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2. LIETUVOS DIDŽIOSIOS KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖS ISTORIJA IR ŠIUOLAIKINĖS TARPTAUTINIŲ SANTYKIŲ TEORIJOS.
- Author
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Norkus, Zenonas
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,LEADERSHIP - Abstract
Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
3. KRITINIAI PAMĄSTYMAI APIE LIETUVOS UŽSIENIO POLITIKĄ.
- Author
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Nekrašas, Evaldas
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,POLITICAL movements ,POLITICIANS - Abstract
Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
4. Open Society According Henri Bergson: Its Political Expressions and Anthropological Substantiation
- Author
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Povilas Aleksandravičius
- Subjects
International relations ,Sociology and Political Science ,Foundation (evidence) ,duration ,Bergson ,Open society ,Epistemology ,intuition ,Politics ,open society ,lcsh:Political science (General) ,Duration (philosophy) ,Political Science and International Relations ,Openness to experience ,social justice ,Political philosophy ,Sociology ,lcsh:JA1-92 ,vital impetus - Abstract
The paper seeks to reveal the Bergson’s conception of open society. In the first part, three concrete political expressions of the open society are identified that are spreading in international relations and inside the society. The second part is aimed at showing that the open society is not a society without borders or limits and it does not pose any dangers to cherishing of identities: Bergson’s concept of duration, the source of his political philosophy, establishes identities by providing the foundation for the dynamic process of their maturation through openness. The anthropological substantiation of the open society that was begun in this part is continued in the third part of the paper that analyses the factors of closing and opening, their roots in nature, human nature and vital impetus.
- Published
- 2020
5. Atvirumas imigracijai: Lietuvos atvejis tarptautinėje perspektyvoje.
- Author
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Telešienė, Audronė
- Subjects
EMIGRATION & immigration ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,SOCIAL conflict ,SOCIAL surveys ,LOGISTIC regression analysis - Abstract
Copyright of Sociologija: Mintis ir Veiksmas is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
6. Rusijos ir Gruzijos 2008 metų karinio konflikto pateikimas Lietuvos ir Italijos periodinėje spaudoje informacinio karo aspektu.
- Author
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Martišius, Mantas and Navickaitė, Vilija
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,SOUTH Ossetia War, 2008 ,MEDIA rights ,MILITARY science ,COMMUNICATION - Abstract
Copyright of Information Sciences / Informacijos Mokslai is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Relations between the European Union and Belarus in 2004–2014: Lithuania’s contribution
- Author
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Mantas Visockas and Andžej Pukšto
- Subjects
Tarptautiniai santykiai ,Vilnius. Vilniaus kraštas (Vilnius region) ,Rusija (Rossija ,Rusijos Federacija ,Rossijskaja Federacija ,Rusijos imperija ,Carinė Rusija ,Russia) ,Rytų klausimas ,Rytų partnerystė ,Ukraina (Ukraine) ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Geography ,Neighbourhood Policy ,Baltarusija (Belarus) ,Kaimynystės politika ,International relations ,Eastern question ,Eastern Partnership ,Europos Sąjungos šalys (European Union countries) - Abstract
Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES) užsienio politika Baltarusijos vektoriumi ir Lietuvos vaidmuo šiame procese. Straipsnio aktualumas padidėja 1) pasibaigus Lietuvos pirmininkavimui ES Taryboje, kurio metu Vilniuje vyko trečiasis Rytų partnerystės šalių viršūnių susitikimas; 2) taip pat dabartiniame Ukrainos ir Rusijos konflikto kontekste. Aktualaus laikotarpio pradžia 2004-ieji pasirinkti dėl ES priartėjimo prie Baltarusijos sienų, taip pat dėl oficialaus Europos kaimynystės politikos (EKP) patvirtinimo. Per EKP iniciatyvų įgyvendinimą ES užsibrėžė pagrindinį tikslą: sukurti draugiškų valstybių žiedą aplink ES. Tuo pat laikotarpiu Baltarusijoje (2004 m.) vyko referendumas, panaikinęs prezidento kadencijų limitą, ir 2006 m. Aleksandras Lukašenka laimėjo dar vienus rinkimus. Darbo išvadose pažymima, kad ES narės neturi išsamesnio sutarimo Rytų partnerystės politikos įgyvendinimo ir perspektyvų atžvilgiu. Nors ES pamažu didina finansinės paramos lėšas Baltarusijos opozicijai ir NVO, neturi konkrečios strategijos, kaip tos lėšos turi būti išskaidytos, norint pasiekti konkrečių rezultatų. ES pastangos palaikyti dvišalio bendradarbiavimo tęstinumą, jeigu ne krypsta į Baltarusijos izoliaciją, tai yra sukaustytos stagnacijos. Lietuvos politika Baltarusijos atžvilgiu yra nenuosekli ir keičiasi kartu su politikos formuotojais. Lietuva solidarizuojasi su visos ES interesais santykių su Baltarusija klausimu, bet ji turi ir rezervuotos erdvės išskirtinių nacionalinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The relevance of this paper becomes clearer when trying to answer the question: what is the policy of the EU in order to promote democratic processes in Belarus, and is it effective or not. The paper examines the contribution of Lithuania in this process, as one of the most concerned countries for stability in the region and the democratization of Belarus. The results of this work lead to conclusions that the European Union countries do not have a deeper consensus and common understanding on the policy and perspectives of the European Neighbourhood Policy and Eastern Partnership. The study found that Lithuanian policy towards Belarus is incoherent and is changing together with the policy makers. Lithuania acts in solidaration with the interests of the EU in policy towards Belarus, but it also reserves space for its own exclusive national interests.
