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The article is devoted to the policy of censorship in Lithuania after the Manifesto issued by Emperor Nicholas II on 17 October 1905 in order to find out those ideas, thoughts, and opinions that the authorities of the Russian Empire sought to exclude from the communication process. The main object of the research is the Polish periodical press (newspapers, magazines, continuous, and one-off publications) published in Vilnius in 1905-1914. With the help of a comparative perspective, we will try to answer the question of whether the censorship of the Polish periodicals was subject to the same policy as other publications, whether there were peculiarities, or whether these periodicals were addressed more strictly. The main source of the research is the materials of the minutes of the meetings of the Temporary Committee on Press Affairs in Vilnius that have not been used in previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the issues of collecting and storing illegal publications and those confiscated by censorship authorities in the Central State Bookshop. It describes the structure of the military and other general censorship institutions, which sent the prohibited press to the Central State Bookshop. The aim of the study is to establish the approximate date of commencement of the activities of the department that stored confiscated by censorship or illegally issued publications, and several lists of publications prohibited by censorship and transmitted by the CSB are discussed. It is worth noting that until the 1940s, libraries were also called bookshops. In 1936, after the promulgation of the Law on Public Libraries, the Central State Bookshop became the Central State Library, and its departments became state public libraries. Between 1919-1922, under the management of Eduardas Volteris, the collection and storage of illegal and censored publications at the Central State Bookshop became a matter of interest. The legal deposit was the key and constant source of acquisition of the collections of the Central State Bookshop. In 1919 and 1935, the press laws stipulated how many mandatory copies had to be delivered to county governors or simply to state institutions. However, illegal and confiscated publications were not included in the legal deposit. The main aim of the library was to collect and store all publications published in Lithuania and by Lithuanian publishers abroad. Therefore, it was important for the library to compile a complete set of the current press. To obtain prohibited titles, the library cooperated with the structural units of the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of the Interior responsible for the supervision of the press. In various historical periods, unequal attention was paid to the compilation of censorshiprestricted press in the Central State Bookshop. Until the 1930s, there was an intensive correspondence between war censors and the Press and Societies Division of the Department of Civil Protection about sending and collecting prohibited press in the Central State Bookstore. During c. 1920-1921, illegal and confiscated publications began to be collected in a separate office called the "secret division". In the 1940s, censorship institutions sent lists of prohibited press of various volumes to the library. After reviewing the publications on these lists, no signs of censorship could be found. Records of censorship office provenances and censorship officers were found in individual publications that were not included in the lists of prohibited books. Although the publications confiscated by censorship authorities were stored in the library of the University of Lithuania, and in the library of Vytautas Magnus University since 1930, CSB was the only library in the interwar period in which special attention was paid to the issues of collecting prohibited press. Use of the prohibited press was restricted. These titles were not open to general public; only employees of ministries and members of the Seimas could read it. The prohibited press could serve scientific research and press statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the printing houses in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that operated during the 17th-18th centuries belonged to institutions the biggest part of which consisted of Catholic monk monasteries. Despite belonging to one group, the development path of each printing house and its contribution to book culture has unique features. Of the four institutional printing houses operating in the 18th century in Vilnius, the printing house of the Franciscan Conventuals Monastery was the first to be closed and its operations terminated. The purpose of the article is to identify the following causes behind the issues and eventual closure of this printing house. Based on the expenses and income book of this printing house for the period 1752-1769 (it is preserved at the Department of Manuscripts of Vilnius University Library,) this paper examines various aspects of the Vilnius Franciscan Conventuals monastery printing house: funds, sources of equipment and paper, building location, relations with employees and hired craftsmen, orders, sources of income, profitability. In order to better understand the specificity of the institutional press, an effort was made to establish a link between the research outcome and the wider context by addressing the question of the impact of both the society of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Franciscan Order itself on the destiny of the printing house. In addition, the book of expenses and income reveals new biographical data about Vilnius engraver Franciszek Balcewicz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following World War II, Lithuanian academic youth, who found themselves and continued their studies at the US universities, joined various organizations, as a result active social, cultural and societal life of students took place. The main organizations uniting Lithuanian students in the US (the Lithuanian Student Union, the Catholic Student Union Ateitis, the Academic Scout Movement, the Lithuanian student group Santara) perceiving the impact of information, took special care of their press publications that had become one of the main tools in helping to gather academic youth, to disseminate organizational / ideological ideas not only among students but also among the wider society. This article presents and analyzes one-time and continuous publications published by Lithuanian students in the US, which have not received wider attention