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Curriculum reforms at the secondary-school level in Malaysia began in 1988 and was fully implemented in 1989. Heagly and Evans define curriculum as structured experience provided by the school for the student, so the student can meet all set learning outcomes to the best of their abilities. Prior to the introduction of the Secondary School Integrated Curriculum (KBSM), many issues were identified in the secondary school curriculum that served as the benchmark for curriculum reforms in Malaysia. Based on analysis, the introduction of KBSM was closely related to the turbulent historical issues during the first three decades after independence. These issues include problems with unity, inability to produce skilled labour, and the fragile and still negligible usage of the national language. Therefore, this article analyses the historical issues closely related to the introduction of KBSM, and the individuals responsible for ensuring KBSM comes into reality. The historical method is used as the thrust of this paper. Data collection-wise, this paper uses the qualitative analysis method of archival and library research. This approach aims to gather information and analysis a variety of primary and secondary sources such as the Report of the Education Committee 1956, Report of the Education Review Committee 1960, and the Cabinet Committee Report on Review of Implementation of Education Policies 1979, along with the Curriculum Committee Meeting Minutes in 1972, 1986 and 1987. The findings confirm the three historical issues strongly influenced the thought processes that went into planning and drafting KBSM. Implication-wise, the curriculum underwent reforms, towards a shift in the field of education following these historical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nation-state is a sovereign state with the people have an awareness that they have something in common. There is something in common that can be seen among those who live together in the same nationstate territory based on language, customs and old traditions that are shared. In short, a nation-state is a state entity that is free from any world concept of empire. In Malaysia, the basis of nation-state building has existed since the reign of the Malay king, while the British administrative system during the colonial period had introduced Malaya to the concept of a modern nation-state. Thus, this study aims to highlight the history of the nation-state formation in Malaysia and the challenges in order to achieve the goal. This is a qualitative academic history article and the writing used the document analysis method. In addition to that, the Social Science analysis methods are also used to give a more extensive and broad writing analysis. The results of the study found that the nation-state building in the country is an ongoing process. The process has been formed through the traditional nation-state concept that existed before the British colonial era, thus the process keep developed during the colonial period and continued after the independence based on the development of as a sovereign nation-state. Until the post-independence era, the policies that the government tried to highlight continued to empower the nation-state concept to form a nation-of-intent in the country that became the objective of all independent countries. This paper is expected to give such a broad overview of the history and challenges faced by the country in its efforts to form a nation-of-intent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli was a well-known ulama (scholar) in education as well as an important political figure. This paper discusses the political activities of Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli using a content analysis approach with historical methods. In addition, this paper also uses the creative minority theory developed by Toynbee that oppression always gives birth to a small group of creative minority. The findings in this study are that, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli as a politician, dealt with colonialism by taking a cooperative way which politically benefitted the Minangkabau community. During the Dutch colonial period, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli successfully established VIOS (Vereeniging Ittihadul Oelama Sumatra), the Tarbiah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), and stopped the Marriage Bill which was drafted by the Dutch colonialists from becoming law. During the Japanese occupation, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli formed the Minangkabau Islamic High Council (MITM), served as General Chair of the Assembly and successfully inspired youth to join the People’s Army. After independence, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli became chairman of the Constituent Assembly session in 1955 and was the highest advisor to the Tarbiyah Islamiyah Unity Party. He was also one of the founding figures of Lasykar Muslimin Indonesia (Lasymi), advisor to the Military Governor of Central Sumatra and Chairman of the MUSI Commission (All Indonesian Ulema Council) in Palembang in opposing communism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ṣukūk emerged in the last two decades as a noteworthy contender for conventional bonds. Their wider appeal for Muslim populations around the world led to more issuers preferring to issuing ̋ukūk over conventional bonds. This is the case for most countries in the Islamic World, but not Kuwait, despite it being a world-renowned pioneer and hub for innovation and creativity in Islamic Finance and Shariah-compliant capital markets. This study examines the legal and regulatory framework for ̋ukūk in the State of Kuwait after giving a brief history of its development. Through qualitative analysis of news sources, country reports, and academic papers, this study attempts to identify the major challenges and hurdles facing the development of ̋ukūk despite the illustrious track record of the Islamic Finance industry in Kuwait. As per the