- Published
- 2014
8. Efforts of Alexander Jagiellon to forge the union (according to correspondence with the Krakow city council)
- Author
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Starzynski, Marcin
- Subjects
Cracow ,Krokuva ,Union ,City council ,Unija ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Grand Duke Alexander of Lithuania ,Lietuva ,Polish-Lithuanian union ,Lenkija (Lenkijos karalystė ,Rzeczpospolita Polska ,Kingdom of Poland ,Poland) ,Aleksandras, 1461-1506 (Aleksandras II, Aleksandras Jogailaitis, Alexander Jagiellon) ,Tarptautiniai santykiai / International relations ,Jogailaičiai (Jagiellonian dynasty) ,International relations ,Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (Lietuva ,LDK ,Grand Duchy of Lithuania ,GDL) ,Miestai ir miesteliai / Cities and towns ,Alexander Jagiellon - Abstract
Straipsnyje analizuojamos Aleksandro Jogailaičio pastangos sudaryti uniją. Remtasi vienu šaltiniu – kopijomis iš Krokuvos miesto tarybos knygos. Iš jose esančių duomenų nustatytos Jogailaičių pastangos gauti Lenkijos karūną. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Aleksandro Jogailaičio laišką, kuriame rašoma apie sutartis dėl naujo Lenkijos karalystės ir LDK valdovo rinkimų. Nutarimai dėl Lietuvos ir Lenkijos valdovo rinkimo sąlygų buvo visiškai kitokios politinės kokybės, nei ankstesnės sutartys. Pažymima, kad Lenkijos ir Lietuvos valstybių sąjungos stiprinimo požymių reikia ieškoti baigiantis Kazimiero Jogailaičio valdymui. Tačiau sutartyse nebuvo nurodoma, kad nauju didžiuoju kunigaikščiu turi tapti Lenkijos karalius arba karaliumi turi tapti dabartinis Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis, jeigu vienas iš jų mirtų bevaikis. Iš analizuotų šaltinių aiškėja, kad buvo priešinamasi Lietuvos savarankiškumo stiprinimui. Tačiau ir išaiškėja glaudesnis abiejų valstybių sąjungos noras. Taip pat svarbus yra nutarimas, kad rinkimuose turi dalyvauti abi pusės, jei jos su tuo sutinka. Straipsnyje akcentuojama, kad jokiame ankstesniame unijos akte nėra kalbama, jog Lenkijos karalius tiesiogiai galės paveldėti Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio sostą jam mirus, o Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis galės paveldėti Lenkijos sostą. Tik paskutiniais Jono Albrechto valdymo metais vyko Lenkijos ir Lietuvos derybos, kurių metu buvo siekta nustatyti Lenkijos karalystės sosto paveldėjimą, jei Jonas Albrechtas mirtų bevaikis. Remdamasis sudarytomis sutartimis, Aleksandras Jogailaitis kėlė savo kandidatūrą. The paper analyses the efforts of Alexander Jagiellon to forge the union. Copies from the Krakow City Council were used as a source testifying the efforts of the Jagiellon brothers to occupy the throne of Poland. The paper points out a letter of Lithuanian Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon, which writes about the agreements concerning the election of the new ruler of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). Resolutions regarding the conditions of the election of the Polish-Lithuanian ruler could be characterised by quite a different political quality than earlier agreements. The signs of consolidating the Polish-Lithuanian Union should be searched for upon the end of Casimir Jagiellon’s ruling. However, the agreements did not mention that the King of Poland should become the new grand duke or the current Lithuanian Grand Duke should become the king in case of death of anyone of them, provided he is childless. The strengthening of Lithuania’s independence was opposed. However, a wish for a tighter union of both states is revealed. Another important resolution says that both parties have to take part in the election, if there is mutual consent. The paper emphasises that no previous act of the union states that the King of Poland will directly inherit the throne of the Grand Duke of Lithuania upon his death and that the Grand Duke of Lithuania will inherit the throne of the King of Poland upon his death. Only during the last years of John Albert’s rule negotiations between Poland and Lithuania were held with the aim of establishing the procedure of inheritance of the throne of the Kingdom of Poland in the event that John Albert dies childless. Based on the concluded agreements, Alexander Jagiellon put himself forward as a candidate.
