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The intensive industrial and power sectors generate huge amounts of diverse wastes which have detrimental consequences for the environment if not properly managed. Fly ash is one of the most complex and abundant anthropogenic wastes and has traditionally been considered as highly problematic for the treatment and disposal. Being dumped on indigenous and community lands, FA-wastes block their usage and contaminate terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These detrimental processes lead to chronic pollution and degradation of waters, soils, and air. Our previous pilot studies implied that the addition of coal-derived substances to soil help to improve soil physicochemical and biological properties stimulating plant growth and enhancing crop yield. The main advantage of FA as compared to many other inorganic amendments is that it can be easily engineeringly optimized due to its precisely characterized chemical composition, a specific combination of surface properties, and hierarchical porosity. The use of beneficial soil microorganisms as well as HA in combination with FA can potentially stimulate crop production through biofertilization mechanisms, including biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production, and biocontrol processes. Thus, PGPR is a key factor in maintaining soil fertility as a candidate for FA-HA composite engineering and co-inoculation could be an excellent application. The aim of the proposed research is to develop technology for the production of highly efficient biotechnological fertilizer of new-generation - FA-HA-PGPR. Synthesis of novel fertilizers by a combination of FA with traditionally used farmyard manure, digestate, compost, and sludge has a very promising potential. However, the ecological and biogeological behavior of FA is not yet adequately studied. Engineering of quality FA-based products requires determination of the nutrient release characteristics and detailed examination of its performance for various soil types and agroecological conditions. As a result, FA-HA-PGPR will be engineered and functionalized as a new fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic fertilizers provide the soil with organic matter, nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) and important micronutrients for plant growth, another factor to consider is the harvest frequencies, these promote forage yields. Organic fertilizers are digestate, which is the subproduct of anaerobic digestion, and algae extract (Nutrkam), harvest frequencies were used in perennial ryegrass grown in greenhouse. A completely randomized block design was carried out with a 4 x 4 x 3 factorial arrangement with levels 0, 30, 50 and 70% for digestate and 0, 2, 5 and 8% for Nutrkam and harvest frequencies 4, 5 and 6 weeks. The accumulated dry matter yield (ADM) the highest values recorded at fertilization concentrations of 70% digestate and 8% with Nutrikam at 40% and 5% control, respectively. In the 6-week cuts, differential values of 8% were obtained for 4 weeks and 7% at 5 weeks. There was no significant effect at low concentrations of Nutrikam, while at higher concentrations of digestate the ADM of the grass increased. Harvest frequencies and organic fertilization affect the morphological composition and yield of perennial ryegrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]