study, the most notable challenges and hurdles are in relation to the benchmark yield curve, public awareness, and listing of ̋ukūk. The study concludes by suggesting possible solutions which all require a higher level of coordination between government entities and relevant stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is written to examine and narrate the existence of several monuments in Kota Melawati, Bukit Melawati, Kuala Selangor. The monuments' existence in Kota Melawati could be seen as a tourist attraction and a monument with a historical story, signifying the existence of the Selangor Sultanate and elements of Selangor colonization. Therefore, the historical research methodology in this writing depends on primary and secondary sources and field studies to collect data to ensure accurate and appropriate information. Among the monuments found in Kota Melawati are Batu Hampar, Busut Melawati, Tangga Seratus, Meriam Tiga Sederet and Lighthouse. Behind the existence of these monuments in Kota Melawati, each has its own story related to the colonial government, diplomatic and political anecdote, and the story of wars that creates rich history related to the existence of the state of Selangor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of anthropology has introduced the term polytheism which refers to belief and worship of more than one god or deity. Man from the beginning of his existence has interacted with nature, admiring some beings they considered special and possessing extraordinary powers. This situation encourages some people to believe in polytheism, which is to worship various gods or deities in addition to Allah SWT. Historical records show that polytheism existed long before the time of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The question is, how does the Quran describe polytheism? Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the description of polytheism in the Quran, especially about the history, form, factors and types of polytheism. This is a qualitative research applying the method of content analysis to the text of Quranic verses. The results of the study show that the Quran contains socio-historical data on polytheism of past generations, in addition to criticism and prohibition of any form of worshipping gods and deities other than Allah SWT. In conclusion, the Quran discusses not only Shariah, but also covers the field of anthropology and socio-cultural universals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horror films are a genre film that is popular globally and is able to influence the local film industry. With its long history, the horror genre has its own aficionados. This includes Malaysian film audience. Several studies have been carried out on Malaysian horror films; nonetheless, there is a dearth of research that focuses on the development of the horror film genre academically and systematically. Much of the past research on Malaysian horror films puts emphasis on the female characters or the horror elements itself. Therefore, this paper outlines the development of the horror films in Malaysia based on its international and local roots. The implication of this outline is that it contributes to the understanding of the genre to local film scholars, filmmakers and the film industry itself, apart from contributing to the knowledge of Malaysian horror film genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 3 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) recognizes the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples. Prior to this international law recognition, the indigenous peoples have gone through various obstacles. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to describe the history and development of the right to self-determination of the indigenous peoples in international law. This research uses socio-legal methodology. For clarity, this article is divided into four parts. In the first part, this paper explains the definition and status of the right to selfdetermination of indigenous peoples under international law. In the second part, the article clarifies the history of the rights to self-determination by referring to the rights of peoples. The third part describes the development of the right to self-determination of the indigenous peoples until it received the recognition under international law. Discussions on the development of the right to selfdetermination include efforts undertaken at the Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP) and the Working Group on the Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (WGDD). The article concludes in part four that the recognition of the rights to self-determination is vital to ensure the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples within any States is compatible to the international law standards and thus assists States in meeting international law obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the extent to which the Madiun Uprising of 1948 shaped the Cold War in Indonesia. The uprising resulted in severe and lasting antagonisms between the Indonesian Communist Party and members of the Islamic Party Masyumi due to reprisals against Masyumi members after the failure of the uprising and the death of key members of the Communist Party at the hands of the Republic. Although 1948 can be seen as an important flash point in the Cold War for Indonesia, it was not a significant turning point because the communist party recovered from this episode. After surveying a range of interpretations of the Madiun uprising and its significance internationally, this paper provides an overview of the ongoing significance of the Madiun uprising to the image of the Indonesian Communist Party in the 1950s and 1960s. The paper examines an early history war between the Communist Party and Masyumi over how the events at Madiun would be remembered. These debates signal continuing and intense hostility towards the communist party from Masyumi supporters, which endured throughout and even after the 1965–1966 anti-communist killings.