- Published
- 2006
9. PEREINAMOJO LAIKOTARPIO TEISINGUMO STUDIJOS: IŠTAKOS IR RAIDA.
- Author
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STRUPINSKIENĖ, LINA
- Subjects
TRANSITIONAL justice ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,ECONOMIC development ,POLITICAL science ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
10. KINIJOS PROPAGANDA RUSIJOJE: ESTETINIAI STRATEGIJOS ELEMENTAI.
- Author
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Skrudupas, Arūnas
- Subjects
CHINESE propaganda ,STRATEGIC planning ,WEBSITES ,WORLD history ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. EKOSAUGUMO KONCEPCIJA TARPTAUTINIUOSE SANTYKIUOSE: SAMPRATA, BRUOŽAI, REIKŠMĖ.
- Author
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Zapolskis, Martynas
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL security ,SOCIAL policy ,ECONOMIC policy ,ACADEMIC discourse ,SOCIAL factors ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
12. ISTORINIŲ ANALOGIJŲ VAIDMUO UŽSIENIO POLITIKOS PROCESE.
- Author
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Jurgelevičiūtė, Diana
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,DIALOGICS ,CONSTRUCTIVISM (Philosophy) ,SPEECH act theory (Communication) ,POSITIVIST ethics - Abstract
Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
13. KAIP TIRTI TARPTAUTINIUS SANTYKIUS KONSTRUKTYVISTIŠKAI: FILOSOFINIŲ PRIELAIDŲ IR TEORINIŲ ANALIZĖ.
- Author
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Jakniūnaitė, Dovilė and Nekrašas, Evaldas
- Subjects
CONSTRUCTIVISM (Philosophy) ,INTERNATIONAL relations research ,SOCIAL reality ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,THEORY of knowledge ,ONTOLOGY - Abstract
Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
14. LISABONOS SUTARTIES IMPLIKACIJOS LIETUVAI: KVALIFIKUOTA DAUGUMA IR EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS DARBOTVARKĖ.
- Author
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Maniokas, Klaudijus
- Subjects
TREATIES ,GOVERNMENT policy ,EUROPEAN Union membership ,LITHUANIAN politics & government ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
