of the Customer Satisfaction Index of Kaunas City Centre of Social Services (CSS), which aims to uncover the factors that determined the disparity in the results. The analysis of the calculation methods for the satisfaction index of the services provided by the CSS has revealed that the methodology approved by the Lithuanian Minister of the Interior can be utilized at the municipal level for the satisfaction in general services used by the majority of city residents. The municipalities, which conduct centralized assessment of public services and wish to ensure objectivity must control that the satisfaction index indicator includes only the customers who have used the service. However, in this case one would face increased financial costs, which rise due to the process of ensuring the involvement of customers who have used services provided by separate institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is based on the hypothesis that the most important sources of Kristijonas Donelaitis' poetic theory might have been some books in German about poetics, which were popular in Prussia in the first half of the 18th century. In all probability, the poet read these books between 1736 and 1740, during his study time at the University of Königsberg, rather than later, when he was interested in other subjects (such as music and theology), and moreover living in small provincial centres without access to any specialized libraries. Since it is assumed that the most influential of these publications was the treatise Versuch einer Anleitung Zur Deutschen Poesie, published in 1732 in Königsberg and written by Donelaitis' teacher Heinrich Arnoldt, professor of theology at Königsberg's University, the paper pays great attention to this work by proposing a detailed analysis of it. It is also pointed out how Arnoldt's book, together with Mörlin's treatise Principium primarium in lingva Lithvanica, influenced Donelaitis' choice to write his poem in a popular style; in addition, the book could have influenced Donelaitis' pietistic ideology. The paper ends with a shorter analysis of other two books, cited by Arnoldt, with which Donelaitis could have been likewise acquainted during his study time at the university: Gottsched's Versuch einer Critischen Dichtkunst vor die Deutschen (1730) and the anonymous treatise Anleitung zur Poesie, Darinnen ihr Ursprung, Wachsthum, Beschaffenheit und rechter Gebrauch untersuchet und gezeiget wird (1725). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the article - to review features of psychological counseling at Aleksandras Stulginskis University (ASU) and possibilities to apply extensive scale of preventive measures within University. Student mental health is a concern of the whole university community. The paper presents the specific cases and features, according to which the faculty administration should direct the student to a career center (CC) psychologist. The paper gives specific recommendations on how to improve collaboration within the University in order to take care of students' mental health. The article presents the student's "XY" case study that illustrates the lack of communication and co-operation within the University. The paper discusses the need to change universities applying procedure in order to assess the student's mental health to avoid serious problems in studying process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many research papers on local self-government from 1990s till present in Lithuania. However, according to the author, there is a lack of research papers where the Lithuanian local self-government system would be analysed systematically. The author has published several articles in the academic journal Public Policy and Administration. In this article, the author, by way of creative analogy, presents his approach as to who is granted the right to (local) self-government and who enjoys this right (i.e., what is the subject of the right to (local) self-government) as well as explains who, in his opinion, enforces the right to (local) self-government and how. Summarizing the results, the author presents the following conclusions: 1. Interpreting the first paragraph of Article 119 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania "The right to self-government shall be guaranteed to administrative units of the territory of the State, which are provided for by law. It shall be implemented through corresponding municipal councils", the following questions remain unanswered: what subject is guaranteed (granted) the right to (local) self-government? Is a municipal council really the only local authority through which the right to (local) self-government is implemented? 2. The systematic analysis of provisions on guaranteeing (granting) and implementing the right to (local) self-government, established in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, rulings and decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Lithuania Law on Local Self-Government, and the European Charter of Local Self-Government, suggests that: (a) three subjects may be considered as the subjects of the right to (local) self-government in Lithuania; (b) the developers of the constitutional doctrine of (local) self-government chose the territorial (local) community as the subject of the right to (local) self-government by applying analogy (the Constitution stipulates that sovereignty belongs to the Nation); (c) by making the subject of the right to (local) self-government equal to the Nation State (sovereign that has the supreme power in the state), the developers of the doctrine applied the analogy in respect of the implementation of the right to (local) selfgovernment: they essentially saw the implementation of the right to (local) self-government and exercise of the supreme power in the municipality as the same, the latter being exercised through the representative municipal (self-government) institution. 3. It is stated that in Lithuania, which belongs to the countries with the continental legal system and where the theory of dual local self-government is followed for interpreting the origin of local municipalities and the nature and content of local self-government, the right to independently deal with local matters (or otherwise, right to (local) self-government in a wider sense) is guaranteed (granted) to the local municipality, an organised territorial social body that is composed of permanent residents in a territorial administrative unit established by law, that has the status of a public legal person and that has the competence established (defined) by the state. 