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White rot produced by Sclerotium cepivorum is the main limitation to garlic production in Colombia causing losses that exceed 50%. The absence of quality seed contributes to its dissemination and infestation in sowing areas, the main control strategy is the application of fungicides; therefore, it is necessary to integrate management alternatives that promote its sustainability. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine under controlled conditions the potential of control for S. cepivorum with microbial antagonists and essential oils. The effect on the pathogen's growth was determined in PDA supplemented with each oil and for the antagonists its ability to degrade sclerotia. In soil infested with sclerotia was determined the effect on incidence and mortality reduction with the applications of the antagonists and selected oils. The results showed that exposure to eucalyptus (10,000 ppm) and oregano (200; 250 ppm) oils inhibited by 92% growth of the pathogen, while antagonists colonized more than 95% of sclerotia, causing their degradation. While in infested soil they showed a control between 30 and 70%, being Trichoderma asperellum Th034 which presented the lowest incidence and mortality (21%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectors have become the cornerstone of all investigations related to the interaction of parasites and their hosts, how they regulate the processes of infection at a molecular level, and how these molecules have evolved seem to be the most important issues that will have to be addressed in the following years. These new lines of research will be subject to the enormous progress that the next generation of sequencing technologies will have, and with them a paradigm shift in our vision of complex systems. However, there remain many questions to be elucidated about effectors, for example, how these proteins interact spatially and temporally in their hosts, possible co-operation between effectors, and the existence of protein complexes within host cells. This leads to the following questions: Do the effectors have the capacity for phenotypic expression beyond the genes that encode them? And above all, why are these proteins so widespread on a huge range of evolutionarily distant pathogens?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]