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The present paper attempts at reconstructing the societies that existed in the Roman period in the western part of Lithuania, the Lower Nemunas (Lithuania) and on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea – on the Zealand Island (Sjaelland) (Denmark), on the Skåne Peninsular (Sweden), on the Bornholm Island (Denmark), and on the Swedish islands of Gotland and Öland and at comparing them after having analysed the burial material on the basis of the theories and research methods of post-processual social archaeology and after having evaluated the research results in the context of other archaeological material available. The novelty of this research paper is that this is the first comparative analysis, carried out on the basis of the archaeological material and the social structures of the Baltic Sea region, of their changes and the reasons that caused those changes. Having made the comparative analysis of the societies of South Scandinavia and Western Lithuania the following generalising conclusions were drawn. All the Baltic Sea societies exhibited clear signs of stratification during the Roman period; it was only the degree of hierarchisation that differed. The middle and lowest layers of society had more similarities than differences in all the regions. The greatest differences can be seen among the highest layers of society; the highest degree of hierarchisation is undoubtedly characteristic of the island of Zealand, while the lowest one is typical of Western Lithuania. Everyday life was most probably similar in ordinary settlements on both coasts of the Baltic Sea.

Jūros krantas – viena kaičiausių geosferos vietų žemėje. Nuolat vykstant sąnašų apykaitai tarp jūros ir kranto, stipresnės audros metu kranto profilis gali pakisti iš esmės. Tačiau, nepaisant sparčiai kintančios aplinkos, krantą sudarantys morfologiniai elementai (paplūdimys, kopagūbris) išlieka. Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti, kaip erozinėse ir akumuliacinėse kranto atkarpose kinta morfometriniai paplūdimio rodikliai. Šių tikslų įgyvendinimui pasirinkti erozinis (Melnragė I) ir akumuliacinis (Smiltynė) kranto ruožai, kuriuose nuo 2002 m., baigus Klaipėdos uosto molų rekonstrukcijos darbus bei išgilinus įplaukos kanalą iki 14,5 m, suintensyvėjo kranto arda šiauriau molų ir akumuliacija – piečiau. Nuo 2002 m. iki 2017 m. kartą per metus (pavasarį) šiauriau ir piečiau uosto molų buvo atliekami kranto skersinės niveliacijos darbai, kurių metu nustatyta kranto profilio kaita, kranto linijos padėties kaita, paplūdimio pločio kaita, smėlio, išplauto iš paplūdimio, kaita bei smėlio kiekio, susikaupusio paplūdimyje, kaita. Nustatyta, kad, nepaisant didelio kranto linijos padėties bei sąnašų kiekio paplūdimyje kaitos, paplūdimys stengiasi išlaikyti pastovius savo morfometrinius rodiklius. Erozinio kranto atkarpoje paplūdimio forma palaikoma naudojant smėlio atsargas, sukauptas kopagūbryje. Akumuliacinio kranto atkarpoje – formuojant užuomazgines kopas viršutinėje paplūdimio dalyje, The beach is one of the most sensitive elements of sandy coast, changing constantly during a short period of time. Hydrodynamic and aeolian processes act as the main driving forces changing the cross-shore sediment exchange between nearshore, beach and foredune. The aim of this paper is to determine changes in the beach morphometry during periods dominated by accretion and erosion. In order to evaluate the change of beach profile in sectors with dominant accretion (Smiltynė) and erosion (Melnragė I) processes, the changes in beach morphometry that occurred during the 2002–2017 period were analyzed. The levelling of the beach cross-sections has been performed annualy in May in calm weather conditions since 2002. The following morphometric indicators were chosen for analysis of morphological changes of the beaches: beach width (horizontal distance from the coastline to the foredune toe), beach volume and position of shoreline. These parameters were selected as the mostrepresentative of the features of beach profile. The analysis of change in beach morphology has shown that, despite intensive fluctuation of shoreline position, the beach width and volume remained almost unchanged. In case of I Melnragė, where the shoreline position during the 2002–2017 period moved landward more than 30 m, beach width shrunk by only 15 m (from 50 to 35 m). In the case of Smiltynė, where shoreline position moved about 30 m seaward, the beach width increased by only 5 m (from 50 to 55 m). Their temporal stability can be explained by the formation of incipient dune near established foredune toe in the coastal sectors with prevailing accretion period. In the coastal sectors with prevailing erosion, the narrowing of beaches allows the waves to erode the foredune. Eroded material from foredune nourished the beach, resulting in the recovery of beach profile. In such a way, the beach profile retains quasi-stability in the coast dominated by accretion processes as well as in the coast with prevailing erosion processes. Thus, the beach profile tends to return into equilibrium with the forming factors.

