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Bendroji temos charakteristika ir darbo aktualumas. Šio darbo temą padiktavo ES institucijų vis labiau pabrėžiama ir žingsnis po žingsnio įgyvendinama nuostata didinti pilietinės visuomenės vaidmenį ES valdyme ir su tuo susijęs klausimas, koks vaidmuo ES valdyme tenka VRE valstybių pilietinei visuomenei. Darbas atliktas studijuojant doktorantūroje Mykolo Romerio universitete ir dalyvaujant dviejuose tarptautiniuose doktorantų tinkluose, priklausančiuose Europos valdymo problemoms skirtai CONNEX programai (angl. The Network of Excellence CONNEX („Connecting Excellence on European Governance“)), kuri savo ruožtu priklauso ES 6-ajai Bendrajai tyrimų programai: "Pilietinės visuomenės įtraukimas į Europos valdymą" Vokietijoje, Manhaimo Europos Socialinių Tyrimų Centre (Universität Mannheim, Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung MZES), vadovė prof. Beate Kohler-Koch, ir „Viešosios politikos europeizacija Rytų Europos valstybėse“ Prancūzijoje, Paryžiaus Europos mokslo studijų centre (Centre d’études européennes de Sciences-Po), vadovas dr. François Bafoil. Darbas buvo rašomas taip pat stažuočių Lundo universitete Švedijoje ir Vroclavo universitete Lenkijoje metu. Darbo tiriamoji problema formuluojama įvertinus ES valdymo principą, pagal kurį svarbus vaidmuo ES sprendimų priėmime suteikiamas pilietinei visuomenei, ir siekiant ištirti, kiek šis principas palankus Vidurio ir Rytų Europos valstybėms. Darbas grindžiamas metodologine nuostata, pagal kurią šiuolaikinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Following the enlargement in 2004 and 2007, the European Union (EU) has been made of Western states of old democracy, as well as of post-communist countries of the Central and East Europe (CCEE), the latter counting less than two decades of democratic development. These two parts of Europe differ significantly with regard to the historical and political experience, cultural traditions, the level of economic and social development. The EU, however, functions as an integrated political and economic community. The key sign of the EU integration is the decision-making at the EU level. Decisions are taken after consultation with the member states, as well as with civil society. The topic of the research has been inspired by the EU governance reform which designates a greater role to consultations with civil society in the decision-making at the EU level. The Turin European Council in 1996 provided the Intergovernmental Conference negotiating the Treaty of Amsterdam with the mandate “to bring the EU closer to its citizens”. The guidelines of the European governance reform were presented in the European Commission’s White Paper “European Governance” in 2001 . The White Paper provided for a significant role of civil society. The research has been conducted during PhD studies at Mykolas Romeris University (Vilnius, Lithuania) and while participating in two PhD networks of the Network of Excellence CONNEX (“Connecting Excellence on European Governance”), a project funded by the EU... [to full text]

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos atvirosios visuomenės ir jos teisinio identiteto tyrimo metodologinės prieigos. Dažniausiai atvirosios visuomenės samprata grindžiama K. R. Popperio išplėtotu požiūriu, kuris apibrėžė, tikėtina, vis labiau depersonifikuotos visuomenės raidą. Jos plėtimasis – tai mąstymas į plotį. Dėl mąstymo į plotį be jį atitinkančio mąstymo gylio Vakarų civilizacija yra pakliuvusi į egzistencinę krizę (P. Aleksandravičius). Tai patvirtina IT raidos raiškos formos. Todėl vėl prisiminta H. Bergsono atvirosios visuomenės samprata, kurios pagrindinis principas – brolybė. Pilietinė visuomenė intuityviu lygiu kuriasi ir veikia šio principo pagrindu. Todėl atvirosios visuomenės teisinio identiteto tyrimo metodologiniai iššūkiai yra susieti suminėtų sampratų pasirinkimu. This paper examines methodological approaches to the study of open society and its legal identity. Mostly, the concept of open society is based on the approach developed by K. R. Popper, who defined the likely development of an increasingly depersonalized society. Its expansion involves thinking on breadth. Because of breadth of thinking without the corresponding depth of thinking, Western civilization is in an existential crisis (P. Aleksandravičius). This is evidenced by the evolutionary forms of IT development. Hence Bergson’s concept of open society, based on the principle of fraternity, is again recalled. Civil society develops and operates on an intuitive basis, based on this principle. Therefore, the methodological challenges of studying the legal identity of an open society are linked to the choice between the two concepts. An analysis of the functionality of the common civilizational foundations of the legal identity of an open society was conducted. This functionality was demonstrated to weaken (1) the idea of common rules of conduct, (2) the rule of law, and (3) the idea of institutional and legal protection of human rights and freedoms. In researching the functionality of these ideas, it is more appropriate to refer to H. Bergson’s concept of open society than to K. R. Poper’s concept.