from researchers so far. The main attention is focused on the publications published by one of the organizations - Lithuanian student group Santara (since 1957 Santara-Šviesa Federations), as well as the analysis of the publications published by other organizations - the Lithuanian Student Union, the Academic Scout Movement, the Catholic Student Union Ateitis - their repertoire, content, significance in student life. The study covers the period of the 1950s-1960s allowing the observation of the most intensive activity of Lithuanian students in the US, their active participation in the public life of the Lithuanian community and a great deal of attention to own press problems. At that time, the main Lithuanian student organizations published various publications for their members and the general public: from one-time (humorous, occasional or camp) publications, newsletters intended for members only to successful and none too successful attempts to publish their own periodicals. The Lithuanian American Student Union established in 1951 for the purpose of informing members since March 1954 began publishing Lietuvių Studentų Sąjungos JAV biuletenis (the US Newsletter of the Lithuanian Student Union), which soon became a serious student magazine, Studentų gairės (Student Guidelines), published by in a printing house, and from 1954, students launched the English-language magazine Lituanus, which became an academic magazine for foreigners, published to this day. Ideological organizations (scouts, members of Ateitis and Santara), which had student columns in the major Lithuanian press, and published various one-time or continuous publications, took a very active part in the press work. The organizations had their own newsletters: the Academic Scout Movement (ASM) published the newsletter Ad meliorem for ASM members, the Catholic Student Union Ateitis in Cleveland since 1951 published Gaudeamus, in 1957-1961, Santara published the newsletter Žvilgsniai (Glances). Newsletters of separate columns (such as New Yorko Santara - New York Santara) also appeared, although they were irregular, often only published for a short time. Various one-off publications were popular among young people: occasional, humoristic (e. g. Krambambulis, Sumuštinis - Sandwich), a gathering or a camp publications (Arielkon - To Homemade Vodka, Niekšybės paslaptis - The Secret of Villainy, Po nemigos - After Insomnia etc.). These publications were self-published in a very small circulation and distributed only among members of the organization. Many of them have not survived or if survived are kept by private archives or archival institutions. The place of publication and circulation of these publications were usually not indicated, unmarked; publishers, editors, authors of articles and illustrations are left unknown, periodicity of publications and even the number of published publications - unclear. The content of most student published publications was analogous. The publications contained a variety of information - from serious texts analyzing issues on Lithuanian identity and social activities relevant to the young generation of the diaspora, as well as brief organizational information, humour columns, photographs and friendly banter addressed to self and colleagues. Despite their quality and sometimes seemingly insignificant content, these publications become an important, often the only one source revealing to researchers the peculiarities of the little-known American youth camping, the peculiarities of student social and community life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 28 September 1987, the resolution No. 264 On Further Development of Individual Housing in the Republic passed by the Central Committee of the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR restored the typological group of private dwelling-houses to Lithuanian towns after a break of nearly three decades. Postmodern trends in architecture that prevailed in western countries at that time reached Lithuania in the form of limited spectrum of architectural press. Architectural expression of individual dwelling-houses in Lithuania relied specifically on projects published in foreign magazines (mostly, of Japan, the U.S.A and Western Europe), and later - in the local periodicals. Different features of such analogous architecture were adapted in Lithuanian dwelling-houses in different ways: the spatial structure of the building was used and interpreted in ones, while in the others - only certain specific details, most often published in such professional press. Three groups of individual dwelling-houses were formed: the elite - benchmark-type, typical -adapted and self-taught architecture. They represented examples of architecture, which over the ten-year's period were built in parallel and intense mode, until finally the economic conditions prevalent in the post-Soviet Lithuania led to the more practical approach to one's housing, and the style of post-modernism became unfashionable in Lithuania just like in the remaining part of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this work is samizdat publications in Lithuania during the Soviet occupation. The aim of this study was to identify what types of research have published by now and how to develop the further analysis of samizdat. The study has shown, that Lithuanian researchers analyze samizdat in three different aspects: as part of dissident movement, as part of the Lithuanian press history, and as a unique phenomenon. The terms defining samizdat are not used systematically, but the most frequent terms are samizdat, underground press, illegal press, and dissident press. There are diferent opinions about the emergence of samizdat. Some historians associate the beginning of samizdat with "Lietuvos Katalikų Bažnyčios kronika", some say that samizdat is part of illegal press started in the nineteenth century, and others that samizdat emerged in the 1950s. Different authors suggest different classification models of the underground press. The basis of all classifications is the division into religious and secular press, but the terminology is different in every research. Also, there is no consensus in historiography, how the secular and the religious forms of samizdat are connected with each other. Some historians analyze only the religious underground press and ignore the other types of samizdat. Some say that other types of underground press have already been studied and nothing new can be said. Some scientists look for the ways to show connections between different types of samizdat. Only E. Jaseliūnas and V. Stonienė