4. Guaranteeing (granting) the right to self-government to the residents of the territorial administrative unit is a process lasting for a defined time rather than a single action of the state. During the process, major qualitative changes take place in the life of residents (to be accurate, in their communication and their governing) of the territorial administrative unit, and some decisions adopted and actions taken on the national level give shape to a territorial, organised social body (local municipality) that has a legal status and the competence defined by the state. 5. Creatively applying the analogy, it may be asserted that: a) the right to self-government (right to (local) self-government in a broader sense) belonging to a local municipality is the right of a territorial organised community (local municipality) and the real power to exist (act) as a legally independent, self-governing and autonomous social body; in this case, the subject of the right to (local) self-government (in a broader sense) is a local municipality, and (b) the right to self-government (right to (local) self-government in a narrower sense) belonging to a municipal community is the right of a municipal community as of a special local municipal structural element to directly or through a municipal council (representative body of a local municipality) exercise, in the ways prescribed, the supreme power in the local municipality when dealing with local (public) matters within the competence of the local municipality; in this case, the subject of the right to (local) self-government (in a narrower sense ) is a municipal community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an overview of Lithuanian State Department activities in implementing competency models in Lithuanian public service. Based on the national strategic documents the project was initiated to implement competency models. The paper presents the factors and circumstances of the competency model implementation, as well as reasoned assumptions of creating such a model. The perspective of various possibilities of the competency model application in different human resources management areas is presented. A gradual transition from the traditional to the competency -based human resource management in Lithuania's civil service is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the issues of the need and opportunities for informal (thoughtful, reasonable, creative) application of the criminal law. The problem is closely related to the legal discussion on the limits of discretion of the judge in the interpretation and application of laws. The author expresses the opinion that despite the fact that the influence of legal positivism on criminal justice is stronger than on civil one, but even in a criminal case the judge does not have to be completely restrained by the letter of law. The paper justifies the need for an informal application of the criminal law, discusses the legal doctrines that allow it to do so. Beyond doubt, the compliance with the letter of law is a desirable standard in criminal justice. Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege (no crime and punishment without law) principle is a fundamental basis of criminal law, which protects citizens from arbitrary prosecution and brings clarity to what is a crime in society and what legal consequences are foreseen to the offender. However, the need for informal application of the criminal law actually exists. The main objective reason for informal justice is eternal incompleteness of law, limited opportunities of written rules, diversity of life, which never fits into dry definitions. Even the criminal law always risks falling behind changing realities, not to respond in time to changes, misunderstand them, create uncertainty and conflicts of values. The subjective reason for informal application of criminal law is surplus, clarity and consistency strapped legislation, which often produces irrational, abstract and limitless definitions of particular crimes. These definitions later become the means to formulate excess criminal charges for minor infringements and artificially criminalize relations regulated by other branches of law (tax, administrative, civil, etc.). So, the need of informal application of the criminal law is primarily related with the need to avoid artificial criminalization and absurd criminal convictions. The author distinguishes the following working legal instruments allowing informally apply the criminal law: 1) expansive and narrowing interpretation of criminal law; 2) the concept of dangerousness of criminal act; 3) the general legal principle of proportionality and the principle of criminal law as a last resort (lat. ultima ratio); 4) the maxim of human rights protection. The paper illustrates the effectiveness of these concepts with concrete examples of court practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The displacement piles are one of the oldest type of foundation not just in Lithuania, but also all over the world. Stiff, glacial origin sands lay not far from the ground surface in Lithuania as opposed to the rest of the Western Europe, therefore this kind of foundation is carried out into practice very often in our country. For geotechnical engineers it is very hard to decide which method should be applied, when there is no local experience. Five approaches are discussed on this paper and the results of three single piles' tests are compared. The full scale single piles' tests were carried out at the artificial bearing stratum pit. Piles' diameter was 330 mm. The ratio of the piles' depth and diameter were 3.3, 4.4 and 4.8. In conclusion of this paper the recommendations are given, which should be applied in different cases using mentioned above methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a new trend in society, namely the phenomenon of visual culture. Its influence is also felt in the publishing industry. Firstly, the article discusses the classification of children's books by age groups as well as the importance of the book as an educational measure from the very early infancy. The main aim of the article is to analyse readers' and publishers' approaches to the visuality of Lithuanian children's books. he following tasks were set to achieve this aim: to create target questionnaires for readers and publishers; assess adults' (as buyers and readers) opinion about the visual impact of children's books; ascertain the views of publishers on children's books visuality, their criteria for design, illustration and printing. he research part of the paper combines readers' and publishers' approach to visual issues in the books for children. he empirical study was composed of the following two structural elements: a questionnaire method applied to the readers, and an interview method applied to the publishers. Readers are characterized as buyers of books (parents or other mature people