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This article presents a review of Brazilian literature from 2015 to 2020, with the following objectives: a) mapping the recent Brazilian production on acquisition of written language with a focus on cognitive sciences of reading; b) categorize production on the essential components of literacy; c) identify the main trends on the topic; and d) to point out potential areas for the development of the theme. The Periódicos CAPES and SciELO databases were searched for studies related to the six essential components of literacy: phonemic awareness; systematic phonic instruction; fluency in oral reading; vocabulary development; understanding of texts; and written production. After applying the exclusion criteria, 18 references were found, summarized and analyzed by the authors. The results indicate that, among the articles located in the cognitive sciences of reading perspective, works on phonemic or phonological awareness are predominant (13 of the 18 studies reviewed), and this component appears related to other skills for language acquisition. It was also found that most studies (15 out of 18 studies) proved strong or decisive relationships between the development of essential components and the acquisition of written language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]