tried to analyze samizdat in the aspects of book science: to examine the authorship of articles, printing specifics and release date issues. There are only a few works about the secular periodical samizdat, and there is absolutely no analysis of the non-periodical underground press. The further scientific analysis requires a deeper study of sources; it is necessary to examine the recently detected samizdat press and search for more of it, because not all samizdat press has been found and registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Soviet occupation, the Lithuanian reform movement Sąjūdis encouraged the development of the uncensored press and influenced the end of the Soviet government-controlled press system. Sąjūdis published and widely disseminated illegal periodicals and onetime publications, which concentrated the Lithuanian society for the reconstruction of Lithuania's independence in 1990. Currently, there is no research of the Sąjūdis printed heritage. The object of the present study is the Sąjūdis press of the early period (published from 13 June 1988 till 11 March 1990) purposely stored in Lithuania's memory institutions and private collections. The aim of this study was to establish the best known and available collections. Every Sąjūdis publication became particular and nowadays needs an appropriate view and preservation in special heritage departments of the Lithuanian memory institutions. Their first tasks would be to prepare a thorough bibliography and to validate the value of these heritage collections, which have unique inscriptions and ownership marks sometimes made by famous people. The collections were investigated in three archives, eleven libraries, nine museums and two personal collections. There is no complete surviving Sąjūdis printed heritage collection. During the Sąjūdis press distribution (1988-1990), the Lithuanian libraries, museums and persons collected it actively, and later the formation of this heritage was spontaneous. The most common ways of acquisition were the national legal deposit, donations, purchase, and interchange. The dominant donors of the Sąjūdis printed heritage were the staff, members of Sąjūdis, historians, journalists and other persons who realized the necessity of keeping this heritage. The largest collection, according to the title number, belongs to the private collector (bibliophile) Žilvinas Januška. Personal collections, because of their methodical and purposeful retrospective formation, have more titles than the institutional ones. The biggest collection according to the number of copies belongs to the Vilnius University Library. However, there are 10 per cent of unidentified and lost titles of the Sąjūdis printed heritage. There is a possibility to find more of them in Lithuania. Sąjūdis press contains materials of different periods, this fact endangers this heritage to disappear if not conserving it. This heritage is in good condition in Lithuanian museums and in worse condition in the archives, especially in libraries. In conclusion, Lithuanian memory institutions have to fulfill their mission and to preserve the printed heritage of Sąjūdis better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation into the influence of a dynamic vibration damper on the intensity of the absolute forced transversal vibrations of the blanket cylinder of the web printing offset press was performed. The analytical and numerical examination of the dynamic model of the cylinder was done. The obtained results have disclosed that the application of the damper decreases the intensity of printing cylinder vibrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to analyse the feedback from participants of events held in libraries on the need for bibliotherapy service and access of the service in libraries and to explore the impact of the newly acquired knowledge on the opinion change. The study used observation, interview and group questionnaire survey methods, involving the participants of three bibliotherapy events in Skuodas, Mažeikiai and Šiauliai public libraries. Qualitative data analysis included data organization, grouping, searching for causal relations, comparing the first and repeated questionnaire data, determining the reliability of data and the opinion dynamics. Respondents: prior to the event, 140 questionnaires were handed out, and 108 were returned filled in; after the event 140 questionnaires were distributed and 129 were returned. The re-poll conducted after a short period of time, when the opinion was influenced by the newly obtained knowledge, reflects the reliability / unreliability of the main trends and expresses the dynamics of opinion change, born by the externalities--the information provided by a lector. here is not much articles on bibliotherapy in Lithuanian scientific or popular press. Lately, there is an increased need for such information, as shown by the abundant educational--informational events concerning bibliotherapy. The work partially ills this gap by summarizing the scientific and bibliotherapeutic service situation in Lithuanian libraries. The study analyses data collected during events in three different areas of Lithuania. The data may not reflect the trends of the country; in this case, the study should be regarded as a pilot one, expressing the general aspects which in other areas may occur in different ways. It has been found that the greatest incentive to participate in bibliotherapy for librarians is the desire of more knowledge that they could use in their work and personal development. It is important to note that among the reasons for participation in the event, a significant amount of responses (18%) included the situation at work--activities when the use of bibliotherapy could be useful knowledge. his highlights the need to expand the number of similar events, their coverage, diversity of forms, making it possible to exchange experience, analyse situations, and jointly seek for solutions. The lack of bibliotherapeutic knowledge influenced the opinion of respondents about the service provision. Initial results of the survey indicate that the prevailing opinion of bibliotherapy is associated with theoretical reflections but not with real possibilities to provide the service. During the event, limited information (of 1.5 to 2 hours duration) positively influenced the opinion. The number of respondents with a negative opinion of bibliotherapy service went down, but still survived (2%). his proves that there is a possibility to provide services in bibliotherapy. The librarians named the obstacles and offered the possible solutions. Some