Pilietinis dalyvavimas ir aktyvus piliečių įsitraukimas į valstybės politinį gyvenimą įvairiomis pilietinio dalyvavimo formomis yra neatskiriama tvaraus valdymo ir darnaus vystymosi dalis. Valstybėse vykdomi regionų plėtros projektai vis dažniau grindžiami darnaus vystymosi principais, ir vienas iš pagrindinių veiksnių – piliečių dalyvavimo skatinimas ir dalyvavimo formų priemonių užtikrinimas. Todėl vis daugiau dėmesio skiriama internetui ir naujosioms medijoms, kurios leidžia piliečiams lengviau bendradarbiauti, savo nuomonę svarbiais visuomeniniais klausimais pasakyti iniciatyvų internetinėje erdvėje būdu. Išpopuliarėjus socialinių tinklų svetainėms, medijoms tapus lengviau prieinamoms kiekvienam piliečiui, pasaulyje ėmė daugėti pilietinių iniciatyvų, kurios kartais peraugdavo į pilietinius judėjimus ar net revoliucijas. Straipsnyje remiantis socialinių tinklų, viešosios erdvės teorijomis siekiama nustatyti, kokią įtaką internetas ir naujosios medijos daro aplinkosaugos problemų sprendimui pilietiniu lygmeniu.Reikšminiai žodžiai: aplinkosauga, pilietinės iniciatyvos, naujosios medijos, socialiniai tinklai, viešoji erdvė, internetas, socialinių tinklų svetainės.Environmental Initiatives and Movements in the Context of new Media’s PossibilitiesIndrė Petrauskaitė SummaryCivic engagement and active involvement in the po­litical life of the various forms of participation is an integral part of sustainable government and sustain­able development. Nowadays, the state should en­courage ensuring the principles of sustainable devel­opment. One means to do it is promoting Citizen’s participation and its forms. A growing attention given to the Internet and new media through which the citizens can cooperate, their views on impor­tant issues and initiatives can take the online space for discussions and movements. Social networking websites, new media getting more and more popular every day hold a prominent place in the lives of a large number of people. That is why citizen in the world began to increase overall civic initiatives, which sometimes degenerate into civil movements or even revolutions. This paper examines the con­cept of civic participation and the impact of new media and the Internet on environmental initiatives and movements. The article is dedicated showing how the new media and the Internet influence civil participation in environmental issues. It discusses few important components of civil participations: the level of civil society, social capital, social net­works, public space, and defines changes of each level which are determined by the new media and the Internet. Also, the article explores changes of issues of environmental initiatives and movements and defines the fundamental changes that influence the growth of environmental movements nowadays. The research and conclusions on the impact of the new media and the Internet on environmental initia­tives are strengthen by academic observations and examples of environmental movements. Keywords: environmental initiatives and move­ments, civil initiatives, new media, social networks, public space, the Internet, sites of social networks.