who can afford buying a book). The research targeted at publishers covered the following organizations: "Nieko rimto", "Dominicus Lituanus" and "Presvika". In conclusion, the survey revealed that the approach of both readers and publishers is very similar on many issues. Thus, the need for children education using books since early infancy has been identified during the research. Furthermore, most publishers offer books in the market for all age groups including infants. As it is written in multiple scientific sources, respondents also perceive the importance of books in a child's educational process. It is a well-known fact that books develop the body motility and linguistic skills: they also help meet the cognitive needs. Besides, a book is also regarded as a great communication tool. It has been established that the visual aspects are highly considered when choosing and buying a book for children. Both readers and publishers emphasize the importance of harmony in the book, when all elements, included content, design, layout, illustrations, are in harmony with each other. Readers tend not to buy the books, which do not satisfy one of the required elements (content-related or visual quality) However, both readers and publishers are glad about the general situation of publishing industry in Lithuania. A high quality of printing, creative authors and illustrators are the features of the today's market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the impact of the supplied airflow rate of the solar wall used for heating air in an air handling unit on the effectiveness of the solar wall. The article reviews experimental and theoretical papers and presents the expressions determining the efficiency indicators of the solar wall. Experimental research into the solar wall at a constant airflow rate was carried out on 5-6 April 2014. Temperatures, overall efficiencies and an increase in temperature were established on the vertical solar wall counting the area of 100 m² and fixed on the south façade of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. An increase in the average temperature, in the course of the conducted experiment, reached 7.5 °C. Under constant airflow rate, temperature efficiency increases along with solar irradiation. The average estimated temperature efficiency reaches 72 percent. The overall effectiveness of the solar wall decreases when solar irradiation increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the insulation expediency of the external envelopes of the building with reference to 2E (energy - primary energy consumption and environmental - CO, emissions) criteria and presents an overview of thermal insulation and studies on other structural elements based on life cycle analysis. The object of research is a typical residential building. The article determines different insulation materials of external envelopes, primary energy consumption and CO, emissions by insulating walls from F to B and from B to A ++ class. Graphical interpretation shows primary energy, CO, and the payback period of 60 years. Also, the paper considers primary energy and CO, emissions distributed at various life cycle stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different sides of the development of psychology as a science, a teaching subject and a professional activity in Lithuania during the 100-year period are analyzed and discussed. This analysis is performed in the context of the institutionalization of the modern Lithuanian State. The three main premises of the development of psychology in Lithuania are revealed: the sociopolitical and economical context of state, the influence of the global field of psychology and the activities of the enthusiasts of profession. The extent of development of psychology in Lituania during the different periods of Lithuanian history of last 100 years of its existance is evaluated according to 10 criteria of recognizing the profession: 1) Social need; 2) State regulation of the profession; 3) Legislative basis of the profession; 4) Trust by society and authority; 5) Control of professional competence; 6) Being included in a classification of scienes and a scientific studies system; 7) Education (teaching and training) of the profession; 8) Professional and scientiffic communication (journals, conferences); 9) Values and professional ethics; 10) Professional self-regulation (professional NGO). The development of psychology in Lithuania can be divided in stages according to the context of the modern state's development events: 1) Before the year 1918 (the period of arousal and enlightenment in psychological culture); 2) The years 1918-1940 (start of the institutionalization of psychology in the First Republic of Lithuania); 3) The years 1940-1944 (an empty, topsyturvy-esque or confused of social and economical life stage during the Second World War); 4) The years 1945-1988 (an unsettled stage of training and researches in psychology with stabilization after when psychologists were begun to be educated at Vilnius University in 1969); 5) The years 1989-2018 (a dissociation from the Russian academic field of psychology and an independent development with the rising ifluence of Western academic psychological influences). The names of the main enthusiasts of the institutionalization of psychology in Lithuania during the five listed stages are presented. The main persons from this list were Alfonsas Gučas (1907-1988), Jonas Vabalas-Gudaitis (1881-1955), Vladas Lazersonas (1889-1945) and Juvencijus Lapė (1925-1911). The main conclusion of paper is that psychology in Lithuania, during the 100-year period, was developed according to all 10 criteria; it was reasonably adapted to the national state culture and infrastructure. In other words, at the present time, we can speak and write not only about the development of psychology in Lithuania but about a Lithuanian psychology - a nationally indigenized profession. Eleven features of indeginized psychology are also listed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many authors, in order to help promoting effective public administration solutions, recently began investigating shadow economy and its psychosocial factors. It is argued that positive attidudes towards shadow economy could be related to high social economic in equality. This study aimed at identifying attitudes towards shadow economy and population‘s behaviors with a special focus on differences in different income groups. This paper presents some results of the survey (n=1001). The results revealed no statistically significant differences in different income quintiles groups and different subjective socio-economic status groups. Authors indicate that additional research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]