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Several factors affect the quality and safety of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit during the production process, such as the agronomic management and climate. The objective of this research was to evaluate how foliar treatments affected postharvest control of anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) in two ‘Méndez’ avocado growing areas, Ziracuaretiro (ZI) and Salvador Escalante (SE), Michoacán, Mexico. Foliar sprays were used in the following treatments: 1) conventional management (CM) based on the technician’s experience; 2) integrated management (IM) including Bacillus subtilis, a prebiotic (BioKakimu®), and potassium phosphite; and 3) absolute control without foliar sprays. The effects of the treatments were evaluated on fruit harvested at physiological maturity while taking into account the severity of post-harvest anthracnose and fruit quality up to consumption maturity. During the evaluation period, disease damage was less than 10 % of the fruit surface in all three treatments. However, IM treatment delayed maturation time by 12.4 days in ZI and 10.6 days in SE. Fruits of the IM treatment lost less weight in ZI (7.6 %) than in SE (8.48 %) at eating maturity. Fruit firmness in ZI was higher in the IM and control treatments, while there were no differences in SE. The fruits in ZI and SE showed a decreasing color index profile for the three treatments. It is concluded that the phytopathogenic fungus in ‘Méndez’ was not exposed to weather conditions favorable for its development for an extended period of time, given that the first anthracnose alerts were emitted when the fruits were harvested. The crop management method did not result in an increase in the nutrient concentration of the fruit mesocarp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several fruit-growing regions have emerged in Bulgaria over the years. Fruit harvested areas vary, as well as the number of registered farmers. All this is reflection of the agricultural policy, which changes every 7 years. The state of fruit growing in the country is highly dependent on many natural and socio-economic factors, among them are the lack of financial resources for consolidation and modernization of production as well as aging of existing plantations and insufficient rates of creation of new plantations. The disadvantage is lack of labor force and use of low-skilled labor in production. Other problems are related to irrigation of crops as well as population ageing on farms. The goal of the study is a review of the state of fruit production, as well as to identify the challenges associated with this production in Bulgaria. It is important to consider the state policy in fruit growing for farms development. The methodological part includes: (1) Current state and trends in development of fruit growing production, (2) Analysis of fruit growing support schemes and measures (3) Making recommendations for better farm management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study observed the content of biologically active compounds in raspberry leaves in various agrotechnics of planting. The study was conducted in the period 2019-2020 in a collection plantation of the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture in the town of Troyan on two raspberry genotypes of Samodiva and Magdalena. The field experiment was set at intra-row spacings between plants (0.30 m and 0.50 m) and inter-row spacings of 3.00 m. The content of biologically active compounds in the leaves was found during the phenophases: full blossoming, fruit harvesting and after fruit harvesting. The results show that the highest content of chlorophyll "a", chlorophyll "b" and ßcarotene was found in the leaf samples of Samodiva in the 0.30 m variant, respectively (1.83 mg/g fresh weight, 0.92 mg/g fresh weight, 1.06 mg/g fresh weight) in 2019 in the phenophase of full blossoming. While, the highest content of chlorophyll "a" and ß-carotene for candidate cultivar Magdalena was found in the variant of 0.50 m in 2020 in the phenophase of fruit harvesting (2.94 mg/g fresh weight, 1.43 mg/g fresh weight). However, the highest content of chlorophyll "b" (1.33 mg/g fresh weight) was found in the same phenophase in the 0.30 m variant in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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