15. NAUJŲ EUROPAS SĄJUNGOS ŠALIŲ NARIŲ TELEKOMŲ PLĖTROS TENDENCIJOS GLOBALIZACIJOS KONTEKSTE.
- Author
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Tvaronavič;pienė, Manuela and Travkina, Irina
- Subjects
TELECOMMUNICATION ,GLOBALIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,COMMUNICATION revolution ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,INTERNATIONAL trade financing - Abstract
Copyright of Business: Theory & Practice is the property of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2006
16. Quantum mind theory in international relations: between illusion and science
- Author
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Ieva Skurdauskaitė
- Subjects
International relations ,Constructivism (international relations) ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,nėra ,Quantum entanglement ,quantum mind theory ,international relations ,science ,illusion ,Epistemology ,lcsh:Political science (General) ,Political Science and International Relations ,Ontology ,Postpositivism (international relations) ,Sociology ,Consciousness ,lcsh:JA1-92 ,Positivism ,Quantum mind ,media_common - Abstract
[only abstract in English; full article, abstract in Lithuanian] Since the 19th century, social sciences have been dominated by positivist thinking, which is based on the Newtonian worldview and implies mechanistic, deterministic, materialistic and atomistic methodological tools for conducting researches. However, this Newtonian worldview can not explain the phenomenon of consciousness and thus leaves the scientists with the unresolved body-mind problem. The solution has been recently offered by quantum theory, which challenges the classical thinking by completely changing its ontology, or, to be more precise, which aims at unifying social and physical ontology and laying the ground for the minded matter. In one of the most recent and prominent scholarly books, written by A. Wendt and titled Quantum Mind and Social Science: Unifying Physical and Social Ontology, the author claims that consciousness is a quantum mechanical phenomena and that all of us are in fact a walking wave function. If that is true, then human society must also have quantum qualities. Even though A. Wendt offers a solution to one of the long-lasting questions of social science, he leaves us without any explanations of how the theory might impact the discipline of international relations.Therefore, this paper is focused on 3 questions: 1) How does quantum mind theory challenge positivist thinking in international relations? 2) How does it broaden/narrow our current understanding of international relations – namely, what is the relationship between quantum mind theory and other postpositivism theories? 3) How does quantum mind theory impact international relations? An analysis of the challenges posed to classical thinking and a comparison of the differences and similarities with critical theory, postmodernism and constructivism revealed that quantum mind theory is not yet a new social sciences paradigm or a valid independent theory, but that it could be used as a theoretical tool of postmodernism. The main reasons involve a lack of empirical researches, scholarly supporters and consistent epistemological logic. On the other hand, there are a variety of objects and discussions in international relations that can be analyzed using quantum mind theory: quantum entanglement through language, global society and the collective mind, terrorism and the impact it has on global conflicts and communication, quantum diplomacy and others. The implementation of quantum theory principles – quantum coherence, superposition, quantum entanglement, wave and particle duality and uncertainty – into researches of international relations provides scholars with the perspectives of explaining the changing nature of a global world, new unpredictable threats and global communication.
- Published
- 2018
17. LIETUVOS DIDŽIOSIOS KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖS ISTORIJA IR ŠIUOLAIKINĖS TARPTAUTINIŲ SANTYKIŲ TEORIJOS
- Author
-
Zenonas Norkus
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Rytų Europa (Eastern Europe) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Istorijos tyrimai ,Istorija (mokslas) / History science ,Geopolitics ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,lcsh:Political science (General) ,Sovereignty ,Grand Duchy of Lithuania ,history ,contemporary theories of international relations ,Economic history ,Tarptautiniai santykiai / International relations ,Duchy ,lcsh:JA1-92 ,Mindaugas, ? -1263 ,media_common ,Vytautas Didysis, 1350-1430 (Vytautas the Great) ,International relations ,Aukso orda ,Rusija (Rossija ,Rusijos Federacija ,Rossijskaja Federacija ,Rusijos imperija ,Carinė Rusija ,Russia) ,Empire ,International law ,Vestfalijos taikos sutartis 1648 ,Politika / Politics ,imperijos misija ,Eastern european ,Law ,Lietuva ,Political Science and International Relations ,Maskvos imperija ,Polity ,Tarptautinių santykių teorijos ,Bulgarija (Bulgaria) ,Europa ,Centrinė Europa (Central Europe) ,Neorealistinės teorijos taikymas ,Tarppolitijinė sistema ,krikštas - Abstract
Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas šiuolaikinių tarptautinių santykių teorijų vaisingumas senosios Lietuvos valstybės (Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės, LDK) istorijai nuodugniau nušviesti. Tarptautinių santykių sistemos, kaip tarptautinių santykių teorijos, objekto sąvoką siūloma pakeisti platesne tarppolitijinės sistemos, o tarptautinės visuomenės - tarppolitijinės visuomenės sąvoka. Parodomas konstruktyvistinės aleksandro Wendto "hobsiškosios anarchijos kultūros“ sąvokos neadekvatumas ikivestfališkosios Europos tarppolitijiniams santykiams. Kritikuojamas Hedley Bullo, kuris tarptautinės teisės ir tarptautinės visuomenės atsiradimą europocentriškai sieja su 1648 m. Vestfalijos taikos sutarties nuostatomis, požiūris. Integrali straipsnio dalis yra atvejo tyrimas, kuriame kritiškai apvalytos nuo europocentrinių ir modernistinių apnašų šiuolaikinių tarptautinių santykių teorijų sąvokos taikomos LDK istorijai (iki 1569 m.) nušviesti. atskleidžiama LDK priklausomybė dviem skirtingoms (Vidurio Europos ir Rytų Europos) tarppolitijinėms sistemoms. Vidurio Europos tarppolitijinėje sistemoje LDK laikysena buvo gynybinė, o Rytų Europos siuzerenios valstybės sistemoje (M. Wighto prasme) LDK užsienio politikos strateginis tikslas buvo siuzereno vaidmens perėmimas iš aukso ordos. Tik trumpam (XV a. trečiame dešimtmetyje) pasiekusi šį tikslą, vėliau LDK nesugebėjo atlikti didžiosios valstybės vaidmens XV a. Rytų Europoje besiformuojančioje daugiapolėje suverenių valstybių sistemoje, t. y. apsaugoti šią sistemą nuo žlugimo ir transformacijos į Maskvos imperiją. The paper explores the epistemic fruitfulness of the contemporary theories of modern relations for historical research about the relations between premodern polities. The application of the neorealist theory in such research is blocked by its assumption that its subject is international system, consisting of sovereign national states. However, there were no such states (and nations) in medieval Europe and most other places in premodern times. The concept of international society of H. Bull is not applicable to premodern polities because of its assumption that Westphalian peace treaty of 1648 was the date of birth of the international law and international society as historical reality. A. Wendt'’s thesis that in the premodern times international politics was dominated by the Hobbesian culture of anarchy disregards historical evidence about the "Lockean" realities of the dynastic politics in the medieval Europe and other places. In the first part of the article, the corrections to remove these modernist and europocentric deformations are suggested. They include the replacement of the concepts of "international system" and "international society" by the broader notions of "interpolity system" and that of "interpolity society", and the distinction between "sovereign polities system/society" and "suzerain (imperial) polity system/society", borrowed (with modifications) from M. Wight. Second part and third parts together constitute a case study about the changing roles and challenges of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) as the subject of interpolity relations in XIII–XV centuries. The second part is about the rise of GDL from the polity playing the role of the barrier (but not that of buffer) polity, separating Central European and Eastern European interpolity systems and belonging to both of them, to the regional empire and suzerain polity of the Eastern European interpolity system by the early XVth century. However, Lithuanian hegemony in Eastern Europe lasted only very few years. After 1430, the Eastern European interpolity system was about to transform itself from the suzerain polity system into a multipolar sovereign interpolity system of the type that consolidated in the Central and Western Europe after 1648 and survived for 300 years. However, the political leadership of GDL failed to meet the challenge to maintain an emerging multipolar balance of power in this system. According to the unconventional account of the so-called "feudal war" (1431–1453) in the Great Duchy of Moscow by Alexander Zimin, there was real possibility to establish at least two Russian states in the lands ruled by the Muscovite princes. Great Novgorod was viable polity too, bearing promise of the protobourgeois and protodemocratic Russia. Another viable polity was created in Kazan by Tatars who have changed to sedentary life of agriculturalists, and were about to become the power, filling out the geopolitical space that in older times was held by Volga Bulgaria. However, mainly due to the pursuit by Jagiellonian rulers of GDL and Poland of the dynastic politics in the Central Europe, at least three windows of opportunity to preserve this interpolity system from its annihilation by rising Moscow empire were not used. Last of them was the opportunity to re-establish the independence of Great Novgorod in 1480. These failures of the Lithuanian statesmanship sealed the fate of the Eastern European interpolity system: its disappearance in the Moscow empire. So the history of Eastern European interpolity politics in the XIII–XVIII centuries is another case proving the finding of the recent research by Stuart J. Kaufman, William C. Wohlforth, Richard Little, David Kangi, Charles Jones, Victoria Tin-Bor Hui, Arthur Eckstein, Daniel Deudney, Williams Brenner that a long-lasting balance of power in a interpolity system is rather an exception than rule, the rule being the displacement of the multipolar or bipolar balance of power interpolity systems by empires.
