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Due to their sensitivity to climate forcing that may alter their abundance and distribution, small pelagic fish are important ecological indicators of the state of the California Current System. They are schooling, planktivorous fish that provide forage for higher trophic levels. We describe the life cycle histories and patterns of distribution of sardine, anchovy, and mackerel species occupying the waters along the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico). The links between the physical and biological forcing and the structure and condition of their habitats, their patterns of movement, productivity, and stock structure (where information is available) are described in relation to the fisheries. We have used the catches as a proxy for the history of the different stocks, while recognizing that fisheries-derived information is biased by the operational scale and only covers areas where fish are available. We have relied mainly on studies of sardines to evaluate the validity of the principal paradigms in fisheries oceanography. We describe how the environment can structure a population by relating an example given by the spatiotemporal variability of the northern and southern stocks of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus) from 2000 to 2014. During this period, the northern stocks showed a marked tendency to contract southwards, as far south as Magdalena Bay, in response to the regional cooling that began in the previous decade. It appears that the combined effects of fishing and climate change may sufficiently alter habitat characteristics so that both the distribution and productivity of a population are shifted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetch-limited wave growth was analyzed using high spatial and temporal resolution measurements obtained with high-frequency (HF) radars. To calculate the wave spectrum, the second-order echo (S2N) was extracted from the Doppler spectrum and mapped to the wave frequency domain. The conversion of S2N to the wave frequency spectrum was carried out using a linear parametric model dependent on wind speed. Wave growth, represented by the dimensionless energy and peak frequency as a function of dimensionless fetch, was determined from the spectra calculated for 25 cells (~400 km²) in the vicinity of a moored Air-Sea Interaction Spar buoy. The buoy data were used as reference and to provide the wind information required for the wave growth analysis. The simultaneous data from the buoy and HF radars showed a suitable agreement with the wave growth curves. The analysis of the 25 cells showed an adequate agreement and certain dispersion around the growth curves. Possible causes of this dispersion are related to errors in the estimation of the frequency spectrum and fetch, and the assumption of homogeneous wind conditions. From the limited data set used, it was not possible to prove any impact of swell on wave growth; however, it is possible that analysis over a wider range of swell heights may provide this evidence. Nevertheless, the results suggest that the linear parametric model is able to reproduce fetch-limited wave growth. This work represents the first effort focused on fetch-limited wave growth using HF radars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]