The present paper attempts at reconstructing the societies that existed in the Roman period in the western part of Lithuania, the Lower Nemunas (Lithuania) and on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea – on the Zealand Island (Sjaelland) (Denmark), on the Skåne Peninsular (Sweden), on the Bornholm Island (Denmark), and on the Swedish islands of Gotland and Öland and at comparing them after having analysed the burial material on the basis of the theories and research methods of post-processual social archaeology and after having evaluated the research results in the context of other archaeological material available.

Šis magistrantūros studijų baigiamasis darbas atskleidžia ir leidžia labiau įsigilinti į Lietuvos pajūrio išsaugojimą, skiriamas priemones, susipažinti su gaunamomis paramomis aplinkosaugai, sužinoti, kur jos panaudojamos bei labiau įsigilinti į pajūrio svarbą Lietuvai. Gilintasi, kokie veiksniai daro didžiausią žalą mūsų pajūriui, bei kokią iniciatyvą aplinkosaugos atžvilgiu rodo ir kaip prisideda turistai, vietos bei kiti Lietuvos gyventojai. Tiriamojoje dalyje buvo vykdomas ekspertų apklausos tyrimas vakarų Lietuvoje (Palangos, Klaipėdos, Kretingos, taip pat rajonų savivaldybių specialistų). Ekspertų pagalba vertintos pajūrio apsaugos priemonės, veiksniai, darantys žalą Lietuvos pajūriui. Atlikta norminių dokumentų analizė, išanalizuotos gaunamos lėšos ir parama Lietuvos pajūriui išsaugoti bei padaryti darbai. Atlikta stiprybių, silpnybių, galimybių ir grėsmių (SSGG) analizė, teikiami pasiūlymai kaip pagerinti ir išsaugoti stabilią teritorijų būklę. Taip pat išanalizuoti norminiai dokumentai Baltijos šalyse (Latvijoje ir Estijoje), nagrinėta, kaip saugomas pajūris ir kokią reikšmę jis turi kaimyninėse šalyse. Informacija palyginta su Lietuvos teisine sistema. Aptarta kokia pajūrio teritorijų svarba ir kaip jis saugomas Latvijoje ir Estijoje. Darbe nagrinėjama Baltijos pajūrio pakrantės aplinkosauginė situacija (tarša, atliekų rūšiavimas, ekologinės būklės gerinimas ir išsaugojimas, analizuoti teisės aktai, paramos, projektai). Aptariama Baltijos jūros pakrantės svarba... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] This Master's thesis reveals and allows more insight into the Lithuanian coastal conservation measures on access to the support they received for the Environment, to find out where they are used, and more aware of the importance of coastal Lithuania. Jurisprudence which factors have the greatest damage to our beaches, as well as any environmental initiative, demonstrates and contributes to tourists, locals and residents of Lithuania. The research was carried out in the expert survey in west Lithuania (Palanga, Klaipeda in municipality, as well as areas of municipal officers). It has been questioned by experts whose opinion then analyzed and conclusions drawn about the coastal protection measures, factors which caused the Lithuanian coast. Normative document analysis was performed, analysis of received funds and support for the preservation of Lithuania seaside as well as the work performed. The survey and analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, documenting the opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis and conclusions on how to improve and change the state of preservation. Also analyze regulatory documents in the Baltic States (Latvia and Estonia) were analyzed, protected seashore and the significance of the neighborhood were researched. A comparison of the Lithuanian legal system. Comparable any seaside importance and how it is stored in Latvia and Estonia. The paper examines the Baltic seaside coastal environmental side (pollution, waste handling, treatment, preservation... [to full text]