Originalios idėjos bei unikalus mąstymas, ko gero, yra vertingiausias šių laikų turtas. Norisi daryti prielaidą, kad labiausiai gerbiami ir vertinami turėtų būti tie žmonės, kurie geba pasiūlyti daugiausia originalių, dėmesio vertų idėjų. Tačiau diskusijose apie viešojo gėrio kūrimą ar jo apsaugojimą ir kreipiantis į verslininkus su prašymu paaukoti bendram reikalui, neretai galima išgirsti atsakymą, jog pinigai daug kainuoja. Pinigai tarsi įgauna pridėtinę vertę, ne tik įgalina veiksmą, bet ir tampa jo pagrindu. Sociologinėje tradicijoje laikomasi požiūrio, kad laikas visuomenėje yra pasiskirstęs vienodžiau nei pinigai, todėl, kalbant apie viešojo gėrio atstovavimą, prioritetą reiktų teikti dalyvavimui, kuris pasižymi asmens skiriamu laiku, o ne pinigais. Visuomenininkai linkę paaukoti savo laiką, darbą ir garbę už nuopelnus, kad tik viešosios dorybės būtų apgintos. Tad kaip yra su anksčiau išsakyta ir, regis, nekvestionuojama mintimi, kad brangiausiai kainuoja idėjos? Ar tikrai rūpinimasis viešuoju gėriu dažnai prilyginamas savotiškam heroizmui ir tai skatina pilietiškumo raišką? Ar tikrai rūpinimasis viešaisiais reikalais gali atnešti garbę ir pripažinimą? Pagrindinis šio straipsnio tikslas – ištirti, kiek „kainuoja“ rūpinimasis viešuoju gėriu ir su kokiais trukdžiais bei iššūkiais susiduria pilietinei veiklai angažuoti visuomenininkai. Tikslo bus siekiama remiantis pripažintų užsienio ir Lietuvos autorių įžvalgomis, nagrinėjant dvi gerai žinomas Vilniaus ir Kauno kino teatrų gynimo pilietines bylas. Original ideas and unique thinking are perhaps the most valuable assets nowadays. We would like to assume that those people who are able to offer many original and noteworthy ideas should be most respected and appreciated. However, at the discussion about the creation of public good or its protection and having addressed entrepreneurs with a request to donate for the common good, we often hear an answer that money is expensive. Money as if acquires added value and not only enables action, but also becomes the basis for action. Sociological tradition holds a viewpoint that time is distributed in society more evenly than money; therefore, concerning representation of public good, priority should be given to participation that could be characterised by the time spared by a person rather than money. Public activists tend to sacrifice their time, work and honour for merits, in order to protect public values. So what about the aforementioned seemingly undisputed thought that ideas are most expensive? Is really the caring of public good often compared to kind of heroism and this promotes the expression of citizenship? May really the caring of public affairs bring honour and recognition? The main aim of the paper is to investigate how much the caring of public good “costs” and what obstacles and challenges the public activists engaged in civil activities face. The aim will be sought through the reference to the insights of recognised Lithuanian and foreign authors and the analysis of two well-known civil cases of defending Vilnius and Kaunas cinema theatres.

The goal of the paper is to present the development of social work studies in Vilnius University. According to authors, there are nine groups of variables for study program. There has to be a theoretical basis for a certain study program. There is no unified theoretical framework in social work and that is a problem for social work. The second condition is an existence of study program. The peculiarities of labour market for social workers imposed two different ways to organise social work study. The first one was a study program for the re-skilling workers of social care institutions. The other, was an ordinary study program. There cannot be a study program without academic stuff. The members of social work department were academics from related disciplines (psychology, education, economics and so on) in the beginning. Latter the grown ups academics joined the department. Other agencies organise social work study programs, also. In some cases, it is competition in other – cooperation. The social work study program is organised in different ways and there is a discussion about which way has to choose Lithuania. The sixth dimension is the demand for the study program. The demand is reflected by the employment of graduates. The study process primary depends on academic staff, but physical and technological conditions are also important. The university is connected with other agents in the field – social work schools, public sector organisations, civil society and research agencies. If the goal of organisation is to remain in the field, it has to react to feedback from students, employees and social partners.

The goals of participation policy of youth and children is presented and analysed in the paper. The first goal is to create the opportunity for the children and youth to implement their civil right to establish themselves. The goal is derived from the idea of democracy. The second goal is to let the children and youth to participate in the establishment of civil society. Also it is important to create the ways to motivate the children and youth. The third goal is to utilise the expertise knowledge. The children and youth are experts in the knowledge of their living conditions. It is argued that the goals do not suit well to each other. The author is looking for the best trade offs.