The paper presents the results of a study on internal design of Malaysian mosques from a typological way of research. Specifically it will look at the form and spatial variety which leads to the functionality of interior space. Orientation of mosques is taken into serious consideration because the prostration activity for Muslims is performed while facing the 'qibla' towards the Ka'bah in Mecca, where the unity of the religion can be seen during the congregational prayers. Apart from that, this typoiogical research will also show clearly the evolution of mosque architecture from the beginning of Islamic embracement in Malaysia. From there, classification of types of mosque design will be defined by analyzing the inner spatial composition and not just by looking at the external built forms. As a result, it is hoped that this paper will help innovate design solutions to the mosque designers and to Muslims who will be using the facility . The typological index produced in this paper will help the present and future generation to learn history through the trend of mosques design evaluation that is shown in the classified images.

Kampung Mambong in Kuala Krai, Kelantan was the only place in Peninsular Malaysia that had been involved in the making of traditional earthenware cooking stove. However, its history and manufacturing perspectives have never been studied in detail in prior studies. The present study was conducted to unravel the history, manufacturing tradition and challenges faced by the potters at Kampung Mambong in preserving the production of earthenware cooking stove. This study was carried out using the qualitative method involving ethnography fieldwork and a library survey. The findings of the study showed that the production of traditional earthenware cooking stove or locally known as Tuku was inherited by Che Bunga and her ancestors at Kampung Mambong since the 1850s. Like other potteries at Kampung Mambong, Tuku is made using traditional methods without incorporating modern techniques. In the 1930s, however, the manufacturing of Tuku began to dwindle, and its entire production halted by the end of the 1940s. The lack of experts and interest among the younger generations to learn and continue the making of Tuku are two main reasons why the production diminished in the 1930s and 1940s. Apart from that, the invasion of the Japanese military in Sungai Galas in the early 1940s had indirectly caused the production to cease. Overall, this study has successfully contributed new insights into the history, manufacturing tradition and factors that caused extinction to the production of Tuku at Kampung Mambong in the late 1940s. Therefore, essential proactive steps need to be taken to revive the manufacturing of Tuku because it is one of the unique heritage crafts of the Malay potters in Sungai Galas, Kelantan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to characterize the language status of Malaysia and the Philippines. Like Malaysia, we not only have to learn the ways but the lessons from history and sociology of technological advancement of the developed countries. The Filipino needs a change in ideology, culture and morality so that he could escape the chains binding him to ignorance, hardships, and slavery caused by the Spaniards in the past and the Americans at present. In relation to the outlining of an effective language program, especially in the creation of specialized vocabularies, the promotion by the government is an imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of this article is to study the building of a deep water port in Singapore under the British administration from 1913 to 1929. During this period, the British had planned to develop a deep water port managed by the Singapore Harbour Board, after took over from the previous administration of Tanjong Pagar Dock Board. This is due to stiff competition with other important ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia like Port of Sabang, Surabaya Port and Port of Tanjong Priok in Indonesia and Port of Hong Kong in providing excellent facilities and infrastructure in the region. The main objective of this study is to analyse the role of British in building the deep water port in Singapore. The finding from the study showed that huge investment were needed by the British to build a deep water port including a reclamation and dredging works at Keppel Harbour. The method used in this study is historical method by using primary sources like official letters from Colonial Office (C.O) and Annual Reports from the Straits Settlements regarding trade, shipping and port developments. Finally, the finding from the study showed that before 1930 the British had succesful built a deep water port in Singapore that was not only functioned as a main entrepot port in Southeast Asia, but also in providing excellent services like ship building and ship repairing for British ships in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this acticle is to discuss employment relationship in Indonesia, especially in the private sector, according to legalhistorical perspectives. The problem of labour relations in Indonesia has existed before the declaration of independence on August 17, 1945. The methodology used is qualitative descriptive with a historical-regulatory perspective approach. The results of the study shows that during the early stages of the history of employment relations in Indonesia, the workers were socially and economically vulnerable if compared to employers, thus they need to be protected by law to fight for their rights. The protection of the law on the workers and the employers basically is premised on two principles - the basis of governmental law and on human rights. All of this was not available to the workers before Indonesia achieved independence. When Indonesia achieved independence, new labour legislation was introduced to give protection to the workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]