are already engaged and committed to providing bibliotherapy services to libraries. At the same time, there remains a clearly expressed opposition to this kind of service. When looking for the possibilities and thinking about the need for bibliotherapy, librarians suggest specific ways, indicating the importance of this service and the reasons for cognitive barriers. The main obstacle for the need of knowledge is the fact that it is not expressed; librarians agree that readers are not aware of service options. In addition, as one participant said, people who need this service are shy. Considering the reason why such a service is required (the environment is full of aggression, various social issues such as immigration, loneliness, people's reticence and the resulting problems, etc.), librarians are of the opinion that such services are necessary. A theoretical analysis of bibliotherapeutic work has shown that bibliotherapy is considered by scientists and practitioners as a type of reading recommendations and informational activities, or as an educational and cognitive approach. The obtained results show the opinion of participants on the objective need for bibliotherapy services in library and librarians' and other participants' opinion on the real possibilities of and obstacles to providing this service in libraries. A repeated survey confirmed the main trends and illustrated the dynamics of a marginal change of opinion toward the positive side. It is likely that the dynamics is a result of the new information. The survey results are based on the opinion of librarians who directly interact with readers and know their needs. Analysis of the readers' opinion would increase the reliability of the results. In practical terms, there is a lack of methodologies and literature on strengthening the bibliotherapy services in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-media publishing is an unexplored subject in media studies in Lithuania. The object of the study was cross-media publishing by dailies in Lithuania. The objective was to present cross-media and to assess their use by daily newspapers. The tasks were to do research on cross-media concept and definition, to analyse the development of cross-media and to study how cross-media products are created, to explore the reasons for making a decision to develop cross-media strategies in publishing houses and to present the upcoming challenges of such a choice, to investigate the use of cross-media by Lithuania's dailies. In summary, it should be noted that the evolution of cross-media practices and a bigger integration in newspapers are related with the number of media used for creating a story. It should be perceived that each medium is equally important. The conclusion is made that more professional fitting of the content and a bigger amount of content migration between different media means a bigger integration. The number of cross-media journalists and a successful fight with cross-media challenges can be used to indicate the level of success in cross-media as well. Later on, the research was designed to investigate the use of cross-media in major Lithuanian dailies. To get the initial idea of the situation in using cross-media in Lithuanian dailies, an analysis of newspapers' website content and document analysis was made. Then, considering the findings, the news editors were asked to answer the questionnaires about collaboration among different media. The data have shown that the biggest newspapers are practicing cross-media, and some are very well informed about newsroom convergence trends. The level of integration differs in different newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Varpas" is the newspaper, published in the years 1889-1905 in the Prussian Lithuania (Lithuania Minor). It was intended for people from the Lithuania Major belonging to the Tsarist Russia at that time, where the Lithuanian language press in Latin letters was prohibited by the Empire government in 1864-1904. The main goals of the article are: (a) to highlight the culture movement aspirations of Martynas Jankus as the most representative figure of Prussian Lithuanians (lietuvininkai), as well as other lietuvininkai culture movement members; (b) to analyse the most important national actualities in Prussian Lithuania at that time; and (c) to introduce the opinion about lietuvininkai way of living to the Lithuania Major people. All this is made on the basis of materials from the "Varpas" publications. Such analysis is possible because of the fact that we can find important Lithuanian culture figures such as Martynas Jankus, Morta Zauniūtė, Jurgis Lapinas, etc. among the "Varpas" editors. "The problems of the Lithuanian culture situation in Prussian Lithuania were also pointed by outstanding Lithuania Major culture workers, such as Vincas Kudirka, Jonas Basanavičius, Jonas Šliūpas, etc. The theme is new and actual for the following reasons. In spite of rather wide research studies on the nationalist movement by Vincas Kudirka, reflected from "Varpas" social and national aspirations, our historians still didn't pay actual attention to the same activities by Martynas Jankus in Lithuanian historiography. We can define some actual and predominant themes in "Varpas" publications: (a) local nationality situation and the problem oflietuvininkai denationalization; (b) the decreasing number of local Lithuanian-speaking people; (c) cultural and political activities oflietuvininkai; and (d) national collaboration and contacts between Lithuanians from Prussian Lithuania and Lithuania Major, including obstruction aspects here. The analysis of actual texts allowed us the following conclusion. Lithuanians in Lithuania Major understood the Lithuanian culture societies in Prussian Lithuania as an appropriate possibility to realize their own national and political aspirations. Anyway, the integration process of all people from both Lithuanias, separated historically by the Nemunas river at that time, was very problematic because of a different political, confessional and cultural situation in the period of the end of the 19th-beginning of 20th Centuries here. The ideas of joint Lithuanian culture movement were first pointed by the most active lietuvininkai culture figures, including Martynas Jankus. On the other hand, the main part of common lietuvininkai people were defined locally by a conservative understanding of their living area, determined by different political, cultural and economic life experience as compared with the situation in Lithuania Major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]