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A variety of Inter-State Agreements (ISA) have been developed to establish policies and expectations regarding environmental policy and management. However, governance mechanisms have not been developed to provide for the substantive involvement of Indigenous Nations within States to participate in the development and implementation of these policies. Indigenous knowledge systems, rights, and interests are critical to the development of practical and effective approaches to address complex socio-economic-political issues involved in the sustainable management of effects on the environment. Obstacles and challenges that inhibit the effective engagement of Indigenous Nations are symptomatic of the wider and substantial power imbalances and asymmetries that underlie the relationship with States. Governance of the relationship between Indigenous Nations and States over environmental matters can be improved by: adopting guiding principles to re-invigorate the modalities of collaboration between the Nations and States in mobilizing ISAs; and by establishing a new, permanent governance body, an Intergovernmental Relations Council for the Environment (IRCE) to facilitate and promote formal collaboration in Intra and Inter State-Nation working relationships involving cross-jurisdictional environmental issues involving shared resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assuming that it is possible to historicize the trash and the social relations of which results, thus demonstrating their interrelations with other social, environmental, political and economic issues in capitalist societies, we seek to understand how public environmental policies were formed waste municipal solid in Guarapuava, the state of Paraná, between the years 1971 and 2011. Used as a historical source plans for waste management, laws, legislative debates in minutes, reports of municipal administration and local newspapers demonstrating how garbage has become a social, political and environmental problem requiring by representatives of the State appropriate solutions. Employing a theoretical and methodological framework based on historical materialism, we demonstrated that the garbage problem worsens in capitalist society due to increased production and consumption that disregards the negative effects of such practices for nature and society. Thus, the solutions to the problems related to garbage in urban areas are seen by a hegemonic techno-economic, whereby all problems are likely to be resolved aspect, just in case the waste, improve recycling systems or deploy a landfill health, this option adopted in Guarapuava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]