- Published
- 2015
18. Critical concept of decoloniality in the context of global coloniality
- Author
-
Žukaitė, Gintarė
- Subjects
Tarptautiniai santykiai ,Dekolonizacija ,Decolonization ,International relations - Abstract
Straipsnyje pristatoma nauja besiformuojanti teorinė prieiga – dekoloniališkumas, kuri bando sukurti pagrindą vis labiau ryškėjančioms antiglobalistinėms tendencijoms. Dekoloniališkumo krypties susiformavimą paskatino keletas priežasčių. Pirmiausia, nors Vakarų valstybių vykdoma tiesioginė kolonizacija baigėsi daugiau nei prieš penkis dešimtmečius, netiesioginė ekspansija į Trečiojo pasaulio valstybes vis dar tęsiasi. Ji tik pakeitė savo išraišką: vietoj tiesioginės teritorijų okupacijos reiškiasi kapitalizmo, modernybės, Vakarų kultūros pavidalais. Šio straipsnio problema – dekoloniališkumo kritinės sampratos vieta tarptautinių santykių disciplinoje. Tikslas – apžvelgus dekoloniališkumo krypties autorių darbus ir išanalizavus pagrindines dekoloniališkumo krypties sąvokas, pateikti bendrą besiformuojančios teorinės prieigos vaizdą. The paper presents a new theoretical approach – decoloniality, which tries to create the basis for anti-globalist tendencies. Decoloniality was encourage by a number of reasons. First of all, although the direct colonization ended more than five decades ago, an indirect expansion to the Third World countries is still in place; it only changed its expression – instead of the direct occupation of the territories, it is manifested through capitalism, modernity, and the Western culture. The problem of this article is a place of this critical concept in the discipline of international relations. The aim of the article is after reviewing the authors that are creating decoloniality approach and analyzing fundamental concepts, to provide an overall picture of the emerging decoloniality theoretical approach.
- Published
- 2011
19. Klaipėdos prijungimas prie Lietuvos 1923 m.: dokumentiniai liudijimai
- Author
-
Butkus, Zenonas
- Subjects
Rusija (Rossija ,Rusijos Federacija ,Rossijskaja Federacija ,Rusijos imperija ,Carinė Rusija ,Russia) ,Memel ,Ernestas Galvanauskas ,Klaipėda. Klaipėdos kraštas (Klaipeda region) ,Annexation of Klaipėda region ,Užsienio politika / Foreign policy ,Memel territory ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Klaipeda question ,Klaipėda ,Tarptautiniai santykiai / International relations ,Klaipėda Revolt of 1923 ,International relations ,Vokietija (Germany) - Abstract
Straipsnyje skelbiami dokumentai, atspindintys Klaipėdos prijungimo prie Lietuvos tarptautines sąlygas 1923 m., daugiausia surasti bei surinkti Rusijos ir Vokietijos archyvuose. Tik keletas šaltinių perspausdinami iš jau skelbtų dokumentų rinkinių, kurie skirti minėtų dviejų didžiųjų valstybių užsienio politikos istorijai. Pateikiami dokumentai liudija, kad dvi didžiosios Lietuvos kaimynės – Vokietija ir SSRS – turėjo Klaipėdoje savų interesų. Jų paisydamos jos neprieštaravo, kad Lietuva 1923 m. prisijungtų Klaipėdos kraštą. Dokumentus stengtasi pateikti populiariai, smulkmeniškai jų nekomentuojant. Šaltiniai paliekami skaitytojų kompetencijai. Pateiktų dokumentų turinys vertintinas kritiškai. Ne vienas diplomatas pranešimuose, ataskaitose stengdavosi pasigirti, sureikšminti savo veiksmų ar žodžių poveikį oponentams. Vis dėlto tuomet jausta didžiulė atsakomybė, ką nors išgalvoti ar pasakyti netiesą buvo neįprasta ir nepaprastai pavojinga. The paper publishes data reflecting the international conditions of Klaipėda’s annexation to Lithuania in 1923, which were mainly found and collected in Russian and German archives. Only several sources were reprinted from already published document collections dedicated to the history of foreign policy of the two mentioned large states. The presented documents testify that two large neighbours of Lithuania – Germany and the USSR – had their own interests in Klaipėda. Thus, they did not object to Lithuania’s annexation of Klaipėda Region in 1923. The presentation of documents is popular, without going into much detail. The sources were left to the readers’ competence. The content of presented documents should be viewed critically. Many diplomats tried to boast or give prominence to the impact of their acts or words on the opponents in presentations and reports. Nevertheless, a considerable responsibility was then felt, and inventing things or lying was uncommon and particularly dangerous.
- Published
- 2003
20. Klaipėda issue and Latvia in 1923
- Author
-
Jēkabsons, Ēriks
- Subjects
Vilnius. Vilniaus kraštas (Vilnius region) ,Latvijos santykiai ,Memel ,Lietuvių-lenkų santykiai ,Diplomatija / Diplomacy ,Lithuanian-Latvian relations ,Latvia ,Klaipėda. Klaipėdos kraštas (Klaipeda region) ,Annexation of Klaipėda region ,Užsienio politika / Foreign policy ,Memel territory ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Lietuva ,Latvija (Latvia) ,Klaipeda question ,Klaipėda ,Tarptautiniai santykiai / International relations ,Klaipėda Revolt of 1923 ,Baltijos šalys (Baltic States) ,International relations ,Lithuanian-Polish relations - Abstract
Nuo 1919 m. Latvija laikėsi formalaus neutraliteto lietuvių ir lenkų konflikto dėl Vilniaus atžvilgiu, nors neabejotina, kad tam tikrais laikotarpiais Latvijos pozicija palaikydavo Lenkijos pusę. Latvija buvo suinteresuota bendradarbiauti su palyginus stipria Lenkija, kurios pagalba, kilus ginkluotam konfliktui su SSRS, būtų buvusi labai svarbi, ir kad Latvijos kaimynė pietuose Lietuva būtų nepriklausoma, kas savaime garantuotų Latvijos valstybės nepriklausomybę. 1923 m. lapkričio mėnesį buvo sudaryta Latvijos ir Estijos karinės sąjungos sutartis, į ją buvo stengtasi įtraukti ir Lenkiją bei Lietuvą. Uždavinys buvo labai sudėtingas ir beveik neįgyvendinamas dėl lietuvių ir lenkų konflikto. Tačiau Latvija ir toliau stengėsi sutaikyti abi valstybes ir Klaipėdos įvykius traktavo kaip realią galimybę, galinčią išspręsti lietuvių ir lenkų konfliktą, kad paskui taptų įmanoma sukurti visų Baltijos valstybių sąjungą. Iš esmės Latvijos vyriausybė nepritarė Lietuvos pozicijai Vilniaus ir kt. klausimais. Vienintelis Lietuvos reikalavimas, kurį palaikė Latvija (tačiau nevienareikšmiškai), buvo Klaipėdos įtraukimas į Lietuvos sudėtį, nes tokį požiūrį lėmė geopolitiniai Latvijos interesai. Straipsnyje skelbiami dokumentai (ar jų ištraukos), susiję su Klaipėdos krašto prijungimu prie Lietuvos, leidžia įvertinti, kaip visa tai vertinta ir komentuota Latvijoje, kokios nuostatos laikėsi Latvijos valdžia ne tik Klaipėdos krašto įvykių kontekste bet ir kalbant apie Lietuvos ir Lenkijos konfliktą dėl Vilniaus. In 1919, Latvia declared formal neutrality with regard to the Lithuanian-Polish conflict over Vilnius, although there is no doubt that at certain periods Latvia’s position supported Poland. Latvia was concerned with cooperation with relatively strong Poland, the assistance of which would have been very important in the event of armed conflict with the USSR, and with the fact that Lithuania, Latvia’s southern neighbour, would be independent, which would guarantee independence of the State of Latvia. The Latvian-Estonian military union agreement was concluded in November 1923; there were attempts to include Poland and Lithuania into it. The task was very complicated and almost unrealizable due to the Lithuanian-Polish conflict. However, Latvia kept on trying to conciliate both states and treated Klaipėda events as a realistic possibility to solve the Lithuanian-Polish conflict so that later the union of all Baltic States was created. The Latvian Government basically did not approve of Lithuania’s position concerning Vilnius and other issues. The only Lithuania’s requirement supported by Latvia (yet ambiguously) was incorporation of Klaipėda in the territory of Lithuania, because this attitude was determined by Latvia’s geopolitical interests. The documents (or their extracts) related to the incorporation of Klaipėda Region into the territory of Lithuania, published in the paper, allow evaluating how all this was evaluated and commented upon in Latvia, what attitude was held by Latvian authorities not only in the context of the events in Klaipėda Region, but also concerning the Lithuanian-Polish conflict over Vilnius.
- Published
- 2003
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